question

Political Anthropologist:

answer

study role social power human society.

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Power:

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ability to transform a given situation. It is not simply physical.

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Social power affects...

answer

-entire social group.

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Modes of Power consist of...

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Interpersonal, organizational, and structural power.

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Structural Power:

answer

controls the allocation of social labor and organizes social settings.

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The unequal relations on large scale divisions between __________ and ________.

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Regions and Groups.

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History of Political anthropology has three phases:

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Formative era, Classic era British social anthropology functionalist theory, and Modern Era (1970s-present)

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Decolonization drew attention to what?

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The emerging new states and effect of modernization on traditional political structures.

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Modern Era brought about what questions:

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Broader questions about political issues, power and inequality under globalization and cross-cultural studies of political institutions.

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Cross-cultural studies of economies and expectations reveals _______ of human condition.

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Paradox

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Unrealistic expectations of the Modern Era are...

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1) Open cultural creativity allows humans to imagine possibilities. 2) The material world makes many of the possibilities unrealistic.

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Political and economic anthropology are not closely linked.

answer

False. They are closely linked.

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Questions about economic activity is intertwined with questions about the distribution of power.

answer

True.

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Westerners think that because something isn't like their society, it sucks.

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True.

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Easterners view Westerners as "Free Agents"

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False. Other way around.

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Free agents:

answer

pursue their own self interests and do not cooperate unless forced to do so.

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Discussions of power as coercion see political activity as...

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competition between free agents and political force.

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Power is exercised by both _____ and ________ means.

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Coercive and Persuasive

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Societies without states rely on __________

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Social obligations.

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Individuals cannot be coerced but must be persuaded to cooperate.

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True.

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______________ represents coercive rule.

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Domination.

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Ideology

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a worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live.

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Marx argues that rulers use ideology to portray domination by _____________________

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The ruling class as legitimate.

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Hegemony involves persuasion of subordinates _____________ the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodations.

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to accept

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Hegemony does not preserve the rulers privileged position.

answer

False. It does.

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Hegemony is never _________ and always _______.

answer

Absolute; changes

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Counterhegemonic, or Alternative Cultural Practices:

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Can be developed by subordinate groups that threaten hegemony

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Governmentality

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information encoded into statistics to govern in a way that promotes the welfare of populations within a state.

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Individuals or groups may attempt to evade or manipulate _____________

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Governmentality

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Understanding kindship system provides more understand of _________ in electoral politics

answer

Gender dynamics

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_______ relations can be entangled with lcoal electoral politcs

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Kin

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Citizenship

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Can be divided into legal and substantive citizenship.

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Legal citizenship

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defined by the state may be difficult for migrants to get.

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Substantive citizenship.

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defined by the actions people take, regardless of legal status to assert membership in the state.

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New Europe was the living laboratory for the study of some of the most ______ social and ______ culrual processes anywhere in the world.

answer

complex, cultural

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Examples of complex social structures of Europe include

answer

Itals, Germany, France, Britain

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Hidden transcripts

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Unofficial accounts of experiences by dominated individuals or groups

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Counter hegemonic discourse may discredit the political establishment

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True.

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some anthropologists have concerns about ___________

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Human Terrain System

question

Human Terrain System:

answer

Small teams of civilian anthropologists and other social scientists provide socioculturual information about neighborhoods and communities.

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Ch 12 Enthographic examples:

answer

To be announced Ch 12.

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Ch 13 Ehtnographic examples:

answer

To be announced Ch 13

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Relatedness

answer

the soicially recognized ties that connect people

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Relatedness also includes:

answer

kinship, adoption, marriage, residence, family, sexuality. (KS FARM)

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Relatedness forms are embedded in and shaped by ________, _________, and __________.

answer

Politics, economics, and worldviews.

question

People organize their interdependence by means of various forms of ___________

answer

relatedness.

question

_________, __________, ________ and _____________ are selectively interpreted and shaped by cultural practices.

answer

Sexuality, conception, birth, and nurturance.

question

Kinship:

answer

refers to forms of relatedness belived to come from shared substance and its transmission.

question

Substance may be believed to be:

answer

bodily (blog, genes, mother's milk) or spiritual (such as the soul, spirit, nurturance, or love)

question

Cross Cultural Comparison:

answer

shows that kinship is not a direct reflection of biology

question

Kinship principles largely based on

answer

universal biologuical experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance.

question

Culturally recognized relationhips

answer

marriage (mating) descent (birth)

question

Descent refers to the

answer

the principles based on culturally recognized parent child connections that define the social categories to which people belong.

question

Descent links members of different generations with one another.

answer

True.

question

How many strategies for establishing descent:

answer

Two.

question

Bilateral descent (cognatic descent)

answer

Related through mothers and fathers equally.

question

Bilateral descent results in the formations called:

answer

kindreds.

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Relatives in Bilateral descent are from ________ parents' families

answer

Both

question

Unilineral Descent

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formation of groups called lineages that trace descent through either the mother or the father.

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LIneages

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Consanguineous members of descent who trace from known ancestors.

question

Lineages are _________ groups.

answer

Corporate.

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Corporate groups control _______ property such as land collectively belonging to members.

answer

important

question

Lineages can have political significance and serve as a social foundation of social life

answer

True.

question

Lineage members recognize a known ancestor.

answer

True.

question

Clans are _______ groups.

answer

Descent

question

Members of clans believe they have a ______________

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common and sometimes mythical ancestor.

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Clans are usually composed of _______

answer

lineages.

question

Kinship terminolofies select certain attributes to define different classes, including:

answer

Generation, gender, affinity, collaterality, bifurcation, relative age, gender of the linking relative. GGGCARB

question

Collaterality:

answer

involves making a distinction between kin believed to be in a direct line and those "off to one side."

question

Bifurcation:

answer

involves kinship terms that distinguish the mother's side of the family from the father's side of the family.

question

Cousins may be parallel relatives or cross relatives.

answer

True.

question

Parallel Relatives:

answer

children of a person's parents' same gender siblings.

question

Cross cousins:

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children of a person's parents opposite gender siblings.

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Marriage

answer

institition or social process transforming status of participants.

question

Marriage includes:

answer

implications about sexual access, perpetuates social patters by birth of adopting offspring, creates relationships between kin and is symbolically marked.

question

Why is marriage a social process

answer

marriage creates new relationships between the kin of both spouses

question

Consanguineal relationships are...

answer

based on descent

question

Affinial relationships

answer

are based on marriage or affinity

question

Endogamy is based

answer

on marriage within a defined social group

question

Exogamy is based

answer

on marriage outside a defined social group

question

Neolocal

answer

a married couple sets up a household in an new location

question

Patriolocal

answer

a married couple sets up a household with the husbands father

question

Matrilocal

answer

a married couple sets up a household with the wife's mother

question

Avunculocal

answer

a married couple sets up a household with the husbands mothers brother ?????

question

Monagamy

answer

marriage one person at a time

question

Polygamy

answer

marriage more than one person at a time

question

Polygamy has two forms

answer

Polygyny: a man has more than one wife Polyandry: a woman has more than one husband

question

Bridewealth

answer

transfer goods from family of groom to family of the bride at marriahe

question

Dowry

answer

transfer of wealth, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of marriage

question

Conjugal family

answer

a family based on marriage

question

Non Conjugal marriage

answer

a women and her children

question

Nuclear family

answer

parents and their unmarries children

question

extended family

answer

parents, marries children, and grandchildren. Vertical connection over the generations.

question

Joint Family

answer

Brothers and their wives or sisters and their husbands living together with their children. Horizontal. not over generation.

question

Blended family

answer

when divorced or widowed people marry bringing children from previous families

question

Nation state is not always dealt with. T or F

answer

False. Nation state is always dealt with.

question

Each nation state has hierarchies of stratificaiton

answer

gender, class, caste, race, ethnicity, nationality. CREG NC.

question

Every hiearchy of stratification is a ___________ designed to create boundaries

answer

Cultrual invention

question

Historical Perspective

answer

Some patterns of stratifications may reach back thousands of years.

question

Historical perspective often associated with

answer

European capitalism and colonialism.

question

Structural violence

answer

results from the way that political and economic forces suffering within a population

question

Structural Violence can take many forms

answer

disease, famine, torture, rape. FTRD.

question

Dimensions of Inequality

answer

CREG NC

question

Gender Stratification

answer

create and rank categories of people.

question

Gender stratification typically makes males the subordinate. T/F

answer

False.. Females.

question

Marxists feminists argue subordination connected to rise of _________

answer

private property and rise of states.

question

Class is defined by

answer

wealth, occupation, other.

question

Classes are ________

answer

Open

question

Castes are ranked groups within hiearchally stratified society that is closed, prohibiting individuals to move. T/F

answer

True.

question

Jatis

answer

local caste divisions

question

Rules of purity and pollution defined based on

answer

occupations their members perform and the foods they eat

question

Race

answer

is a human population catefory whose boundaries supposedly correspond to distinct sets of biological attributes.

question

Traditional concept of race in western society is incoherent and biologically meaningless. T/F

answer

True

question

Race is a ___________ constructed social categroy

answer

culturally

question

Imagined communities

answer

so called races whose boundaries were forged during the 19th century

question

Race is a _________ invention.

answer

Recent.

question

Middle ages did not have a structure of equality because of skin color. T/F

answer

True

question

Racism can exist _______ being as absolute and encompassing as seen in the U.S.

answer

without

question

Colorism

answer

a system of social identities negotiated simultaneously along a continuum of skin colors between white and black

question

Ethinicy emerges from...

answer

from historical processes that incorporate distinct social groups into a single political structure under conditions of inequality

question

Nations

answer

group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance.

question

Nationality

answer

sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation state.

question

Nation States

answer

ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide

question

Nationalsism/Nation Building

answer

attemps made by the government officials to instill into the citizens of a state a sense of nationality.

question

Nationalist thinking

answer

aims to create a political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide.

question

Genocide and ethnic cleaning occur when

answer

subordinate groups resist

question

Transformist hegemonies

answer

define nationality so that is preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group.

question

Naturalizing discourses represent the deliberate representation of particular identites as if they were the result of biology or nature

answer

True.

question

These identities of CREG NC are viewed as eternal and unchanging rather than the product of history and culture

answer

True.

question

_________ to anthropological view of culturally created social categories (Naturalizing discourses)

answer

Opposite

question

Modernization

answer

there are a series of stages by which new underdeveloped nations could become prosperous.

question

Neolliberalism

answer

nation states could not rely on itself and should seek a niche in global capitalist market

question

Western leaders say an opportunity to bring the world into a

answer

capitalist economy

question

Others suspected that forces after Cold War were remaking global __________ in new ways with outcomes no one could predict or control

answer

political economy

question

Globalization

answer

reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever intensifying scale

question

Anthropologist approach globalization from what perspective

answer

of those among whom they do their reserch

question

Most antrhopologists agree that the effects of globalization are uneven. T/F

answer

True

question

In a globalizing world, wealth, images, people, things and ideologies are __________

answer

deterritorialized

question

__________ in some parts of the world benefit from global flows, contracts, and exchanges, whereas other are bypassed entirely

answer

select groups

question

Globalization studies

answer

emphasize that the global articulates with the local

question

Global forces ________ local societies

answer

affect

question

Anthropologists document and investigate the specific local details of_______________________________

answer

the effects of flobal forces in local setting

question

GLobalization is seen in:

answer

growth of corporations, tourism (the largest) and migration

question

Some anthropologists had seen global processes as coherent part of a world system or....

answer

flow of people, technology, ideologies and generate global processes that are disorganized and unpredictable.

question

The flows unleashed by globalization have...

answer

undermined the ability of nations states to police their boundaries effectively.

question

Forces of globalization made weakened states vulnerable to....

answer

chaos and violence

question

Massive globalization of people have characterized

answer

western modernity

question

Western modernity starting with slave trade and movement of _______

answer

indentured servants

question

Today ____________ and east transportation have increased volume and speed of migration

answer

desperate ecomonic condiotions

question

Because of economic conditions _______ may live in enclaves in poorer areas

answer

Migrants

question

Increases hostility towards migrants especially during economic downturn

answer

True

question

Transborder identities

answer

may be developed by contemporary migrants crossing national boundaries.

question

Diaspora

answer

migrant populations with a shared identity and a form of transborder identity that does not focus on nation building.

Anthropology Ch 12-15 – Flashcards

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