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realpolitik

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The politics of reality. This approach emphasized law, order, and hard work and felt skepticism towards religion.

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Florence Nightingale

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An English Woman who helped organize and train a group of female nurses who traveled to the volatile region of Crimea. They revolutionized field hospitals and dramatically dropped to mortality rate among the wounded.

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Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

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Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, elected (by universal male suffrage) to a four year terms. Won by a huge majority, probably because of his name and his popular ideas (emphasized in his books: Napoleonic Ideas and The Elimination of Poverty). Seized power and became Emperor Napoleon III. Modernized/rebuilt paris (Georges Haussman), introduced a new banking system.

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Camillo di Cavour

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Appointed prime minister by Victor Emmanuel in 1852, he came from a liberal, aristocratic background. He worked to improve the economy with more credit, lower tariffs (to attract foreign investors), more railroad, and an improved army. Led Piedmont-Sardina in its quest to unify Italy.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

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An Italian patriot and soldier. Cavour distrusted him, but saw him as useful and financed him and his army of red shirts. He claimed to take Sicily and parts of southern Italy in the name of Victor Emmanuel and Piedmont Sardinia.

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Unification of Italy

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Prime Minister Cavour led Piedmont-Sardinia in its quest to accomplish this. In 1858, all of Northern Italy except for Venetia (Austria) was under Cavour's control. Garibaldi and his red shirts conquered the south, and in a plebiscite, the people of the south voted to join the north. By 1860, most of Italy was united under Victor Emmanuel.

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Otto von Bismark

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A foreign diplomat of Prussia appointed by King William I as his chief minister. He was totally Machiavellian, willing to do whatever was necessary to get what he wanted. Often described as practical, opportunistic, and doggedly determined, he ignored the parliament, moving ahead with enlarging and reforming the army.

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Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War)

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Prussia and Austria fought in this war of 1866. Prussia won, and the peace treaty kept Austria happy but out of plans for a united G state.

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North German Confederation.

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Formed when Bismark dissolved the former German Confederation and Created a new union of 22 states. The new confederation had a constitution and bicameral parliament.

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Franco-Prussian War

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Bismark provoked France in the Ems Dispatch, and France attacked Prussia in this war. France was defeated, lost Alsace-Lorraine, and was forced to sign the peace treaty at the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles. The French would remember this in 1918.

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Unification of Germany

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The following events led to this In 1864, Prussia and Austria waged war against Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein. In 1866 Prussia and Austria fought each other in the Seven Weeks War. In 1867, the Northern German Confederation was formed, but the south was still unattached. In 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began, provoked over Ems dispatch. France lost, ceded Alsace and Lorraine, and the German Empire was born with William I as ruler.

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Dual Monarchy (1867)

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Having lost to Prussia, Austria appeared to be weak. The Hungarian nobles (Magyars) of the realm took advantage of the opportunity to demand a joint in the empire. When Hungary threatened war, Austria was forced to give in. It became Austria-Hungary (and was this) and the Hungarians enjoyed self-rule.

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Socialism

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A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. They wished for a fairer distribution of income among the working class. Competition and the concept of laissez-faire were frowned upon.

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Robert Owen

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An English cotton lord considered one of the earliest socialists. He tried to improve the lives of his employees by paying them higher wages and reducing the number of hours they worked. He also built schools, housing, and stores for his workers and tried to control drunkenness and other harmful vices. He also founded New Harmony in Indiana.

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Saint-Simon

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A soldier in the American Revolution, he and his followers discussed a planned society in which the public owned both the capital and industrial equipment. Big public projects, they argued, would make the best use of resources and labor.

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Charles Fourier

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A French utopian socialist who advocated a planned society. Part of his society included Phalanxes, or communities of exactly 1620 individuals who had all of the skills necessary to make a society function.

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Etienne Cabet

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A French utopian who wrote a novel describing an ideal city with economic harmony and education. Craftsmen, especially, were attracted to hisvision, some going as far as to establish various utopian settlements in the New World.

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Flora Tristan

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A female representative among the socialists. She fought for the equality of women in marriage and in the workplace and demanded more equitable wages for female workers.

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Communist Manifesto

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A 50-page pamphlet published by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels in 1948, outlining the guidelines of the communist ideal

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Dialectic materialism

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A basic Marxist theory that said that all history was logical and predetermined and that all was in the process of change (Came from German philosopher Hegel)

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Proletariat

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Workers (Marx)

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Bourgeois

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Capitalist, prosperous middle class (marx)

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Paris Commune

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A revival of ideas from the French Revolution, opposing the wealthy and the clergy and demanding government controls on various aspects of the economy.

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Alfred Dreyfus

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A Jewish army officer accused of selling military secrets to Germany. Supposedly, his handwriting made him appear to be a traitor, and he was secretly court-martialed, found guilty, and imprisoned on Devil's Island off the coast of South America.

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Kulturkampf

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Bismark's anti-Church campaign.

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Bismark's alliance system

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Based on two goals (the isolation of France and never fighting a two-front war), Bismarck, constructed a set of alliances among European neighbors.

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Bismarck's resignation

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Having preserved Europe's delicate balance of power under Kaiser William I, Bismarck was forced to resign when he clashed ideologically with the new Kaiser, William II

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Revisionists

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German Socialists who worked with existing authority, nor against it, even though they were still excluded from the highest positions in government.

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Syllabus of Errors

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Published by the pope in 1864, this was a general condemnation of all things modern and progressive

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Victorian Age

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The period under Queen Victoria's rule starting in 1837 and lasting for over 60 years. It demonstrated a British contentment, self-confidence, and a faith in self-reliance and progress.

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William Gladstone

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Leader of the liberals and the Whig Party in GB, he was a very religious man who, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, sought to reduce government spending and waste. He generally disapproved of colonialism, arguing that it was too costly.

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Reform Bill of 1867 (GB)

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This bill extended the vote to the male heads of households

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Edwin Chadwick

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Public health reformer who, in his book On the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Population of Great Britain, brought to light the horribleness of public sanitation in GB.

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Home Rule

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Most Irish wanted this from the British. The area of Ulster (Protestant), was against this. On the eve of WW1, the GB parliament granted this to all of Ireland except Ulster.

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First International Working Men's Association (Socialist International)

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Lead by Marx, this multi-nation group spread doctrines about socialism around Europe

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Realism

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A literary movement characterized by ordinary characters and the problems of daily existence. Topics like sex, violence, alcoholism, slums, factories, and slaughterhouses were common.

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Emile Zola

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Famous French Realist author

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George Eliot/Thomas Hardy

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Realist GB authors

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Louis Pasteur

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Discovered Pasteurization

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Joseph Lister

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Used Pasteur's ideas in hospitals, invented sterilization.

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Demitri Mendeleyev

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Russia scientist who invented the periodic table

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Marie and Pierre Curie

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Polish-born physicists who studied radiation and eventually isolated radium as a natural element in 1910.

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Ernest Rutherford

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Discovered the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons.

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Charles Darwin

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An English naturalist who, after traveling to the Galapagos Islands for five years, wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. In this book, he outlined his survival of the fittest and natural selection ideas, which rebelled against the natural, orderly, divine universe that had existed previously.

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Social Darwinists

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People who Applied Darwin's ideas to human behavior and nations. These Ideas also became the argument for Imperialism.

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Sigmund Freud

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A Viennese medical doctor who believed dreams were extremely important to the unconscious mind, the entity that he believed controlled much of human behavior. He divided the mind into three parts: the id, ego, and super ego.

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Albert Einstein

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A German mathematician who published "The Electro-dynamics of Moving Bodies" which included the famous equation e=mc^2. He played a key a role in the intellectual movement, as well as creating the foundation for the atomic age to come.

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Alfred Nobel

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One of the major contributors to the intellectual movements, he invented dynamite in 1866, which enable engineers to construct tunnels and large canals.

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Impressionism

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Also known as super-realism, this art style was known for depicting the artists impression of the world. Examples include Monet, Renoir, and Pissarro

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Post-Impressionism

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Also known as expressionism, this art style was characterized by the artists emotion from the event; it was also non-representational. Examples include Van Gogh, and Gauguin

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Cubism

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Invented by Picasso, this was a very abstract art style.

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Dadaism

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Anarchy of Art, anything could be art.

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Functionalism

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A movement in architecture. These buildings were functional, and they looked decent

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Logical Empiricism

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A movement in philosophy in which, only statements verifiable either logically or empirically would be cognitively meaningful. Ex: Wittgenstein

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Existentialism

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This type of philosophy was a search for moral values in a world of uncertainty. They believed philosophical thinking begins with the human subject—not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual.

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New Imperialism

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A new version of imperialism that operated on a much larger and more complex scale. For example, Europeans built factories and warehouses, established mines and plantations, and built railroads that led to huge overseas financial investments.

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Jute

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One of the imported goods that was high in commercial tideland. It was a fiber used in burlap, twine, carpets, sacks, and rope and grown only in India.

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White Man's Burden

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Book written by Rudyard Kipling. Expressed the idea that imperialism was a burden taken up by Europeans.

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David Livingstone

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A Scottish medical missionary who, in 1841, became tone of the first white men to explore the African interior.

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H.M. Stanley

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Sent by the New York Herald to find Livingstone after he disappeared in Africa

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Berlin Conference

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1885-In order to assure the orderly colonization of Africa, European powers met to split up the continent among them

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Boer War

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After gold and diamonds were discovered in the late 1890s in the Transvaal, the Afrikaner Boers hated the influx of foreigners. They were often hostile and eventually the British sent a military force to quell the violence. The boers fought fiercely and defeated the British in this war.

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Dutch East Indies

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One of the more developed colonies. It had internal business and exported more than it imported.

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Opium Wars.

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A series of wars that started after the British tried to smuggle opium into China.

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Taiping Rebellion

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A 14-year civil war in the middle of the 19th century in which the Chinese revolted against the weakening Manchu Dynasty. The rebels were fighting their own government, not the Europeans, protesting poverty, exorbitant rents and other financial issues.

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