abnormal 17 – Flashcards
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Surveys show that ______ is a common experience for close to half of all children in the United States.
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worry
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A large survey of parents and their children shows that parents:
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generally underestimate how worried their children are.
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A particular concern among children and adolescents would be:
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bullying`````
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Childhood disorders for which there are no similar adult disorders are called:
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elimination disorders.
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For which of the following anxiety disorders would you expect the childhood pattern to be MOST similar to the adult pattern?
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phobias
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The typical child may not realize that the thoughts and beliefs of others are different from theirs, or be able to anticipate future negative events. Therefore:
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the symptoms of childhood anxiety tend to be different from adult symptoms.
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Behavioral and somatic symptoms, such as clinginess, sleep difficulties, and stomach pain rather than cognitive ones, are MORE characteristic of anxiety disorders:
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in children rather than in adults.
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A child does almost everything with her mother and seems extremely anxious at school, getting frequent stomachaches and wanting to go home. If the child has an anxiety disorder, it is MOST likely:
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separation anxiety disorder.
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A similarity among children with separation anxiety and those with school refusal is that they both fear going to school and often stay home. The difference in the symptoms of these diagnoses is that:
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school refusal often involves fear of others at school, academic fear, and separation anxiety.
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A child whose therapist asks her to draw pictures about her life, then introduces games and stories to help the child work through her conflicts and change her emotions and behavior is MOST likely receiving:
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play therapy.
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Hormonal changes, life demands, and body dissatisfaction are all reasons to explain why:
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postpubertal girls have higher rates of depression than postpubertal boys.
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The National Institute of Mental Health study known as TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study) about treatment for adolescent depression, produced three major surprises. Which of the following is NOT true about the study's findings?
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The danger to adolescents from antidepressants has been overemphasized and is not that significant.
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Imagine a child who neglects studies, work, friends, and family in order to be on the Internet. Which of the following about Internet addiction disorder is FALSE?
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There is no such diagnosis as Internet addiction disorder.
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Results from TADS (Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study) BEST support which of the following conclusions?
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Treatment that works for one category of people may not be effective for another category of people.
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The MAIN concern over the rise in diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, and in particular, the treatment of bipolar disorder in children is:
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the use of adult medications.
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Childhood patterns of behavior that are diagnosed as bipolar disorder differ from adult patterns in that:
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children display rage and aggression rather than mania.
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Critics believe that bipolar disorder has become a catch-all diagnosis for children who display uncontrolled rage. DSM-5 addressed this concern by:
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creating a new disorder called disruptive mood dysregulation.
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Which of the following is a qualified criminal justice professor MOST likely to say?
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"The crimes that juvenile boys and girls commit are different."
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A child is openly hostile toward her parents. She argues with them constantly and will not do anything they say. They cannot control her. The diagnosis she is MOST likely to receive is:
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oppositional defiant disorder.
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A child will not obey his mother. When threatened with punishment, he swears, throws things, and threatens to break everything in the house. His outbreaks seem to be restricted to his parents, but he is almost completely unmanageable. This is an example of:
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oppositional defiant disorder.
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Boys and girls have about the same percentage chance of being diagnosed with:
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oppositional defiant disorder if they are postpubertal.
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A child has repeatedly engaged in shoplifting and in hitting neighborhood pets with rocks. The child frequently is aggressive, and has engaged in an increasing number of fights. The MOST appropriate diagnosis for this child is:
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conduct disorder.
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A child is extremely aggressive. She is always fighting with her peers and is frequently very cruel to them. She never tells the truth. Her MOST likely diagnosis is:
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conduct disorder.
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A child sneaks out of the home every now and then, and goes through the neighborhood breaking lawn decorations and scratching car paint. These behaviors MOST closely fit which pattern of conduct disorder?
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covert-destructive
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"That kid is pleasant enough, but will lie about practically anything, even things that don't seem to matter much." This behavior MOST closely fits which pattern of conduct disorder?
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overt-nondestructive
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At a parent-teacher conference, a child's parents are astounded to learn that their son has been showing up late for school, despite leaving home with more than enough time to get to school. This behavior MOST closely fits which pattern of conduct disorder?
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covert-nondestructive
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"Relational aggression" is a term used to describe a pattern of aggression MOST common among:
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girls diagnosed with conduct disorder.
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Carl is a terrible bully. He is very aggressive and repeatedly takes advantage of others. He will say anything to get his way or to try to stay out of trouble. Recently he was arrested for vandalism and ended up getting probation. He will MOST likely be labeled as displaying:
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juvenile delinquency.
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A 16-year-old teenager has just been arrested for the third time for shoplifting. He would MOST likely be labeled with:
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juvenile delinquency.
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Conduct disorder has MOST often been associated with:
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troubled parent-child relationships.
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An intervention in which parents and their children who have been diagnosed with conduct disorder do behavior therapy targeting and rewarding desired behavior is called:
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parent management training.
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"My seven-year-old needs to get help for conduct disorder. What do you recommend?" Of the following alternatives, your BEST answer is:
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"Parent management training should work best."
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Among the goals of parent-child interaction therapy are all of the following EXCEPT:
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encouraging parents to not change how they act with their child.
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The LEAST effective way to deal with conduct disorder is:
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having children live in juvenile training centers.
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"Will that program really help? I keep hearing bad things about how kids act once they leave." Based on research, the person who said this would be MOST accurate if she or he were expressing reservations about:
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a juvenile training center.
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Of the following, which is MOST likely to be successful as part of a treatment foster care program?
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training and treatment that involves the child, the foster parents, and the biological parents.
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If your child is diagnosed with a conduct disorder, you could be confident in providing all of the following treatments EXCEPT:
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juvenile training centers.
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Perhaps the biggest problem facing school administrators who try to deal with bullying is that:
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so many students are involved in bullying incidents, it is hard to tell who is dangerous.
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Imagine that you see a video on YouTube designed to encourage young people who are gay and being bullied. It is probably part of a program called:
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It Gets Better.
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A child is receiving problem-solving skills training as a treatment for conduct disorder. You can be reasonably sure that:
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the interventions used are cognitive behavioral.
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A preadolescent child who has not received a clinical diagnosis participates in a program designed to stop the development of an antisocial pattern of behavior. MOST likely, that program is:
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Scared Straight.
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Pat does not follow what the teacher is doing and has difficulty focusing on the task at hand. His behavior in class is disruptive because he cannot sit still, which leads to poor grades in school. These symptoms MOST likely indicate:
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attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder.
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A child's distracting behaviors occur only in a school setting, and include failure to follow instructions and finish work, answering questions before they have been completed, and a lot of seat squirming and fidgeting. Could ADHD be a diagnosis of this child?
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No; the child's symptoms occur in only one setting.
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is MORE common in ______ than in ______.
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boys; girls
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The two MOST common treatments for attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder have been:
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behavioral and drug therapies.
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What would be the BEST answer to give to parents of a child recently diagnosed with ADHD in response to their questions about what caused it?
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"Our best guess is that ADHD results from an interaction of several factors."
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Among the likely causes of ADHD are all of the following EXCEPT:
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abnormal serotonin activity and parietal damage.
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The drug Ritalin is classified as a(n):
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stimulant.
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"What should I look for in an effective ADHD treatment program?" a friend asks. Your BEST answer among the following alternatives is:
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"Drugs work best."
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The latest research on the use of Ritalin to treat ADHD suggests which of the following?
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Research on its effectiveness and safety has been done almost exclusively on white American children.
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Compared to white American children, African American and Hispanic American children with similar levels of activity and attention problems are:
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less likely to be assessed for ADHD, and less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD.
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Compared to white American children, African American and Hispanic American children with similar levels of activity and attention problems are:
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less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, and less likely to receive effective treatment.
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Of the following parents, the ones LEAST likely to have children who receive effective treatment for ADHD are:
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African Americans who are Medicaid-insured.
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Of the following reasons, the LEAST likely to contribute to the differences between African Americans and white Americans in receiving long-acting stimulant drug treatment for ADHD is:
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differences in drug tolerance.
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Two children—one, African-American and the other, white American—display exactly the same symptoms of overactivity. What is MOST likely to happen?
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The white American will be diagnosed with ADHD, and the African American will be diagnosed with possibly a lower IQ or substance abuse.
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A 3-year-old child is wetting the bed at night. The bed-wetting apparently is beyond the child's control. The BESTdiagnosis is:
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no diagnosis in this case.
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Elimination disorders are diagnosed when which of the following criteria has been met?
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The children have reached an age at which they are expected to control their bodily functions.
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Joey has been wetting his bed since he was a baby. He is 10 years old now. As a result, he will not stay over at his friend's house or go to camp. His condition is called:
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enuresis.
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A child awakens suddenly to the sound of a bell, and heads for the bathroom. MOST likely the child is receiving:
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behavioral therapy for enuresis.
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One useful approach to treating enuresis employs:
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classical conditioning.
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A child is awakened during the night, uses the toilet, and receives a sticker and praise from a parent. Later in the week, accumulated stickers may be turned in for a highly desired toy. This child is undergoing:
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dry-bed training for enuresis.
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A teenager's parents are down on her all the time. When they are not criticizing her, they ignore her. This is an example of:
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psychological abuse.
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You read a case study about a ten-year-old girl from a poor background who was sexually abused. This case is:
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fairly common; girls, regardless of their socioeconomic group, are the most common victims of sexual abuse.
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If there were several Parents Anonymous groups in a city near you, you could be sure that in that city:
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parents who were themselves child abusers were receiving help.
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. The MOST common and successful treatments for encopresis are:
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behavioral and medical treatments.
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From which of the following pairs of disorders is a child MOST likely to recover by adulthood?
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enuresis and encopresis
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Your daughter is MORE likely than your son to be diagnosed with:
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separation anxiety.
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The child most likely to show the first symptom of autism spectrum disorder would be a:
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boy under 3 years old.
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A female child is diagnosed with autism. Later, as an adult, she is unable to hold a job and has very limited communication skills. Her case is:
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uncommon; most people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are males, and their symptoms usually remain severe into adulthood.
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Assume that you are alone in a room with a child suffering from a disorder of childhood. If you didn't know what the child's diagnosis was, what behavior of the child's might start to convince you that the disorder is autism spectrum disorder?
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The child is not responsive to other people.
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The mockingbird gets its name from the fact that it often imitates the call of other birds, without conveying any particular message. A child who imitates others' speech without any sign of understanding it, MOST likely would be diagnosed with:
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autism spectrum disorder.
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One speech problem displayed by many children with autism spectrum disorder is that they repeat everything said to them. This is called:
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echolalia.
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When a child with autism spectrum disorder says "You want a drink" when he really means that he wants a drink, he is displaying
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pronominal reversal.
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A person who has difficulty with interpersonal interactions but is otherwise high functioning and would have been diagnosed with Asperger's disorder in the past, will now, in DSM-5, be diagnosed with:
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social communications sisorder.
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Individuals with autism spectrum disorder may react with tantrums if an object is moved to a different part of the room. This is known as:
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perserveration of sameness.
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A child has autism spectrum disorder and does not like much variation in his life. He puts his toys on a shelf in a particular order and throws a tantrum if his mother moves any of them. Any one of several trivial changes in his daily routine can set him off. This is an example of:
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a perseveration of sameness.
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When a child with autism spectrum disorder jumps, flaps her arms, twists her hands and fingers and makes unusual faces, the child is engaging in:
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self-stimulatory behavior
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The BEST way to characterize children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is that they:
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show disturbed and contradictory patterns of reactions to stimuli.
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According to one psychological view of autism, the awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own belief, and not on information they have no way of knowing, is NOT present in children with autism spectrum disorder. This ability is called:
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a theory of mind.
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"It is possible, even probable, that 'refrigerator parents'—cold, rejecting, rigid—caused this disorder." This is a reasonable statement about the cause of many cases of:
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autism.
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Research has shown that, during infancy and early childhood, autistic children are MORE likely to:
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None of the answers are true.
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A child with autism is laughing, but sees another child crying. When asked what the other child is feeling, the child with autism is MOST likely to say:
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"happiness," because of mind-blindness.
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Imagine that I just stubbed my toe and cried "Ouch." A child with autism, when asked if I was hurt, said, "No," because he wasn't hurt. This inability to take the perspective of another is referred to as:
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mind-blindness.
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Which of the following statements reflects current research about the biological causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
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There are probably multiple biological causes, leading to a common "brain problem."
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The MOST recent research has provided evidence that the primary causes of autism spectrum disorder include:
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brain abnormalities.
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Recent studies show that children with autistic spectrum disorder are MORE likely than other children to have abnormalities in which section of the brain?
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cerebellum
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A person diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder listens to a piano piece at a concert. Later at home, the person plays the piano piece without the music, and without making a mistake. This behavior is best described as a:
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savant skill.
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Based on the MOST current research, we can conclude that:
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MMR vaccinations are not related to the development of autism.
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Studies of the use of cognitive-behavioral techniques in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder have shown that cognitive-behavioral techniques can produce:
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long-term gains in school achievement and intelligence test performance.
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Recent work has revealed that the MOST effective treatment for autism has been the use of:
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cognitive-behavioral therapy.
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The LEAP program for treating children with autism spectrum disorder is unique because it involves the use of:
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typical children as models and "teachers."
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A child with autism spectrum disorder points to a picture of a fork on a board rather than saying, "I want food." This child is using:
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an augmentative communication system.
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What is the BEST educational treatment for a child with a serious level of dysfunction on the autism spectrum?
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being sent to a special school that combines treatment and education
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If a child on the autism spectrum were being encouraged to engage in child-initiated interactions, the child would be:
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asking about things that were of particular interest to him or her.
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Which one of the following people would MOST correctly be diagnosed with intellectual developmental disorder?
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one with an IQ of 69 having problems coping with life
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If you were trying to learn a new language and you could understand it better than you could speak it, you would be showing symptoms MOST like:
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expressive language disorder.
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A reading proficiency level that is much lower than would be expected based on the measure of general intelligence is called:
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dyslexia.
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A child does well in some school subjects. However, the only way that he can read is slowly, one word at a time. He must direct his gaze with his index finger. Even with great effort, he makes many errors and has poor comprehension. This is a description of:
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dyslexia.
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he specific symptoms associated with dyslexia include:
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an impairment of the ability to recognize words and to comprehend what is being read.
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A child displays normal behavior and intelligence, but she does not seem to be able to explain her actions and intentions as well as you would expect. If the deficit is severe enough, she might be diagnosed with:
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an expressive-language disorder.
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A child has received the diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder. You would expect that he would have a problem:
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buttoning his shirt and dressing in general.
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Fred has an IQ of 65 and cannot do schoolwork. He lives on the streets by begging, is usually dirty, and is always hungry. He would MOST likely be diagnosed with:
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mentally retarded.
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Quentin is 25, has an IQ of 60, and never did well at schoolwork. However, he now lives on his own, has a job, and is able to perform the routine chores of life. He would not be considered to have intellectual developmental disorder because:
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his daily functioning is adequate.
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The use of IQ test results to diagnose intellectual developmental disorder has been criticized for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
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They are not valid predictors of school performance.
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Intelligence test results should not be the only things used to determine intellectual developmental disorder, because intelligence test scores:
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don't indicate level of adaptive behavior.
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What does it mean to say that intelligence tests are culturally biased?
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They are biased in favor of those from middle and upper socioeconomic levels who are exposed to the kinds of language and typical experiences that the test evaluates.
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Mild mental retardation is MOST common in which socioeconomic class?
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lower
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About what percentage of those diagnosed with mental retardation fall into the category of mild intellectual developmental disorder?
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80 to 85 percent
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MOST cases of mild intellectual developmental disorder seem to be related to:
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ociocultural and psychological factors.
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Isabelle is born into a very poor family. Both parents have below-average IQs and are barely able to support and provide for themselves. Isabelle's nutrition and health care have never been very good. She is at risk for:
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mild intellectual developmental disorder.
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Early home intervention programs for those in the "mild" intellectual developmental disorder category:
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improve both overall functioning, and later performance in school and in adulthood.
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The percentage of individuals at the four levels of intellectual developmental disorder from mild to profound:
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decreases steadily as the intelligence level decreases.
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If one knew nothing more than that the person with intellectual developmental disorder also had extensive and severe neurological dysfunction and physical handicaps, the MOST likely estimate of that person's level of mental retardation would be:
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severe or profound.
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Children with multiple physical and neurological problems that seriously limit their functioning are MOST likely to be diagnosed with which level of intellectual developmental disorder?
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severe or profound
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Biological factors are NOT the most important causes of which level of intellectual developmental disorder?
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mild
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MOST diagnosed cases of Down syndrome are of the:
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trisomy 21 type.
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Paula has moderate intellectual developmental disorder, a small head and flat face, as well as a protruding tongue. Her condition is MOST likely:
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Down syndrome.
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The most common of the identified chromosomal causes of Down syndrome is:
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trisomy 21.
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Individuals with Down syndrome:
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have the same range of personality characteristics as do those in the general population without Down syndrome.
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Shy and anxious children who have mild to moderate degrees of intellectual dysfunction, language impairments, and behavioral problems are MOST likely to be diagnosed with:
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fragile X syndrome.
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An infant is diagnosed with a biological disorder. As she ages, her physical and mental conditions deteriorate steadily so that she loses vision and motor control, and at the age of 3, she dies. Most likely, she was suffering from:
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Tay-Sachs disease.
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Which of the following do phenylketonuria and Tay-Sachs disease have in common?
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Both are caused by a double recessive gene.
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An iodine deficiency in the diet of a pregnant woman may lead to a condition in which the baby has a dwarflike appearance and a defective thyroid gland. This disorder is called:
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cretinism.
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If a pregnant woman wishes to avoid having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), what should she do?
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avoid drinking alcohol, since no safe level of drinking while pregnant has been established.
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Most colleges and universities now require students to have a meningitis vaccination before enrolling. Untreated meningitis can lead to:
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intellectual development disorder.
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Anoxia, one possible source of intellectual developmental disorder, involves brain damage resulting from:
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lack of oxygen during or after delivery.
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In poor inner-city neighborhoods, children sometimes eat paint that is flaking off walls. This can sometimes lead to intellectual developmental disorder due of:
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lead poisoning.
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During the 1960s and 1970s, the criteria for remaining in state schools changed, and many individuals with intellectual developmental disorders were released into the community. This is an example of:
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deinstitutionalization.
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MOST children with intellectual developmental disorder live:
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at home.
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Nations that pioneered "normalization" in the treatment of intellectual developmental disorder include:
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Denmark and Sweden.
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A woman is in a facility for those with intellectual developmental disorder. She has her own apartment, dresses herself, and goes to the dining room, where she orders breakfast off a menu. She then goes to work in a sheltered workshop. At the end of the day, she goes home to her apartment and gets ready for dinner. This arrangement is part of:
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a normalization program.
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A child is in public school, but he is grouped with other low-IQ children like him. He and his classmates have a specially designed program that is different from that of the other children in the school. This is MOST likely an example of:
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special education.
