1301 final – Flashcards
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85% of Earth's history |
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Precambrian |
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When was the "Cambrian Explosion" |
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550 mya |
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When did land plants develop |
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400 mya |
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When was the Silurian Period |
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450 mya |
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When was the Pennsylvanian Period |
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300 mya |
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When was the "Age of Fish" |
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400-450 mya |
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Permian extinction |
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volcanoes |
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When was the rise of the Appalachian Mountains |
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250 mya |
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Which geological era includes the Cambrian and Devonian Periods? |
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Paleozoic |
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When was the Jurassic Period |
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150 mya |
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When did conifers dominate the landscape |
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225 mya |
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when was the "age of reptiles" |
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100-225 mya |
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When was the laramide oregeny |
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100 mya |
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When was the rise of the rocky mountains |
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100 mya |
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Which geological era includes the Cretaceous period |
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Mesozoic |
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Extinction at the K-T Boundary |
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Asteroid |
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When did angiosperms dominate the landscape |
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5-60 mya |
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When was the rise of the Cascade Mountains |
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10,000 to present |
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When is the "age of Mammals" |
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60 mya to present |
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Which geological era includes the Tertiary Period |
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Cenozoic |
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We are living in the _______ geological period |
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Quaternary |
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When was the Mercator Projection "originated" |
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1569 |
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the Mercator Projection is a _____ projection |
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Cylindrical |
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What is the RF scale for the verbal "1 inch equals 1 mile" |
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1:63,360 |
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A map that portrays the correct size of continents |
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equivalent projection |
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A map that portrays the correct shape of continents |
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conformal projection |
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What areas are best portrayed by a conic projection |
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mid latitudes |
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Lines on a map that connect points of equal atmospheric pressure |
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Isobar |
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Lines on a topographical map used to portray the relief of the land |
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elevation contour lines |
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A line on a map joining points of equal quantities of precipitation |
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Isohyet |
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The darker contour lines on a topographical map |
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Index contour lines |
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A line joining points of equal temperature on a map |
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Isotherm |
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How is the emergency network used |
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monitor residents during evacuations |
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Who propounded the theory of seafloor spreading in the early 1960's |
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Harry Hess, Robert Dietz |
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When were hotspots theorized |
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1963 |
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A _____ boundary is usually represented by a mid ocean ridge |
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divergent |
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Who theorized the "Supercontinent Cycle" |
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J. Tuzo Wilson |
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When was the "Supercontinent Cycle" proposed |
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1966 |
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Which convergent plate boundary produces volcanic island arcs |
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ocean-ocean |
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A _____ is a small to medium sized mass of lithosphere carried a long distance by a drifting plate that eventually converges with another plate |
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terrane |
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Which plate boundary is associated with volcanic arcs |
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ocean-continental |
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earthquake magnitude |
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Richter |
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large earthquake magnitude |
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Moment |
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Earthquake intensity |
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Modified Mercalli |
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A ____ can travel down a volcano at over 100 mph |
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pryclastic flow |
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smallest volcanic mountain |
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cinder cone |
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largest type of volcano |
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shield |
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Stream deposits are _____ by size |
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sorted |
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Size of stream load |
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competence |
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The general term for stream deposited debris is ________ |
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alluvium |
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The volume of water that is flowing in a stream |
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discharge |
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6th Power Law applies to stream ________ |
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competence |
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The most abundant stream load is __________ load |
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suspended |
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What is the most common stream drainage pattern |
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dendritic |
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Which stream pattern is associated with folding |
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trellis |
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What is it called when a wave changes direction as it approaches the shore due to the wave striking the seafloor reducing velocity in a sector of the wave |
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wave refraction |
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Where is wave energy usually focused on an emergent coastline |
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Headlands (point break) |
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What forms a spit |
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longshore deposits |
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What is the function of a jetty |
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confine the flow of water, keeping sand out of the navigation channel |
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The simplest and most obvious form of mass wasting is ________ |
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rock Fall |
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The slowest and least perceptible form of mass wasting |
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creep |
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Which type of bedrock is most commonly associated with Karst Topography |
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limestone |
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Which landscape features are associated with Karst Topography |
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sinkholes |
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The general term for all material moved by glaciers is __________ |
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Drift |
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Glaciers that develop individually high in the mountains |
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Alpine glaciers |
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Unsorted glacial deposition |
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till |
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A broad amphitheater hollowed out at the head of a glacial valley |
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cirque |
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A ______ marks the place where and alpine glacier originated |
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cirque |
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Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift associated with continental glaciation are called ______ |
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eskers |
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________ is a ridge of till marks that outermost limit of glacial advance |
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terminal meraine |
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What limits the downcutting process of a stream |
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Base level (sea level) |
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Rock ________ and rock structure also effect river drainage patterns |
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type |
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Which country got slammed by a magnitude 7.2 earthquake |
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Turkey |
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What caused the earthquake in Oklahoma |
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fault line, fracking |
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How many people were affected by floods in Pakistan |
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5.5 million |
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Which SE Asian country was most adversely affected by flooding |
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Thailand |
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A front that forms when a cold front overtakes a warm front |
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occluded front |
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What is probably the most significant weather maker in the midlatitudes |
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Midlatitude cyclone |
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What is the name for a tropical cyclone in the NW Pacific |
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typhoon |
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Where is the highest occurrence of tropical cyclones |
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North Pacific Basin |
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When do tropical cyclones occur in the North Atlantic |
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August-October, peak in September |
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Peak tornado season in USA |
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April-June, peak in May |
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violent convection storm |
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thunderstorm |
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Most thunderstorms are in the _______ |
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tropics, midlatitudes |
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Cumulonimbus Cloud |
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thunderstom |
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Vernal equinox in the northern hemisphere |
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March |
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Marks the northernmost location reached by direct vertical rays of the sun |
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Tropic of Cancer |
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Where are the vertical rays of the sun striking the Earth during the September equinox |
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equator |
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When are the vertical rays of the Sun striking the Earth at the Tropic of Capricorn |
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December Solstice |
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When is the summer solstice in the southern hemisphere |
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December solstice |
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When are the vertical rays of the Sun striking Earth at the Tropic of Cancer |
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June solstice |
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What causes the Coriolis effect |
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Earth's rotation |
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What is defined as the horizontal movement of air |
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wind |
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The two prominent tropical circulation cells-one north and one south of the equator-that generate the Trade Winds |
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Hadley cells |
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Major wind belt located in the tropics |
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trade winds |
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Which is the most reliable and consistent of all the major wind belts |
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trade winds |
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A zone of low pressure at about 50-60 degrees of latitude in both northern and southern hemispheres that is directly associated with the midlatitude cyclone formation |
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Polar front-Sub Polar low |
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Which wind system (belt) is associated with the Ferrel Cells |
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STH-"Horse latitudes" |
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The temperature at which atmospheric saturation is reached |
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dew point temperature |
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When does atmospheric condensation begin |
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dew point |
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The leeward slope is the dry side and the term ______ is applied to both the leeward slope and the area beyond as far as the drying influence extends |
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rainshadow |
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What is the name of the cool ocean current in the South Atlantic that is proposed to inhibit cyclogenesis |
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Benguela |
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Why do maritime climates have more moderate seasonal temperatures |
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ocean influence |
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What is the average lapse rate |
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3.6 degrees F per 1000ft |
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The first version of the Koppen Climate Classification System appeared in ____ |
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1918 |
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What is a type A climate according to the Koppen Climate Classification |
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tropical |
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What is a B climate according to Koppen |
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Dry |
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Distinguish between the C and D climate according to Koppen |
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C-mild midlatitude, hot D-severe midlatitude, cold |
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The Koppen climate classification that is found only in the Northern Hemisphere |
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D |
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Why are D climates absent from the southern hemisphere |
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Southern Hemisphere has limited landmasses of the appropriate latitudes |
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What is an E climate in the Koppen Climate Classification System |
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Polar climate |
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Climographs include temperature and _______ data |
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precipitation |
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What has extended the drought in Texas |
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La Nina |
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How much has the current drought cost the USA |
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$10 billion |
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Which was the first hurricane and the first major hurricane of the Atlantic hurricane season |
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Irene |
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Which tropical cyclone whipped-up winds that spread wildfires in Texas |
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Lee |
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Which was Japan's worst storm in 20 years |
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Talas |
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How many people lost power in the October nor'easter |
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3 million |
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A large recognizable assemblage of plants and animals |
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biome |
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What is an Angiosperm |
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flowering plants |
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drought resisting plants associated with rootlets and spines |
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xerophytes |
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A stable plant association of constant composition that is attained through seral stages |
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climax vegetation |
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Distinguish between forests and woodlands |
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woodlands-trees are more spread out, drier than forests environment |
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Which climate pattern is associated with the Tropical Deciduous Forest or Monsoon Rainforest |
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transition between Af & Aw - high temps all year, but more or less seasoned rainfall than in tropical rainforests |
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Midlatitude grassland characterized by short grasses and bunchgrasses |
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steppe |
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Biome closely associated with D climates |
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Boreal forest |
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Who is credited with the first classical definition of world zoogeographical regions |
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Alfred Russell Wallace |
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What serves as a geographic barrier to separate the Palearctic and Oriental zoogeographic regions |
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Himalayas |
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What is the name of the land bridge that connected the Palearctic and Nearctic zoogeographic regions |
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Beringian |
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Which zoogeographic regions are separated by Wallace's line |
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Australian and Oriental |
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Rainforest fauna is largely _______ |
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arboreal (tree dwelling) |
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Which zoogeographic regions are connected by the Panama land bridge |
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Neotropical and Nearctic |
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Who sponsored the wolf extermination campaign at the beginning of the 20th century? |
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the government |
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Who opposed reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone |
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ranchers |
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How long had wolves been missing from the Yellowstone Ecosystem |
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70 years |
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How many species of monkeys live in South America |
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70 |
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what areas of the world are best portrayed by a cylindrical projection |
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tropics |
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What are the x and y variables of a hydrograph |
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x-time, y-discharge |
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what is the probability of a 10 year flood during any given year |
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10% |
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A flood that has a 1% occurrence in any given year |
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100 year flood |
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What is the yearly probability of flooding on a 25 year flood plain |
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4% |
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Stream drainage pattern associated with regional faulting |
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rectangular |
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What is the energizing force of mass movement processes |
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gravity |
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What type of mass movement best characterizes an avalanche |
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flow |
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Mass movement down a slope as a coherent unit |
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slide |
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where would you expect to find tower karst |
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tropics |
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Who introduced the theory of continental drift in 1912 |
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Alfred Wegener |
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Who proposed subduction zones |
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Harry Hess |
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What is the principle research challenge in plate tectonics today |
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understanding the driving mechanism |
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The 2 prominent tropical circulation cells-one north and one south of the equator-that generate the Trade Winds |
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Hadley Cells |
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The global wind system that occupies most of the area between the polar highs and about 60 degrees of latitude |
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Polar Easterlies |
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Major wind belt that contributes to the eastward trek of weather systems in the USA |
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westerlies |
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Climate characterized by wide variation in the average annual temperature range due to hot summers and cold winters |
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continental |
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What are the adaptive morphological structures that allow a phreatophyte to survive arid climates |
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tap roots, small leaves |
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When did the Panama land bridge emerge as a factor in biogeography |
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3-6 mya |
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How was the Yellowstone Grizzly linked to the second hiker's death |
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DNA |
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Why is the armadillo's range expanding |
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climate change |
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How many acres were burned by the Bastrop County wildfires |
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34,000 acres |