Study Guide For Intro to Criminology Final Exam (MDC);

question

Geographers and urban planners have long acknowledged the detriment caused to traditionally stable residential areas when businesses move in.

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True

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Masculinity and control of one's immediate environment are treasured characteristics and are perceived as the only thing lower-class young men can control given their harsh conditions.

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True

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The example of a drop of water falling into the center of a filled water bucket is related to the concept of

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Radial Growth

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The Chicago School of criminology cannot be generalized to other cities.

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False ; The Chicago School of criminology can be generalized to other cities.

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Autonomy is defined as the value of independence from authority.

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True

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What ethnic group did not show high delinquency rates in Shaw and McKay's longitudinal data?

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Asians

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Business or industrial development in suburban or rural areas can devastate the informal controls of all of the following EXCEPT:

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Local Laws

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What zone did Burgess state was the most important in terms of distinction?

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Zone V

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What area was the exception when it came to high rates of social problems, namely delinquency, that existed throughout the otherwise consistent model of concentric circles and neighborhood zones?

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The Gold Coast Area

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According to cultural theories of crime in the United States, what large group blatantly denies the middle-class norms of society?

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No Such Groups Exist

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______________ claimed that much of human behavior, especially the way cities grow, follows the basic principles of ecology that have been documented and applied to wildlife for many years at that point.

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Robert E. Park

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________ represents a distinct, separate set of norms and values among an identifiable group of people that are summarily different from that of the dominant culture.

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Culture

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Miller claimed that the six focal concerns were part of a milieu. What term defines the word milieu?

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Culture

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The term eminent domain means that local government can ___________________.

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Take Land From Homeowners to Rezone and Import Businesses

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The area most significantly subjected to the ecological principles suggested by Robert E. Park (invasion, domination, etc.) is __________________.

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Zone II

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A recent anti-aggression training program for foster-home boys who had exhibited early-onset aggression showed success in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

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Increased Respect For Authority

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_________________ proposed a theory of city growth in which cities were seen as growing not simply on the edges but from the inside outward.

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Ernest W. Burgess

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__________________ model assumes that all cities grow in a natural way with the same five zones.

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Concentric Cirles

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The development of the Chicago School of criminology was the epitome of using theoretical development and _________________ to help improve conditions in society when it was most needed.

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Scientific Testing

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_______________ proposed a framework that began with the assumption that certain neighborhoods in all cities have more crime than other parts of the city.

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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

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Control Theories focus on social or personal factors that explain how and why individuals learn criminal behavior.

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False; Learning Theories focus on social or personal factors that explain how and why individuals learn criminal behavior.

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The most notable, respected, and empirically valid variation of Sutherland's model is differential identification theory.

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False; The most notable, respected, and empirically valid variation of Sutherland's model is Differential Reinforcement Theory.

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Low self-control theory proposes that individuals either develop self-control by age 10 or do not. Those who do not will manifest criminal or deviant behaviors throughout life.

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True

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Awakened reflection can be understood in reference to animals' eating habits. Animals stop eating when they are full and are content until they are hungry again.

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False; Autonomic Spontaneity can be understood in reference to animals' eating habits. Animals stop eating when they are full and are content until they are hungry again.

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Neither Burgess and Aker's model or Sutherland's theory addresses the idea that delinquent associations could occur after criminal activity takes place.

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False; Burgess and Aker's model addresses the idea that delinquent associations could occur after criminal activity takes place.

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____________________ is a learning model based on the association between an action and feedback following the action.

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Operant Conditioning

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Studies testing differential reinforcement theory have used four groups of variables or factors. Choose the one below that is not considered one of these variables.

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Rewards and Punishments are not one of the four groups of variables or factors used in the Differential Reinforcement Theory.

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_______________________ consists of a wide range of constraints on individual propensities to commit deviant acts.

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Direct Controls

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_______________ is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century and introduced differential association theory.

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Sutherland

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The gray area between free will and determinism is called _______________..

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Soft Determinism

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The text states that it is arguable that ________________ may have the most empirical validity of any contemporary (nonintegrated) model of criminal offending.

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Differential Reinforcement Theory

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Within the visual image of containment theory, Reckless stated that circle ________ symbolized a person's individual-level pushed to commit crime.

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Four

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Tarde introduced imitation theory, which incorporated three laws of imitation. Which law below is not part of the laws of imitation?

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The Inferior is Imitated By The Superior

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The neutralizing techniques found primarily in corporate settings is ________________, which essentially is the belief that an individual or group has done so much good that he or she is entitled to mess up by doing something illegal.

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Metaphor of The Ledger

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____________ assumes that all people would naturally commit crimes if not for restraints on the selfish tendencies that exist in every individual.

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Control Theory

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In the process of classical conditioning, the organism, animal, or person is a __________ actor in the process, simply receiving stimuli and responding.

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Passive

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_______________ takes into account associations with persons and images presented in the media.

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Differential Identification

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What critical influence did Sutherland leave out of this differential association theory?

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Media

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What critical influence did Sutherland leave out of this differential association theory?

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Durkheim

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Aker's and Burgess integrated Sutherland's work with contributions from the field of _____________.

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Social Psychology

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_____________'s theory focused on the process that occurs after an individual has been caught and designated as violating the law.

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Tannenbaum

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Turk's ___________ (the process of being labeled a criminal) occurs through the interaction between those who enforce the law and those who violate the law.

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Theory Of Criminalization

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The integrated structural-Marxist theory incorporates all of the following theories EXCEPT:

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Biological Theory

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Peacemaking criminology incorporates all of the following intellectual traditions EXCEPT:

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Consensus

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The process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter viewed in a new light is called __________________.

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Retrospective Interpretation

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Mead was concerned with the __________________, or ascertaining the meaning of the actions or remarks of the other person.

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Interpretation

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According to Tannenbaum, the process of making the criminal involves all of the following EXCEPT:

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Stigmatizing the Individual

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Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by _____________ about the labeling perspective.

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Becker

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An example of a diversionary program is ___________.

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Youth Courts

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___________ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation and dispute settlement.

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Peacemaking Criminology

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Cooley noted that primary groups are those characterized by intimate and personal interactions. Some of the most important primary groups are all of the following EXCEPT:

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Celebrities

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Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following EXCEPT:

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Law is a Partial System That Protects Private Interests

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John Hagan emphasized that labeling theory would likely benefit empirically from the recognition of what type of relationship between the actor and reactor?

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Reciprocal

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During the various decision-making stages of police encounters with juveniles, police react to various cues from the juveniles including all of the following EXCEPT:

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Hair Color

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_________ made a significant contribution to the labeling perspective by distinguishing between primary and secondary deviance.

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Lemert

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Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach of imposing punishment.

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True

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Non-symbolic interaction occurs when individuals interpret each other's gestures and act based on the meaning of those gestures.

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False; Symbolic Interaction occurs when individuals interpret each other's gestures and act based on the meaning of those gestures.

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According to one conflict perspective, the primary focus of critical-radical theories is power and the use of that power.

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False; Conservative (Pluralist)

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Due to the lack of satisfactory data and empirical research, evaluating the adequacy of labeling theory has been difficult.

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True

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Lemert provided a concise, working definition of deviance in response to criticism that labeling theories in general lacked this.

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False, Schur provided a concise, working definition of deviance in response to criticism that labeling theories in general lacked this.

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The social sciences have often placed women and the issues of concern to women at the center of its research.

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False; They Often Ignore Them.

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Liberal feminists maintain, in principle, that sexism is the first, most widespread form of human oppression.

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False; Radical Feminists maintain, in principle, that sexism is the first, most widespread form of human oppression.

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Feminism is a belief that women and men are inherently not of equal worth.

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False; Feminism is a belief that women and men are inherently of equal worth.

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Some feminists have argued that the life course perspective has provided researchers with a greater understanding of how a woman's offending is influenced by the social conditions of her life as well as by her being a woman in a patriarchal society.

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False; Some feminists have argued that the Pathways perspective has provided researchers with a greater understanding of how a woman's offending is influenced by the social conditions of her life as well as by her being a woman in a patriarchal society.

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According to the radical feminist perspective, the cause of gender inequality is based on men's need or desire to control women's sexuality and reproductive potential.

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True

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The phrase \"the personal is the political\" refers to the notion that the \"private sphere\" is as structured as the \"public sphere\" by power relations involving all of the following EXCEPT:

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Ethnicity

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__________ pertains to behaviors and attitudes toward certain individuals that treat them as though they are on a pedestal.

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Chivalry

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Multiracial feminism is an intersectional framework that includes such defining social characteristics as all of the following EXCEPT:

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Geographic Region

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Classic liberal feminists believe in the following facets EXCEPT:

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Freedom of Assembly

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All of the following are considered one (1) of the four (4) virtues comprising the attributes of true womanhood EXCEPT:

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Assertiveness

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___________ typically collects data, usually though interviews, at one point in time that provide retrospective inquiry as to an individual's life and life experiences.

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Pathways Research

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_________ refers not just to consciousness raising but also to the establishment of alternative arrangements that will provide models for change, which then change consciousness.

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Praxis

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What is the main cause of patriarchy according to the radical feminist perspective?

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Female Biology

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The Declaration of Sentiments stressed the need for reforms in all of the following EXCEPT:

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Employment

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The negative characterization of the black female as domineering, strong, assertive, independent, and masculine is called _________.

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The Amazon

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A perspective that says women as a group cannot be understood, even by other women, because every person's experience is unique, therefore there is no need to measure or research such experiences.

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Postmodern Feminism

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_________ argued that there are basic biological differences between males and females.

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W.I Thomas

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Feminists of the second wave of feminism argued that to be fully liberated, women needed to have all of the following EXCEPT:

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Freedom of Conscience

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According to power-control theory, an integral aspect to the relationship between family dynamics, gender, and delinquency rates was ________.

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Social Class

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According to socialist feminist perspective, what may be women's ultimate worst enemy?

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Patriarchy

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Lead has not shown a causal connection to persistent criminality.

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False; Lead has shown a casual connection to persistent criminality.

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The general theory of crime (or low self-control theory) postulates that individuals are born being predisposed towards selfishness.

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True

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Research studies generally estimate the measure of average frequency of offending by criminals over a year period in the high single digit range.

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False; There is no single measure of the Lambda measure.

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The United States is one of the few developed nations that does not guarantee universal healthcare in the form of maternal or infant medical care and supervision.

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True

question

The text states that there are very few policy implications that can be derived from developmental theories of criminality.

answer

False; The text states that there are many policy implications that can be derived from developmental theories of criminality.

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When an individual becomes caught in a vicious cycle of criminality, according to Thornberry, this is called:

answer

Feedback Loop

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The most significant and effective interventions can occur during what stages of life?

answer

Prenatal and Perinatal

question

Research studies refer to offender frequency as _________.

answer

Lambda

question

Before 1970, criminological theories did not attempt to explain the ___________ of individual criminal careers.

answer

Stages

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___________ is the degree of seriousness of the offenses he or she commits at certain times in the offending career.

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Intensity

question

The general theory of crime, proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi, assumes that self-control must be established by age ______.

answer

10

question

Children of immigrants reported significantly higher rates/percentages of violence against _________ (according to studies).

answer

Mothers

question

In a study conducted surveying criminologists, life-course/developmental theory was ranked number 2 after what other theory?

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Social Learning Theory

question

According to J. C. Barnes, \"hundreds of studies have shown support for the notion that ____________ offending is often preceded by deficiencies in pre-, peri-, and postnatal care that result in structural and/or functional brain abnormalities.\"

answer

Life-Course Persistent

question

___________ refers to how often the individual offends at certain times.

answer

Frequency

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Gottfredson and Hirschi believe that socialization controls are established _________.

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The First Years Of Life

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All of the following are considered personality traits within low self-control EXCEPT:

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Empathy

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There is no systematic global data collection regarding child abuse; however, the __________ estimates child abuse for research use.

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World Health Organization

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Studies have shown a link between childhood exposure to domestic violence and violent offending at older ages. This is called:

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Cycle of Violence

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Once low self-control is set at an early age, there is no way to develop it afterward (according to the general theory of crime). Developmental theory believes that:

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People Can Change Over Time

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The white-collar crime definition provided by Sutherland principally refers to _____________.

answer

Business Executives

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The __________ is generally considered to be one of the most important periods in history in terms of progress, but resulted in an increase in environmental crimes.

answer

Industrial Revolution

question

All of the following are terms that are typically used synonymously with white-collar crime EXCEPT:

answer

Industrial Crime

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The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice found that _______________ was the largest source of revenue for organized crime.

answer

Gambling

question

This refers to stealing a victim's credit card information and subsequently using the information to purchase items, especially electronics.

answer

Carding

question

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with which of the below responsibilities?

answer

Protecting Human Health

question

The ________________ was charged with three (3) responsibilities that focused on whether organized crime used services of interstate commerce to engage in illegal activities and identifying the persons, firms, or corporations involved in such activities.

answer

Kefauver Committee

question

_________ criminalizes making, distributing, or using tools to evade technological protection measures implemented by copyright owners to prevent access to copyrighted material.

answer

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

question

Labor violations include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Dumping Pollution in Restricted Area

question

Corporate crime causes at least ____ times more deaths than do traditional street crimes.

answer

Seven

question

The growth of prison gangs has been attributed to the Supreme Court decisions of _____________, giving prisoners the right to sue state officials in federal court.

answer

Cooper vs. Plate

question

Which of the following is one of the regions white-collar crime and corruption was found to be the highest internationally?

answer

East Africa

question

What was the penalty for an individual and his family in ancient Greece that forced up prices of imported grain?

answer

Death

question

Who coined the term white-collar crime and is considered the most prominent criminologist of the 20th century?

answer

Sutherland

question

What is considered one of the oldest prison gangs in the United States?

answer

Mexican Mafia

question

Organized crime has been described as being \"caused\" by the efforts of successive immigrant groups to make it in America.

answer

True

question

The general public loses more money from price fixing and monopolistic practices and consumer deception than from all property crime.

answer

True

question

Even Sutherland appears to lack confidence in what white-collar crime means as evidenced by his inclusion of the word 'approximately' in his loose definition.

answer

True

question

Laws violated by white-collar offenders are usually in regular penal code, namely in the criminal code section.

answer

False; Laws violated by white-collar offenders are often in regulatory or trade codes, namely in the criminal code section.

question

Workplace injuries are generally less serious than the common wounds suffered from assaults on the street.

answer

False; Workplace injuries are generally more serious than the common wounds suffered from assaults on the street.

question

Homeland security is a concerted national effort to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks, protect against man-made and natural hazards, and respond to and recover from incidents that do occur.

answer

All Hazards

question

All of the following use game theory EXCEPT:

answer

Schools

question

Congress defined a hate crime as a criminal offense motivated in whole or in part by all of the following offender biases EXCEPT:

answer

Political Affiliation

question

Which answer below is not one of the key components that must be present for a crime to occur according to routine activities theory?

answer

Adequate Guardianship

question

The term terrorism was initially considered a positive action.

answer

False

question

A burglar is caught in the middle of burglarizing a residential home of a well-known area Muslim imam (priest). As the burglar runs from the scene of the crime he yells a racial slur at the home owner. The offender's identity is unknown. Is this a hate crime?

answer

No; Facts are Ambiguous

question

Part of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service is now part of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency.

answer

False; They Are Not a Part Of CBP

question

The first known terrorist group was the Sicarii, an extremist group of the religious sect of Zealots.

answer

False

question

The drug cartels in Mexico are an example of dissident terrorism.

answer

False; The drug cartels in Mexico are an example of criminal terrorism.

question

Compared with left-wing groups, right-wing terrorist activities _________.

answer

Are Rare

question

A criminal activity that has been linked to terrorist financing is fraud involving all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

White Collar Crimes

question

_________ is a communication frame that consists of hero stories.

answer

Mythic Frames

question

Within the religious bias grouping of motivation categories, the majority of crimes were against what religion?

answer

Jewish

question

The term terrorism originated from the French phrase meaning ________ that prevailed during the French Revolution.

answer

Reign Of Terror

question

___________ involves terrorist activities against the government that are committed by rebellious groups.

answer

Dissident Terrorism

question

When a hate crime is not exclusively a federal offense, the federal government can, and does, investigate and prosecute hate crimes as civil rights violations.

answer

False

question

________ is responsible for administration of immigration and naturalization adjudication functions.

answer

U.S Citizenship and Immigration Services

question

Terrorism is easily analyzed because there is an abundance of reliable data on cases of each major form of terrorism to provide a foundation for statistical inference.

answer

False; Terrorism is not easily analyzed because there is not a lot of reliable data on cases of each major form of terrorism to provide a foundation for statistical inference.

question

All of the following are one of the four significant areas of concern for homeland security according to the USA PATRIOT Act EXCEPT:

answer

Issuing City-Level Search Warrants

question

____________ made it unlawful to willfully cause bodily injury, or attempt to do so, with a dangerous weapon when the offense is committed because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of any person.

answer

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009.

question

Skin popping is a term that refers to the mixing of cocaine with an opiate.

answer

False; Speedballing is a term that refers to the mixing of cocaine with an opiate.

question

The phrase \"Just Say No\" has been attributed to First Lady Nancy Reagan.

answer

True

question

The term morphine is derived from the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, who was often depicted with a handful of opium poppies.

answer

True

question

The Food and Drug Administration has approved Rohypnol for medicinal use in the United States.

answer

False

question

Eradication describes the various steps implemented to interrupt illicit drug trafficking.

answer

False; Interdiction describes the various steps implemented to interrupt illicit drug trafficking.

question

Soldiers were given ___________ not only to ease the pain of their injuries but also to relieve the symptoms of dysentery.

answer

Morphine

question

Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetically produced variations of _________.

answer

Testosterone

question

Designer drugs are all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Are Manufactured In Places Other Than The U.S.A

question

The DEA has designated five chemicals often found in spice as __________ controlled substances, making it illegal to sell, buy, or possess these chemicals.

answer

Schedule I

question

Baby boomers, those individuals born following ________, now form what is considered to be one of the largest generations in U.S. history.

answer

World War II

question

___________ advocates for the accessibility of drugs through governmental regulation.

answer

Maintenance

question

The first major wave of morphine addiction occurred during the ___________.

answer

American Civil War

question

Of the three (3) groups of \"sinister geniuses,\" which group were the nameless kitchen chemists and drug traffickers who could set up small-scale operations?

answer

First Group

question

All of the following are considered leading hypotheses that attempt to explain the drug-crime association EXCEPT:

answer

Drug Use Influences Criminal Behavior by Inhibiting Behavior

question

All of the following are considered characteristics of countercultures EXCEPT:

answer

Members Who Reject Spiritual Leaders and Refuse Religion

question

Other than the United States, what is the only other country that allows pharmaceutical companies to advertise their products directly to consumers?

answer

New Zealand

question

Alcohol is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream through which two (2) places?

answer

Stomach and Small Intestine

question

What level of ethanol dose can result in an individual having a comatose physical state?

answer

12-16 oz

question

__________ are drugs that alter one's though processes, mood, and perceptions.

answer

Hallucinogens

question

_________ produces about 90% of the cocaine powder entering the United States.

answer

Colombia

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