African Study Set – Flashcards

The largest desert in the world, covered by sand dunes

Little rain falls in this region, dry, semi-arid region, desertification, poor soil, sparse vegetation, SUBSISTENCE FARMING

Continuous farming, over-grazing and cutting down trees for fuel

Cutting down of rainforest/ deforestation destroys soil so that farming is difficult

Grasslands with some tropical hábitats, farming is good, if the rain comes Overpopulation, expanding farmlands, growth of towns and cities' infrastructure threaten the savanna's natural animal habitats

Overpopulation, logging for industry, clearing land for farming and cutting trees for fuel. Nigeria has lost 55% of its original rainforest

The line between the desert and the cultivated areas, people work hard to replant trees, to build wind breaks to push the desert back

Nile River is contaminated with animal and human waste and chemical fertilizers, causing competition for access to scarce clean water resources for agriculture and the growing populations causing "water wars" in the future Poor sanitation, lack of clean water increases skin and eye infections along with water -borne diseases spread by parasites Government leaders believe that controlling pollution is too costly and ignoring the environmental problems as long as factories are making a profit

People in poverty lack proper medical care and money for medication

Islam

Ashanti: Ashanti, Christianity, and Islam Bantu: wide diversity or religions + Animism Africa?Swahili: Islamic

christianity

To spread Christianity and educate people ***The Swahili language is a mixture of Bantu and Arabic

Based on custom and habit Problems with Traditional: people want and need products that cannot be made or traded locally

Have aspects of all three types of economy Nearly all modern economies in the world today are located on a continuum between pure market and a pure command economy Most economies have found they need a mix of free market and some government control to be successful and protect consumers.

Individuals have little economic freedom, cannot start a new business on their own Government makes all economic decisions Central planning group decides which goods and services should be produced, as well as prices for goods and wages paid to workers

Also referred to as: capitalism, free enterprise, or laissez-faire Society's economic decisions are made by individuals who decide what to produce and what to buy Supply and Demand

Specialization allows people to do a more efficient job at producing what they make best and that are in demand on the world market creates a way to earn money to buy items that cannot be made locally.

The basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society - necessary for an economy to function; framework. Hospitals, roads, bridges, sewage, water, electricity, dams, etc. It is important in understanding the manner in which the Europeans left the newly formed countries and how Africa has progressed/not progressed since that time. No Africans were trained or skilled to maintain these basic physical operations of a society for their economy to flourish when the Europeans left. This is one of the legacies of imperialism.

South Africa: diamonds and gold mining Nigeria: oil production

There must be a way to pay for goods purchased from countries with different types of currencies

Skills and knowledge that workers have or their country is willing to invest in to have profitable businesses: (skills of citizens, health of citizens, education of citizens, values of citizens)

GDP: total value of all goods and services a county produces in a year GDP may go down if workers are poorly trained for jobs Increased education would lead to an increase in GDP

Factories, machinery, tools, technology used to make goods Real investment or Physical capital investment: decisions by businesses to purchase equipment and physical plants (real estate) to increase economic growth

People that take a risk to start a new business to make a profit

Gold and diamond mining Equipment, technology, pharmaceuticals, telecommunication

Tariff is a tax placed on imports to protect local manufacturers An Embargo halts trade with a particular country for economic or political reasons South Africa for apartheid Quotas limit the amount of a specific product imported or acquired in a given period: OPEC

Tariff, embargo, quotas, subsidies

Reduce trade barriers and promote free trade among African nations Create a common currency ECOWAS : goal to raise standard of living and stability of West Africa

Bantu

Trade

A group of people who share a common language, culture, or history

Ashanti and Swahili

North and South Africa were separated by the desert, making spread of culture difficult

To escape the harsh conditions of the Sahel and to spread culture

Mass burning or cutting of trees to create fields for subsistence farming

A person who wanders from place to place to find food and water

AIDS/HIV virus

Drugs are too expensive and beyond the budgets of many who are infected.

Portugal first came to Africa; England (UK) and France were the main colonizers

Increase wealth and national power Source of new raw materials to expand their economy (a balance of trade - market for trade) To protect transportation routes

All European countries where trying to claim Africa for raw materials to build their economies and increase their land and power

Held in Germany 1884-1885; met to discuss Africa's land and how the European's wanted it to be divided, organized European colonization and trade in Africa. African rulers were not invited, tribes had no control over their own countries, land was taken to give farms to the Europeans living there. Families and tribes were separated, wars were fought between tribes that used to be friendly, starvation and disease occurred; Africans often were forced into labor

Imperialism leads to underdeveloped human potential because while the Europeans were the empires over the African colonies, they did not train, educate or otherwise encourage the African people to succeed. Generations of Africans only had unskilled and manual labor jobs as the Europeans and their descendants had the higher- level jobs. Oppression is the taking away of peoples' rights. "Apartheid" was the S. African government policy of separation and discrimination of the black S. African people.

Boundaries remained the same, they divided kinship and ethnic groups

England (UK) and France

Ethiopia and Liberia

Jomo Kenyatta: Kenya; president of Kenya African National Union (KANU); considered the "father" of Kenya; Robert Mugabe: Zimbabwe; prime minister; in office since 1980; actually acts like a dictator F.W. De Klerk: white South African president during apartheid, granted the release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990, ended the laws against the ANC, agreed to end apartheid and spoke of a multiracial , democratic South Africa Nelson Mandala: South Africa; voice of the anti-apartheid movement; jailed for 27 years; led the transition towards multi-racial democracy; won a Nobel Peace prize, S. Africa's first democratically elected black president Joseph Mobutu: Belgium Congo- Dictator 1965 -1997 Changed name to Zaire, changed to DRC after his death

These two ethnic groups in Rwanda The Belgians leaders identified anyone with 10+ cows as Tutsi Hutu= majority Tutsi=minority The Tutsis' had access to better jobs and education and control over the Hutu It exploded in 1994 with the civil war in Rwanda in which hundreds of thousands of Tutsis and moderate Hutus died. A mass genocide occurred of Tutsi and Hutu by the Hutu majority Within 100 days, 800,000 Tutsis and Hutus were killed Tutsi rebels won control, which sent a million Hutus, fearful of revenge, into Zaire and Tanzania. In Burundi, the Tutsis yielded power after a Hutu won the country's first democratic election in 1993. He was killed in an attempted coup four months later, and his successor in a suspicious plane crash in 1994, in which the Hutu leader of Rwanda was also killed. Although the killing in Rwanda was over, the presence of Hutu militias in DR Congo has led to years of conflict there, causing up to five million deaths. Rwanda's now Tutsi-led government has twice invaded its much larger neighbor, saying it wants to wipe out the Hutu forces. And a Congolese Tutsi rebel group remains active, refusing to lay down arms, saying otherwise its community would be at risk of genocide. The world's largest peacekeeping force has been unable to end the fighting.

This is one of the legacies of Imperialism; the European countries ruled the African colonies in a very authoritative manner and that is what the African people learned. They never learned the desire or need of democracy, so many have never known to work toward that type of government. An example of this would be Sudan.

Located in Sudan. Genocide occurred here, against farmers by the Arab bandits called the "janjaweed" wanting the farmers' land and livestock for themselves. Destroying villages, displacing 2.5 million refugees to refugee camps

The deliberate attempt to kill or hurt an entire race or group of people

African Nationalism is a movement that seeks independence for the people living in a country from their European colonizer but the Pan African Movement was an African movement for a global community of native Africans and descendants of African slaves and migrants across the world to unite. OAU - Organization of African Unity is a Pan African group

A secret society terrorist group in Kenya These people fought against the British empire to gain independence

Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa

Apartheid was a system of racial segregation in South Africa

White, colored (mixed races), non- whites, and Asian Non-White is the majority White was the minority, but they still enforced apartheid

Nelson Mandala

27 years in prison; charges with sabotage and other crimes committed while leading the ANC movement against apartheid; elected president (1994-1999)

White leaders decided that the policy was hurting the economy ( because of the embargo) and international reputation

South Africa

britain

GDP is linked to literacy rate because the lower the education level, the lower the literacy rate of a country is, thus the lower the earning potential for each citizen (low income, labor-intensive jobs) which then combines to form the GDP. Highly educated, highly skilled labor force makes more money, which is a factor of the GDP.

If a country does not invest in the education and training of its people, they cannot do higher level, higher earning occupations, which contributes to the GDP or standard of living of a country and makes it lower

AIDS/HIV has spread rapidly due to ineffective medical care and lack of medicine (people cannot afford the medicine) AIDS is the virus; HIV is the disease (with symptoms) HIV -Human Immune-Virus is the virus that leads to AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). HIV is the contagious part; AIDS is the disease that kills by allowing an "opportunistic" disease such as cancer, pneumonia, infection, etc. to "set" into the body when the immune system can no longer fight it off. If a country does not have a stable government, it may be difficult for them to afford treatment, hospitals, education for their sick patients and thus it could spread more easily. Also, if they are a militaristic government, they may not allow outsiders to come in and help with their sick citizens - it could also be too dangerous for organizations to enter the country to try to help