A flood happens when water spills over and inundates land that is usually not underwater.
The European Union (EU) Floods Directive, also known as the ELI Floods Directive, provides a definition of a flood as the covering of land not typically submerged in water. It also includes the inflow of tidal waters within this definition. Flooding can occur when water bodies such as rivers or lakes surpass their usual limits and breach levees, allowing some water to escape. Additionally, flooding may happen when rainwater accumulates on already saturated ground. The size of lakes and similar bodies of water can vary due to seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, but these fluctuations are usually insignificant unless they cause flooding or harm to domestic animals. River floods may occur when
...the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel, especially at bends or meanders in the waterway.
Floods often lead to the destruction of residential and commercial properties located in natural flood zones near rivers. While it is possible to reduce the damage caused by riverine floods by relocating away from rivers and other bodies of water, civilizations have historically thrived along riverbanks due to their level and fertile land, as well as the convenient transportation and access to trade and industry they provide. Some floods occur slowly, while others, such as flash floods, can quickly emerge within minutes, even without observable rain. Additionally, floods can be localized, affecting a specific neighborhood or community, or widespread in scale, impacting entire river basins.
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