1301 final – Flashcards

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85% of Earth's history
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Precambrian
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When was the "Cambrian Explosion"
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550 mya
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When did land plants develop
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400 mya
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When was the Silurian Period
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450 mya
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When was the Pennsylvanian Period
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300 mya
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When was the "Age of Fish"
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400-450 mya
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Permian extinction
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volcanoes
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When was the rise of the Appalachian Mountains
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250 mya
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Which geological era includes the Cambrian and Devonian Periods?
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Paleozoic
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When was the Jurassic Period
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150 mya
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When did conifers dominate the landscape
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225 mya
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when was the "age of reptiles"
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100-225 mya
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When was the laramide oregeny
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100 mya
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When was the rise of the rocky mountains
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100 mya
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Which geological era includes the Cretaceous period
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Mesozoic
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Extinction at the K-T Boundary
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Asteroid
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When did angiosperms dominate the landscape
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5-60 mya
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When was the rise of the Cascade Mountains
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10,000 to present
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When is the "age of Mammals"
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60 mya to present
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Which geological era includes the Tertiary Period
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Cenozoic
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We are living in the _______ geological period
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Quaternary
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When was the Mercator Projection "originated"
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1569
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the Mercator Projection is a _____ projection
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Cylindrical
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What is the RF scale for the verbal "1 inch equals 1 mile"
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1:63,360
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A map that portrays the correct size of continents
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equivalent projection
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A map that portrays the correct shape of continents
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conformal projection
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What areas are best portrayed by a conic projection
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mid latitudes
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Lines on a map that connect points of equal atmospheric pressure
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Isobar
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Lines on a topographical map used to portray the relief of the land
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elevation contour lines
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A line on a map joining points of equal quantities of precipitation
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Isohyet
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The darker contour lines on a topographical map
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Index contour lines
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A line joining points of equal temperature on a map
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Isotherm
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How is the emergency network used
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monitor residents during evacuations
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Who propounded the theory of seafloor spreading in the early 1960's
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Harry Hess, Robert Dietz
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When were hotspots theorized
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1963
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A _____ boundary is usually represented by a mid ocean ridge
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divergent
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Who theorized the "Supercontinent Cycle"
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J. Tuzo Wilson
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When was the "Supercontinent Cycle" proposed
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1966
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Which convergent plate boundary produces volcanic island arcs
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ocean-ocean
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A _____ is a small to medium sized mass of lithosphere carried a long distance by a drifting plate that eventually converges with another plate
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terrane
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Which plate boundary is associated with volcanic arcs
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ocean-continental
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earthquake magnitude
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Richter
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large earthquake magnitude
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Moment
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Earthquake intensity
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Modified Mercalli
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A ____ can travel down a volcano at over 100 mph
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pryclastic flow
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smallest volcanic mountain
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cinder cone
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largest type of volcano
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shield
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Stream deposits are _____ by size
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sorted
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Size of stream load
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competence
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The general term for stream deposited debris is ________
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alluvium
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The volume of water that is flowing in a stream
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discharge
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6th Power Law applies to stream ________
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competence
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The most abundant stream load is __________ load
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suspended
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What is the most common stream drainage pattern
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dendritic
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Which stream pattern is associated with folding
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trellis
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What is it called when a wave changes direction as it approaches the shore due to the wave striking the seafloor reducing velocity in a sector of the wave
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wave refraction
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Where is wave energy usually focused on an emergent coastline
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Headlands (point break)
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What forms a spit
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longshore deposits
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What is the function of a jetty
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confine the flow of water, keeping sand out of the navigation channel
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The simplest and most obvious form of mass wasting is ________
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rock Fall
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The slowest and least perceptible form of mass wasting
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creep
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Which type of bedrock is most commonly associated with Karst Topography
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limestone
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Which landscape features are associated with Karst Topography
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sinkholes
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The general term for all material moved by glaciers is __________
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Drift
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Glaciers that develop individually high in the mountains
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Alpine glaciers
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Unsorted glacial deposition
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till
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A broad amphitheater hollowed out at the head of a glacial valley
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cirque
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A ______ marks the place where and alpine glacier originated
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cirque
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Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift associated with continental glaciation are called ______
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eskers
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________ is a ridge of till marks that outermost limit of glacial advance
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terminal meraine
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What limits the downcutting process of a stream
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Base level (sea level)
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Rock ________ and rock structure also effect river drainage patterns
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type
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Which country got slammed by a magnitude 7.2 earthquake
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Turkey
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What caused the earthquake in Oklahoma
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fault line, fracking
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How many people were affected by floods in Pakistan
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5.5 million
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Which SE Asian country was most adversely affected by flooding
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Thailand
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A front that forms when a cold front overtakes a warm front
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occluded front
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What is probably the most significant weather maker in the midlatitudes
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Midlatitude cyclone
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What is the name for a tropical cyclone in the NW Pacific
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typhoon
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Where is the highest occurrence of tropical cyclones
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North Pacific Basin
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When do tropical cyclones occur in the North Atlantic
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August-October, peak in September
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Peak tornado season in USA
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April-June, peak in May
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violent convection storm
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thunderstorm
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Most thunderstorms are in the _______
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tropics, midlatitudes
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Cumulonimbus Cloud
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thunderstom
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Vernal equinox in the northern hemisphere
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March
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Marks the northernmost location reached by direct vertical rays of the sun
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Tropic of Cancer
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Where are the vertical rays of the sun striking the Earth during the September equinox
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equator
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When are the vertical rays of the Sun striking the Earth at the Tropic of Capricorn
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December Solstice
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When is the summer solstice in the southern hemisphere
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December solstice
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When are the vertical rays of the Sun striking Earth at the Tropic of Cancer
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June solstice
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What causes the Coriolis effect
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Earth's rotation
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What is defined as the horizontal movement of air
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wind
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The two prominent tropical circulation cells-one north and one south of the equator-that generate the Trade Winds
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Hadley cells
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Major wind belt located in the tropics
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trade winds
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Which is the most reliable and consistent of all the major wind belts
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trade winds
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A zone of low pressure at about 50-60 degrees of latitude in both northern and southern hemispheres that is directly associated with the midlatitude cyclone formation
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Polar front-Sub Polar low
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Which wind system (belt) is associated with the Ferrel Cells
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STH-"Horse latitudes"
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The temperature at which atmospheric saturation is reached
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dew point temperature
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When does atmospheric condensation begin
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dew point
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The leeward slope is the dry side and the term ______ is applied to both the leeward slope and the area beyond as far as the drying influence extends
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rainshadow
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What is the name of the cool ocean current in the South Atlantic that is proposed to inhibit cyclogenesis
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Benguela
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Why do maritime climates have more moderate seasonal temperatures
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ocean influence
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What is the average lapse rate
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3.6 degrees F per 1000ft
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The first version of the Koppen Climate Classification System appeared in ____
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1918
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What is a type A climate according to the Koppen Climate Classification
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tropical
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What is a B climate according to Koppen
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Dry
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Distinguish between the C and D climate according to Koppen
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C-mild midlatitude, hot
D-severe midlatitude, cold
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The Koppen climate classification that is found only in the Northern Hemisphere
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D
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Why are D climates absent from the southern hemisphere
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Southern Hemisphere has limited landmasses of the appropriate latitudes
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What is an E climate in the Koppen Climate Classification System
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Polar climate
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Climographs include temperature and _______ data
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precipitation
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What has extended the drought in Texas
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La Nina
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How much has the current drought cost the USA
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$10 billion
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Which was the first hurricane and the first major hurricane of the Atlantic hurricane season
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Irene
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Which tropical cyclone whipped-up winds that spread wildfires in Texas
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Lee
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Which was Japan's worst storm in 20 years
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Talas
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How many people lost power in the October nor'easter
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3 million
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A large recognizable assemblage of plants and animals
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biome
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What is an Angiosperm
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flowering plants
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drought resisting plants associated with rootlets and spines
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xerophytes
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A stable plant association of constant composition that is attained through seral stages
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climax vegetation
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Distinguish between forests and woodlands
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woodlands-trees are more spread out, drier than forests environment
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Which climate pattern is associated with the Tropical Deciduous Forest or Monsoon Rainforest
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transition between Af & Aw - high temps all year, but more or less seasoned rainfall than in tropical rainforests
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Midlatitude grassland characterized by short grasses and bunchgrasses
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steppe
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Biome closely associated with D climates
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Boreal forest
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Who is credited with the first classical definition of world zoogeographical regions
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Alfred Russell Wallace
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What serves as a geographic barrier to separate the Palearctic and Oriental zoogeographic regions
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Himalayas
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What is the name of the land bridge that connected the Palearctic and Nearctic zoogeographic regions
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Beringian
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Which zoogeographic regions are separated by Wallace's line
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Australian and Oriental
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Rainforest fauna is largely _______
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arboreal (tree dwelling)
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Which zoogeographic regions are connected by the Panama land bridge
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Neotropical and Nearctic
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Who sponsored the wolf extermination campaign at the beginning of the 20th century?
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the government
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Who opposed reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone
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ranchers
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How long had wolves been missing from the Yellowstone Ecosystem
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70 years
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How many species of monkeys live in South America
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70
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what areas of the world are best portrayed by a cylindrical projection
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tropics
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What are the x and y variables of a hydrograph
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x-time, y-discharge
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what is the probability of a 10 year flood during any given year
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10%
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A flood that has a 1% occurrence in any given year
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100 year flood
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What is the yearly probability of flooding on a 25 year flood plain
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4%
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Stream drainage pattern associated with regional faulting
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rectangular
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What is the energizing force of mass movement processes
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gravity
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What type of mass movement best characterizes an avalanche
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flow
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Mass movement down a slope as a coherent unit
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slide
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where would you expect to find tower karst
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tropics
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Who introduced the theory of continental drift in 1912
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Alfred Wegener
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Who proposed subduction zones
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Harry Hess
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What is the principle research challenge in plate tectonics today
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understanding the driving mechanism
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The 2 prominent tropical circulation cells-one north and one south of the equator-that generate the Trade Winds
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Hadley Cells
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The global wind system that occupies most of the area between the polar highs and about 60 degrees of latitude
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Polar Easterlies
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Major wind belt that contributes to the eastward trek of weather systems in the USA
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westerlies
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Climate characterized by wide variation in the average annual temperature range due to hot summers and cold winters
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continental
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What are the adaptive morphological structures that allow a phreatophyte to survive arid climates
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tap roots, small leaves
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When did the Panama land bridge emerge
as a factor in biogeography
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3-6 mya
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How was the Yellowstone Grizzly linked to the second hiker's death
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DNA
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Why is the armadillo's range expanding
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climate change
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How many acres were burned by the Bastrop County wildfires
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34,000 acres
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