PT 2- What is Geology?

– Geology = “study of the Earth” – Q: Why do we care about Geology? – A: Earth is the only planet we can live on at this time, so we need to understand it. – Geology was devised in the early 1800s. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/geology-final-exam/

What is differentiation in planetary geology?

The process by which gravity separates materials according to density More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/astronomy-chapter-9-homework/

Scientist who studies Geology and what do they do?

Geologists study the earth’s crust, forces of the earth (earthquakes and volcanoes), and fossils More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/honors-earth-science-quiz-9-22-16-1-earth-science/

Q: How did people study the Earth before Geology?

– Other ideas existed – Ex: Catastrophism (1600s-1700s) stated that the Earth formed by a few big, catastrophic events, like Noah’s flood More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/geology-final-exam/

What are the two fields of geology

Physical and historical geology More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/tcu-geology-ken-morgan-test-1/

The image below is an example of what type of geology?

Loess More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/geography-5-03-quiz-physical-systems-and-processes-of-western-europe/

What are characteristics of California’s geology?

California geology evidences faulting, folding, alluvial and sedimentary deposition, and volcanic activity.California is a region of frequent seismic activity. The San Andreas Fault system extends for 500 miles. Its movement is largely horizontal, with the west side of the fault moving northward and the east side moving southward. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/california-geography-domain-3-1-the-physical-geography-and-topography-of-california-represents-great-diversity-37898/

What part of the word “geology” is the word root?

geo More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/improving-vocabulary-with-word-parts-and-context-clues/

Geology is the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure and the processes that shape it. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/science-unit-2-lesson4/

What is the geology associated with oil and gas deposits?

Hydrocarbons More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/geology-105-test-3-ole-miss/

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Mineral – Essay/Short Answer – Flashcards 6 terms

Jaxon Wilson

6 terms

Preview

Mineral – Essay/Short Answer – Flashcards

question

Why is a mineral color not helpful for identifying minerals?

answer

Same mineral may have different colors

question

Several layers are peeled from a piece of muscovite mica. What property of minerals does this illustrate? Describe the property in mica.

answer

It illustrates property of cleavage. Mica has ability to split along planes of weakness. It breaks cleanly into sheets.

question

What does the presence of cleavage planes within a mineral tell you about the chemical bonds that hold the mineral together?

answer

The chemical bonds are weak.

question

What is a crystal?

answer

Crystal is MATTER,/SOLID that is formed from an ORDERED ARRANGEMENT or atoms, ions, and molecules in REPEATING PATTERNS.

question

Do all crystals have smooth crystal faces? Explain.

answer

No. They do not all have smooth crystal faces. They can be many different shapes. cubic, hexagonal, blocky or brick and more.

question

What is the most abundant MINERAL GROUP in Earth's crust? What ELEMENTS are ALWAYS found in the minerals included in this group?

answer

Silicates are the most abundant mineral group; Elements always found are Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)

STUDY

Geology

GEO CH 10 – Flashcard 49 terms

Ray Collins

49 terms

Preview

GEO CH 10 – Flashcard

question

Basaltic clasts found in a conglomerate have been radiometrically dated to 50 million years ago (Eocene Epoch of the Tertiary Period). Is this a reliable age for the conglomerate?; a. Yes.; b. No, this age is likely too old.; c. No, this age is likely too young.; d. No, basalt never contains minerals bearing radioactive isotopes

answer

b. no, this age is likely too old

question

The last question involves the Principal of (a) cross cutting relationships (b) lateral continuity (c) superposition (d) inclusions (e) baked contacts

answer

d. inclusions

question

According to the Principal of Lateral Continuity, a younger rock must have been deposited above an older rock (a) T (b) F

answer

b. false

question

James Hutton, the "father of geology," put forth the principle of ____________.; a. superposition; b. original continuity; c. original horizontality; d. uniformitarianism

answer

d. uniformitarianism

question

A billion years is years to the power of (a) 3(b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 9 (e)10

answer

d. 9

question

The first geologists could measure (a) relative or (b) absolute ages

answer

a. relative

question

William Smith is associated with (a) faunal succession (b) canal building (c) relative age dating (d) the first geologic map (e) all of the above

answer

e. all of the above

question

Younger over older is (a) original horizontality (b) superposition (c) faunal succession

answer

b. superposition

question

Siccar Point has a (a) angular unconformity (b) disconformity (c) nonconformity

answer

a. angular unconformity

question

A gravel bed is deposited on eroded granite. Would that produce an (a) angular unconformity (b) disconformity (c) nonconformity

answer

c. nonconformity

question

In most locations it is possible to see all of the geologic periods in the rocks below one's feet if one digs deep enough (a) T (b) F

answer

b. F

question

The correlation of strata hundreds of miles apart is most easily done with fossils (a) T (b) F

answer

a. T

question

William Smith was primarily working on the role of (a) an English cleric (b) a geologist (c) an engineer/surveyor (d) a paleontologist (e) a ship's master

answer

c. an engineer/surveyor

question

A catastrophist would support the principle of original horizontality (a) T (b) F

answer

b. F

question

If your geology was divided into pre-flood and post-flood you could be labeled a catastrophist (a) T (b) F

answer

a. T

question

There are (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4....eons in the Precambrian

answer

c. 3

question

We have no rock samples from the Hadean Eon in the geologic record (a) T (b) F

answer

a. T

question

The geologic period when hard bodied life really took off was the (a) Ordovician (b) Phanerozoic (c) Cretaceous (d) Holocene (e0 Cambrian

answer

e. Cambrian

question

Epochs are (a) smaller than (b) larger than... periods

answer

a. smaller than

question

Would an index fossil have to be widespread (a) Y (b) N

answer

a. Y

question

Nearly parallel strata above and below an erosional surface is a (a) nonconformity (b) disconformity (c) angular unconformity

answer

b. disconformity

question

If the lithology and fossil content of two bodies of rock on opposite sides of a canyon are identical, then these remaining outcrops were likely physically connected at one time and formed part of an extensive, sheet-like layer of rock. This idea summarizes the principle of; a. superposition; b. original continuity; c. original horizontality; d. uniformitarianism; ;

answer

b. original continuity

question

Relative ages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of a. fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks; b. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks; c. radiometric dating of igneous rocks; d. radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks

answer

b. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks

question

Numerical ages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of _____, in conjunction with relative age data.; a. fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks; b. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks; c. radiometric dating of igneous rocks; d. radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks.

answer

c. radiometric dating of igneous rocks

question

Within the world's sedimentary rocks, fossils a. are rarely, if ever, found; b. are randomly distributed; c. occur in an ordered sequence;

answer

c. occur in an ordered sequence;

question

Buried erosional surfaces between parallel sedimentary strata are termed; a. disconformities; b. angular unconformities; c. nonconformities

answer

a. disconfomitites

question

The geologic time units best defined by massive faunal changes are the (a) periods (b) eras (c) epochs

answer

b. eras

question

The era is the longest geologic time unit (a) T (b) F

answer

b. F

question

Which eon of geologic time is represented by rocks containing abundant shelly fossils?; a. Archean; b. Phanerozoic; c. Proterozoic

answer

b. phanerozoic

question

Two atoms of a single element that differ in number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct ____ of that element.; a. isomers; b. isotopes; c. isotherms; d. atomic species

answer

b. isotopes

question

Which proportion of a radioactive isotope is expected to remain in an unaltered (unreacted) state after the passage of three half-lives?; a. one-third; b. three-halves; c. one-eighth; d. one-sixth

answer

c. one-eighth

question

Precisely speaking, a measured radiometric age for a mineral crystal within an igneous rock denotes the amount of time that has passed since the __ a. atoms within the crystal were part of a body of molten magma; b. crystal solidified; c. temperature of the crystal became equal to the Curie point for the mineral; d. temperature of the crystal became equal to the closure temperature for the mineral

answer

d. temperature of the crystal became equal to the closure temperature

question

Radiometric dates applied to sedimentary rocks produce ages that are ____________.; a. just as accurate as when the technique is applied to igneous rocks.; b. too young (postdate sedimentary deposition); c. too old (predate sedimentary deposition

answer

c. too old (predate sedimentary deposition)

question

In the 1800s Lord Kelvin estimated the age of the Earth, utilizing a number of assumptions. Which wrong assumption was the primary reason why his estimate (approximately 20 million years) was so wildly inaccurate?; a. The Earth was once hotter than it presently is today.; b. The Earth may have been molten when first formed.; c. No new heat has been added to the Earth since its initial formation.; d. The Earth would lose heat over time through radiation into outer space

answer

c. no new heat has been added to the earth since its initial formation

question

Which statement best summarizes the development of the geologic time scale?; a. Numerical ages for rocks were known well before the relative sequence of sedimentary layers was established.; b. Relative ages for sedimentary strata were known well before accurate numerical dates for these rocks could be provided.; c. Names of relative ages (such as Silurian) and accurate numerical dates for these ages appeared at about the same time

answer

b. relative ages for sedimentary strata were known well before accurate numerical dates for these rocks could be provided

question

In an unweathered sample of detrital sedimentary rock, the ratio of an unstable isotope to its stable daughter isotope is 1/15. If no daughters were present at the time the rock cooled below closure temperature, and the half-life of the reaction is 50 million years, how old is the rock?; a. 200 million years; b. 400 million years; c. 750 million years; d. none of the above

answer

a. 200 million years

question

The "atomic clock" most likely to be thermally reset to zero is (a) Rb/Sr (b) U/Pb (c) C14 (d) K/Ar

answer

d. K/Ar

question

The longest half life belongs to (a) Rb87 (b) Carbon 14 (c) K40 (d) U235 (e) U238

answer

a. Rb87

question

Can you do age dating using daughter:daughter isotope ratios? (a) Y (b) N

answer

a. T

question

Radiometric age dates can be used where there are no suitable rocks to date radiometrically provided index fossils are present at bth the site where the radiometric age date was measures and at the site with no suitable datable rocks (a) T (b) F

answer

a.T

question

The very oldest age dates measured in Earth's materials were (a) the age of the rocks they were measured in (b) from older rocks than in (a)

answer

b. from rocks older than in (a)

question

Darwin had no sympathy for Uniformitarianism (a) T (b) F

answer

b. F

question

answer

a. 4,0000BC

question

The Cambrian Period is the start of the Proterozoic Eon (a) T (b) F

answer

b. F

question

In U-Pb dating the Pb is a (a) parent (b) daughter

answer

b. daughter

question

Carbon dating uses the (a) parent: daughter ratio (b) the ratio of parent to C12

answer

b. the ratio of parent to C12

question

Uranium isotopes differ in the number of electrons (a) T (b) F

answer

b. F

question

If a daughter is formed from a parent isotope, the number of protons must have changed (a) T (b) F

answer

a. T

question

Is it possible to have radioactive decay actually move an element to a larger atomic number? (a) Y (b) N

answer

b. N

STUDY

Earth And Space Science Earth Science Geology Iron And Nickel

Chapter 10: Earthquakes (Study Guide) – Flashcards 22 terms

Ben Powell

22 terms

Preview

Chapter 10: Earthquakes (Study Guide) – Flashcards

question

How do we know about Earth's internal layers?

answer

Waves refract and reflect at boundaries

question

How was the Moho discovered?

answer

Seismic waves travel faster through the mantle than through the crust. Seismic-velocity discontinuities define boundaries in the mantle.

question

Earthquake

answer

A vibration caused by the sudden breaking or frictional slip on a fault (release of elastic energy) and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip

question

What causes earthquakes?

answer

Sudden formation of a new fault, sudden slip on an existing fault, phase change, movement of magma, landslide or meteorite impact

question

Where do earthquakes occur?

answer

Seismic belts/zones that coincide with plate boundaries (plate-boundary earthquakes); earthquakes that occur outside this zone are intraplate earthquakes. Happen between top 60km and 660 km of the Earth.

question

What six hazards are associated with earthquakes?

answer

Groundshaking/displacement, landslides, tsunamis, fires, liquefaction, flooding

question

P-Waves

answer

Compressional seismic waves that move through the body of the Earth. Primary wave; pressure or compressional wave (i.e. pushing/pulling a slinky). Travel fast through liquid and solid. Parallel.

question

S-Waves

answer

Seismic shear waves that pass through the body of the Earth. Secondary wave; shear wave. Particles are moved up and down to propagate the wave (i.e. flicking a rope). Travel slow through only solids. Perpendicular.

question

Body Waves

answer

P-Waves and S-Waves

question

Surface Waves

answer

Seismic waves that travel across Earth's surface. Slow but destructive and produce the most damage. Lower frequency and decay more slowly, cause tall buildings to vibrate more.

question

Love Waves

answer

Surface wave that are ripple/snake-like

question

Rayleigh Waves

answer

Surface wave that ripple up and down

question

How can seismologists pinpoint the location of an earthquake from seismographs?

answer

P-Waves travel faster than S-Waves; the interval between their time travel curve increases with distance. By matching the observed interval to the curves, the distance from the station to the epicenter can be found. S-P time indicates how far away the earthquake was. Must have distance of earthquake from three stations.

question

Recurrence Interval

answer

The average time between earthquake events

question

Slip Rate

answer

The average rate at which one side of the fault moves with respect to the other side

question

Slip Rate Formula

answer

Slip Rate: Average slip per rupture/Recurrence interval

question

Seismic Gap

answer

Places that haven't slipped recently; likely earthquake candidate if stress is building up on the locked portion of the fault, waiting to be released by a future major earthquake

question

Induced Seismicity

answer

Seismic events caused by the actions of people. Commonly caused by waste-water injection, not fracking

question

What is the relationship between earthquake magnitude and energy released by the earthquake?

answer

The higher the magnitude, the greater the energy released

question

What is the relationship between earthquake magnitude and the amount of shaking felt near the epicenter of the earth?

answer

The higher the magnitude, the more intense the shaking near the epicenter of the quake

question

What is the relationship between earthquake magnitude and how long shaking lasts?

answer

The higher the magnitude, the larger the fault area, the longer the duration of the earthquake, the longer the shaking lasts

question

What is the relationship between earthquake magnitude and how often that size earthquake occurs worldwide?

answer

The higher the magnitude, the less frequently it occurs

STUDY

Earth Geology Oxygen And Nitrogen Polar Ice Caps Ratios Solar System

Quiz 19 – Flashcard 30 terms

Aiden Simmons

30 terms

Preview

Quiz 19 – Flashcard

question

Channels on the surface of Mars may have been formed by:

answer

running water

question

These figures show the eight planets of our Solar System. Drag each planet into its proper position in the Solar System from top, closest to the Sun, to bottom, farthest from the Sun.

answer

photo

question

What are the dark areas of the Moon interpreted to be?

answer

large areas covered by basalt

question

What did the Cassini spacecraft and its Huygens probe discover on the surface of Titan, the largest of Saturn's moons?

answer

networks of drainages apparently carved by liquids

question

Which part of the Moon is the oldest and why?

answer

the light-colored lunar highlands because they contain a higher density of craters per area

question

What largely determines the level of volcanic and tectonic activity on the Galilean moons?

answer

proximity to Jupiter and its extreme tidal forces

question

Which of the following is true about Pluto?

answer

all of these

question

What causes the phases of the Moon?

answer

the relative positions of the Sun, Moon, and Earth cause us to see different amounts of the Moon's lighted side

question

Which of the following are unusual about Uranus?

answer

its axis of rotation, orientation of rings, and orbits of its moons are perpendicular to those of every other planet in the solar system

question

Whether it is one of the inner terrestrial planets, or outer gas giants, the location of a planet relative to the Sun has a lot to do with its:

answer

composition

question

Which of the four Galilean moons is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, erupting sulfur-rich lava?

answer

question

The visible surface of Uranus and Neptune are bluish-green because they consist of:

answer

methane and other gases

question

The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum helps planetary scientists measure surface:

answer

composition and temperature

question

Which of the following are present on Earth but not on any other planet?

answer

none of these

question

The density of craters on a planet's surface can help planetary scientists estimate its:

answer

age

question

These figures show the eight planets of our solar system, not arranged in any order. For each planet, drag the appropriate description to that planet. Move your cursor over each drop box to receive hints about that planet.

answer

photo

question

What does this curved feature, which contains a point bar, indicate about past events on Mars?

answer

the surface once had running water that eroded and deposited sediment

question

Smaller planets like Mercury that have large surface-area-to-volume ratios cool relatively:

answer

quickly

question

What is the main control on whether a planet or moon has active tectonics and volcanism?

answer

the size of an object

question

Mercury's surface is heavily cratered due to:

answer

all of these

question

What was the main technique used to study the solid surface of Venus?

answer

radar images

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the inner terrestrial planets?

answer

Saturn

question

The Moon has been volcanically and tectonically inactive for more than:

answer

2 billion years

question

These craters on the Moon formed when:

answer

meteoroids and other objects impacted on the surface

question

During its early stages of formation, a catastrophic collision with Earth by a large body is thought to have ripped part of the Earth away to form:

answer

the Moon

question

What is the current theory for the formation of our solar system?

answer

the Sun and planets condensed from a cloud of gas and dust

question

What is the dominant character of the four outer planets?

answer

they are large and gas rich

question

Why do comets have a tail?

answer

solar wind strips off gas and dust, forming a tail pointing away from the Sun

question

Which of the following is the major difference between the inner planets as a group and the outer planets as a group?

answer

composition

question

Dark mare on the Moon is formed by?

answer

basalt flows filled previously existing impact craters

STUDY

Astronomy Geology

Chapter 19 Space, the Final Frontier – Flashcards 21 terms

Kaiya Hebert

21 terms

Preview

Chapter 19 Space, the Final Frontier – Flashcards

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the inner terrestrial planets?

answer

Saturn

question

What is the dominant character of the four outer planets?

answer

They are large and gas rich.

question

What is the current theory for the formation of our Solar System?

answer

The Sun and planets condensed from a cloud of gas and dust.

question

During its early stages of formation, a catastrophic collision with Earth by a large body is thought to have ripped part of the Earth Away to form:

answer

The Moon

question

Which of the following is NOT an aspect that we can learn from remotely observing another planet or moon?

answer

Whether a rock contains fossils.

question

What types of surfaces appear dark on a radar image taken by satellite?

answer

A surface that is smooth or slopes away from the satellite.

question

The asteroid belt is located between:

answer

Mars and Jupiter.

question

The density of craters on a planet's surface can help planetary scientists estimate its:

answer

age

question

What is the main control on whether a planet or moon has active tectonics and volcanism?

answer

The size of an object.

question

What was the main technique used to study the solid surface of Venus?

answer

Radar images.

question

Which of the following are present on Earth but not on any other planet?

answer

None of these.

question

Geologists have mapped the Moon by using data from:

answer

Geologists have used all of these to map the Moon.

question

Which of the four Galilean moons is the most volcanically active object in the Solar System, erupting sulfur-rich lava?

answer

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Jupiter?

answer

The atmosphere is nitrogen and oxygen, like the atmosphere of the Earth.

question

The rings of Saturn are largely composed of:

answer

Icy chunks the size of sand, pebbles, and boulders.

question

What did the Cassini spacecraft and its Huygens probe discover on the surface of Titan, the largest of Saturn's moons?

answer

Networks of drainages apparently carved by liquids.

question

The visible surface of Uranus and Neptune are bluish-green because they consist of:

answer

Methane and other gases.

question

Which of the following are unusual about Uranus?

answer

Its axis of rotation, orientation of rings, and orbits of its moons are perpendicular to those of every other planet in the Solar System.

question

Why do comets have a tail?

answer

Solar wind strips off gas and dust, forming a tail pointing away from the Sun.

question

Which of the following is true about Pluto?

answer

All of these.

question

Which of the following features attracted geologists' attention on Mars?

answer

All of these

STUDY

Earth Science Geology Physical Science Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics Study Guide – Flashcards 18 terms

Jacoby Flores

18 terms

Preview

Plate Tectonics Study Guide – Flashcards

question

What is a fault?

answer

The surface along which rocks break and slide past each other.

question

What is a subduction zone?

answer

The region where oceanic plates sink down into the asthenosphere.

question

What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

answer

The Earth's lithosphere is divided into tectonics plates that move around on top of the mantle.

question

Since new ocean floor is constantly being made at a Divergent Plate Boundary, what happens to the old ocean floor so that the Earth doesn't grow in size?

answer

It gets subducted and recycled

question

List 3 pieces of evidence that support the Theory of Continental Drift

answer

1. Similarity of fossils found on continental coasts. 2. The close fit of the continental coastlines. 3. The matching of glacial grooves on different continents.

question

What forms when an oceanic plate is subducted under a continental plate as in a Convergent Plate Boundary?

answer

An ocean trench and volcanic mountains.

question

What causes the movents of tectonic plates?

answer

Convection currents

question

What happens to the tectonic plates at a divergent plate boundary?

answer

It's when 2 tectonic plates move away from one another

question

What part of the Earth is a liquid?

answer

The outer core

question

What layers of the earth is the lithosphere made of?

answer

The crust and rigid upper part of the mantle.

question

What happens to tectonic plates at a lateral slipping plate boundary?

answer

Two tectonic plates slide past each other

question

What is the name that Wedener gave the acident continent that contained all the landmasses?

answer

Pangaea

question

What is the one item that the core is mostly made of?

answer

Iron

question

What happens to tectonic plates at a convergent boundary?

answer

There is a collision between 2 plates

question

Earth's lightest materials make up what layers of the Earth?

answer

The crust

question

What layer of the Earth makes up most of its mass?

answer

The mantle

question

Scientists have found Glossopteris fossils in Antarctica, India, South America and Africa. What explains this strange distribution of fossils?

answer

Those areas were once connected to each other

question

Which layer of the Earth is made up of tectonic plates?

answer

The Lithosphere

STUDY

Definite Chemical Composition Earth And Space Science Geology Naturally Occurring Elements

Science Study Guide: Rocks & Minerals – Flashcards 60 terms

Tommy Mason

60 terms

Preview

Science Study Guide: Rocks & Minerals – Flashcards

question

What is a mineral?

answer

naturally-formed inorganic solid substance with a definite, crystalline structure.

question

What are the 6 mineral properties?

answer

luster, cleavage, hardness, streak,

question

What are native elements?

answer

Elements that are made up of just one mineral.

question

What is luster?

answer

Refers to the way the rock shines (reflects)

question

How do you test hardness? In what order?

answer

fingernail, penny, ail, diamond

question

What is cleavage/ fracture?

answer

The way a mineral splits or breaks.

question

Instead of using color as a mineral property, what do scientists use?

answer

Streak

question

What are all minerals?

answer

crystals

question

What is a strata?

answer

the layers in sedimentary rock

question

What is the chemical makeup of silicates?

answer

SiO2

question

How are metamorphic rocks made?

answer

With heat and pressure

question

What are non-silicate compound?

answer

A mineral that does not include silicon.

question

What are the types of metamorphic rocks?

answer

foliated and non-foliated

question

What is the chemical makeup of hematite?

answer

Iron Oxide: Fe2O3

question

What are the types of igneous rocks?

answer

Basalt, Obsidian, Granite, Pumice

question

What is the chemical makeup of chromite?

answer

Iron Chromium Oxide: FeCr2O4

question

What are the types of sedimentary rocks?

answer

Limestone, sandstones, conglomerate, fossils

question

What is the chemical makeup of halite?

answer

Sodium Chloride: NaCl

question

What is a conglomerate rock made of?

answer

a bunch of sediments cemented together

question

What is the more common name for halite?

answer

Salt

question

How are limestones made?

answer

The solute left behind from an evaporated solution

question

What is the chemical makeup for fluorite?

answer

Calcium Fluoride: CaF2

question

What is the silicate's chemical makeup?

answer

SiO2

question

What is hematite used for?

answer

doorknobs, hinges, mattress springs, etc.

question

What are non-silicates compound minerals?

answer

Compound minerals that does not have silicon in it

question

What is fluorite used for?

answer

toothpaste, drinking water, industrial steel making, etc.

question

What is the chemical makeup of hematite?

answer

Iron Oxide: Fe2O3

question

What is quartz used in?

answer

drinking glasses, lenses, mirrors, watches, etc.

question

What is the chemical makeup of chromite?

answer

Iron Chromium Oxide: FeCr2O4

question

What are some examples of the native elements?

answer

Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Sulfur (S), Diamond (Carbon: C), Coal (Carbon: C)

question

What is the chemical makeup of halite?

answer

Sodium Chloride- NaCl

question

What are the two ways minerals form?

answer

Cooling of magma, or dissolving in liquids

question

What is the more common name of halite?

answer

salt

question

What is the system used to rate the hardness of a mineral called?

answer

The Mohs Scale

question

What is the chemical makeup?

answer

Calcium Fluorite- CaF2

question

What is cleavage?

answer

minerals breaks along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape

question

What are the 2 types of silicates?

answer

Quartz and Mica

question

What is fracture?

answer

minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges

question

What are some of the uses of quartz?

answer

drinking glasses, optical glasses, mirrors, and watches

question

What are the 3 types of rocks?

answer

Metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary

question

What is a mineral?

answer

An inorganic crystalline solid that is made up of one or more elements

question

How can metamorphic rocks be formed?

answer

with heat and pressure

question

What are the native elements?

answer

Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Diamond (Carbon- C), Graphite (Carbon-C), Sulfur (S)

question

What are some examples of igneous rock?

answer

Basalt, Pumice, Granite, Obsidian

question

What is an igneous rock that can float?

answer

Pumice

question

What are some examples of sedimentary?

answer

sandstone, limestone, conglomerate, and fossils

question

Two minerals together is a______?

answer

rock

question

How is limestone made?

answer

The solute left behind from an evaporated solution

question

A black rock made up of compressed plants is ____________?

answer

coal

question

What are some examples of metamorphic rock?

answer

foliated and non-foliated

question

What is foliated rock?

answer

Rocks that contains bands of flat minerals

question

What is non-foliated rock?

answer

Rocks that are not arranged in bands

question

Example of a foliated rock.

answer

Gneiss

question

Example of an non-foliated rock

answer

Marble

question

Which type of rock usually contains fossils?

answer

Sedimentary

question

What are the steps of a sedimentary rock?

answer

weathering--> pressure --> cementing

question

What is an intrusive igneous rock?

answer

an igneous rock that formed underground

question

What is an extrusive igneous rock?

answer

an igneous rock formed below the surface of the earth; magma quickly cooling, an having little, or no crystals

question

What is strata?

answer

the layers in sedimentary rock

question

What do metamorphic rocks usually have?

answer

crystals

STUDY

Geologic Time Scale Geology History Processes

Chapter 12 Geologic Time – Flashcards with Answers 50 terms

Ewan Knight

50 terms

Preview

Chapter 12 Geologic Time – Flashcards with Answers

question

If the relative age of two formations (with respect to one another) is known, then the numerical ages for each formation can be inferred. a. true b. false

answer

b. false

question

Which statement best summarizes the development of the geologic time scale? a. Names of relative ages (such as Silurian) and accurate numerical dates for these ages appeared at about the same time. b. Relative ages for sedimentary strata were known well before accurate numerical dates for these rocks could be provided. c. Numerical ages for rocks were known well before the relative sequence of sedimentary layers was established.

answer

b. Relative ages for sedimentary strata were known well before accurate numerical dates for these rocks could be provided.

question

If the lithology and fossil content of two bodies of rock on opposite sides of a canyon are identical, then these remaining outcrops were likely physically connected at one time and formed part of an extensive, sheet-like layer of rock. This idea summarizes the principle of ____________. a. uniformitarianism b. original horizontality c. original continuity d. superposition

answer

c. original continuity

question

Concerning the relative ages of the granite and sandstone, the ____________. a. sandstone must be older, according to the principle of superposition b. granite must be older, according to the principle of components c. granite must be older, according to the principle of superposition d. Their relative ages cannot be determined from the information given.

answer

d. Their relative ages cannot be determined from the information given.

question

Attempts to measure the age of Earth by extrapolating modern riverine influx rates into the past to produce modern marine salinity from an initially freshwater ocean failed to take into account that ____________. a. salts derived from the weathering of rock are insoluble in water b. dissolved salts from weathering of rock only rarely are transported all the way to the ocean c. salt is removed through precipitation, balancing riverine input

answer

c. salt is removed through precipitation, balancing riverine input

question

Magnetostratigraphy takes advantage of the fact that ____________. a. Earth's magnetic field only arose 10,000 years ago b. Earth's magnetic field has experienced numerous polarity reversals, with periods of normal and reversed polarity of varying lengths c. Earth's magnetic field has been uniformly strong, with constant polarity, throughout Earth's history

answer

b. Earth's magnetic field has experienced numerous polarity reversals, with periods of normal and reversed polarity of varying lengths

question

In an unweathered sample of detrital sedimentary rock, the ratio of an unstable isotope to its stable daughter isotope is 1/15. If no daughters were present at the time the rock cooled below closure temperature, and the half-life of the reaction is 50 million years, how old is the rock? a. 200 million years b. 400 million years c. 750 million years d. None of the above are correct

answer

d. None of the above are correct

question

In a undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, younger layers overlay older layers, according to the principle of ____________. a. superposition b. uniformitarianism c. original horizontality d. original continuity

answer

a. superposition

question

The basalt body is best described as a ____________. a. pluton b. sill c. dike d. laccolith

answer

c. dike

question

Basaltic clasts within the basal layers of the conglomerate imply which of the following statements (choose the most correct answer)? a. The conglomerate must be the older of the two. b. The basalt must be the older of the two. c. The section must not have been overturned by tectonic activity at any time. d. B and C are both correct.

answer

d. B and C are both correct.

question

Two atoms of a single element that differ in number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct ____________ of that element. a. atomic species b. isotopes c. isomers d. isotherms

answer

b. isotopes

question

The surface below sedimentary rocks that overlie igneous or metamorphic rocks is termed a (an) ____________. a. nonconformity b. angular unconformity c. disconformity

answer

a. nonconformity

question

James Hutton, the "father of geology," put forth the principle of ____________. a. uniformitarianism b. superposition c. original continuity d. original horizontality

answer

a. uniformitarianism

question

Contact #3 is both a ____________ and a (an) ____________ at various points. a. nonconformity; angular unconformity b. fault; unconformity c. disconformity; nonconformity d. conformable contact; unconformity

answer

c. disconformity; nonconformity

question

As understood by modern geologists, the principle of uniformitarianism implies that ____________. a. physical processes observed today (such as erosion and volcanic eruption) have been active in the past and are responsible for the geologic history we see preserved in the rock record b. the Earth has always had the same basic appearance that it has today, with the distributions of ocean basins and continents identical to what we see today c. igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are uniformly mixed throughout the crust of the Earth d. physical processes observed today (such as erosion and volcanic eruption) have been occurring throughout Earth history at constant rates; for example, no eruption in geologic time would have been greater than the 1815 Tambora eruption

answer

a. physical processes observed today (such as erosion and volcanic eruption) have been active in the past and are responsible for the geologic history we see preserved in the rock record

question

Radiometric dates applied to sedimentary rocks produce ages that are ____________. a. just as accurate as when the technique is applied to igneous rocks b. too old (pre-date sedimentary deposition) c. too young (postdate sedimentary deposition)

answer

b. too old (pre-date sedimentary deposition)

question

Relativeages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________. a. radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks b. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks c. fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks d. radiometric dating of igneous rocks

answer

b. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks

question

The surfaces named contacts #2 and #3 are examples of ____________. a. faults b. conformable sedimentary contacts c. unconformities d. baked contacts

answer

c. unconformities

question

Dendrochonology involves dating of historic and geologic events through the study of ____________. a. annual growth rings in trees b. remnant magnetism in iron-rich minerals c. growth layers in shells d. oxygen isotope profiles in glacial ice

answer

a. annual growth rings in trees

question

In the 1800s Lord Kelvin estimated the age of the Earth, utilizing a number of assumptions. Which wrong assumption was the primary reason why his estimate (approximately 20 million years) was so wildly inaccurate? a. that no new heat has been added to the Earth since its initial formation b. that the Earth would lose heat over time through radiation into outer space c. that the Earth may have been molten when first formed d. that the Earth was once hotter than it presently is today

answer

a. that no new heat has been added to the Earth since its initial formation

question

Which of the following geologic principles is a direct result of gravity? a. cross-cutting relationships b. original horizontality c. inclusions d. baked contacts

answer

b. original horizontality

question

Why is radiocarbon dating only rarely applied in geological work? a. The half-life of carbon-14 is so long that it is effectively a stable isotope. b. The half-life of carbon-14 is so short that it can only be used to date materials that are less than 70,000 years old. c. No substances on Earth contain significant amounts of carbon-14

answer

b. The half-life of carbon-14 is so short that it can only be used to date materials that are less than 70,000 years old.

question

Contact #1 is an example of a (an) ____________. a. conformable sedimentary contact b. baked contact c. fault d. unconformity

answer

c. fault

question

When an unstable isotope decays, the daughter isotope that results is always a stable isotope. a. false b. true

answer

a. false

question

Buried erosional surfaces between parallel sedimentary strata are termed ____________. a. nonconformities b. disconformities c. angular unconformities

answer

b. disconformities

question

Basaltic clasts within the conglomerate have been radiometrically dated to 50 million years ago (Eocene epoch of the Tertiary period). Is this a reliable age for the conglomerate? a. No, basalt never contains minerals bearing radioactive isotopes. b. No, this age is likely too young. c. Yes. d. No, this age is likely too old

answer

d. No, this age is likely too old

question

Which of the following is always the same for multiple isotopes of a single element? a. atomic number b. atomic mass number c. tendency to decay radioactively d. None of the above are correct

answer

a. atomic number

question

Concerning the relative ages of the basalt and the fault, the ____________. a. fault must be older, according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships b. basalt must be older, according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships c. basalt must be older, according to the principle of original horizontality d. Their relative ages cannot be determined from the information given

answer

b. basalt must be older, according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships

question

The youngest geologic unit visible in the cross section is the ____________. a. marble b. limestone c. granite d. conglomerate

answer

d. conglomerate

question

If horizontal sedimentary strata overlie tilted strata (and no fault is present), the surface between the horizontal and tilted strata must be a (an) ____________. a. nonconformity b. angular unconformity c. disconformity d. conformable sedimentary contact

answer

b. angular unconformity

question

In the area immediately surrounding an igneous intrusion, a host limestone is locally metamorphosed to produce marble. Which of the following statements is correct? a. The limestone must be older than the marble. b. The intrusive igneous rock must be older than the limestone. c. The relative ages of the three units cannot be determined with the information given. d. The marble must be older than the intrusive rock

answer

a. The limestone must be older than the marble.

question

The oldest geologic unit in the cross section is the ____________. a. limestone b. granite c. marble d. sandstone

answer

a. limestone

question

Which statement about contact #3 is correct? a. It was once elevated farther above contact #2, but faulting has brought them closer together. b. It and contact #2 once formed a continuous unconformity. c. It presents an example of an angular unconformity. d. It must be younger than the conglomerate, due to the principle of baked contacts

answer

b. It and contact #2 once formed a continuous unconformity.

question

If all of Earth history were compressed into a single year, Homo sapiens would first appear on ____________. a. October 31 (just in time for Halloween) b. December 31, at 11:59 P.M. (just before the ball drops on New Year's Eve) c. February 26 (close to Mardi Gras) d. April 15 (just before taxes are due)

answer

b. December 31, at 11:59 P.M. (just before the ball drops on New Year's Eve)

question

The age of Earth CANNOT be reliably estimated from sediment thicknesses because ____________. a. sedimentation rates are not likely to remain constant at any one locality over all of Earth's history b. sedimentary rocks can be metamorphosed or melted c. locally, much of Earth's history is represented by unconformities between strata rather than the strata themselves d. All of the above are correct

answer

d. All of the above are correct

question

Uniformitarianism is succinctly summarized by which phrase? a. The past is the key to the present. b. The present is the key to the future. c. The present is the key to the past. d. The future is the key to the present

answer

c. The present is the key to the past.

question

Which of the following geologic principles is NOT a result of gravity? a. superposition b. cross-cutting relationships c. original continuity d. original horizontality

answer

b. cross-cutting relationships

question

Which method of correlation is more reliable for determining age equivalence among bodies of rock that are physically isolated by vast distances? a. fossil correlation b. lithologic correlation

answer

a. fossil correlation

question

If the numerical ages of two formations are known, then the relative age of each with respect to one another can be inferred. a. true b. false

answer

a. true

question

Which proportion of a radioactive isotope is expected to remain in an unaltered (unreacted) state after the passage of three half-lives? a. one-sixth b. one-eighth c. three-halves d. one-third

answer

b. one-eighth

question

Which of the following always varies among multiple isotopes of a single element? a. atomic number b. atomic mass number c. tendency to decay radioactively d. None of the above are correct

answer

b. atomic mass number

question

Which eon of geologic time is represented by rocks containing abundant shelly fossils? a. Proterozoic b. Phanerozoic c. Archean

answer

b. Phanerozoic

question

The marble rind surrounding the granite pluton must be younger than the limestone according to the principle of ____________. a. original continuity b. original horizontality c. baked contacts d. superposition

answer

c. baked contacts

question

The principle of ____________ explains the occurrence of young rock within a newer igneous body. a. original horizontality b. inclusions c. cross-cutting relationships d. baked contacts

answer

b. inclusions

question

In an unweathered sample of igneous rock, the ratio of an unstable isotope to its stable daughter isotope is 1/15. If no daughters were present at the time the rock cooled below closure temperature, and the half-life of the reaction is 50 million years, how old is the rock? a. 200 million years b. 400 million years c. 750 million years d. None of the above are correct

answer

a. 200 million years

question

Period names on the geologic time scale, such as Devonian and Permian, provide examples of ____________. a. numerical age b. relative age

answer

b. relative age

question

Within the world's sedimentary rocks, fossils ____________. a. are randomly distributed b. are rarely, if ever, found c. occur in an ordered sequence

answer

c. occur in an ordered sequence

question

Precisely speaking, a measured radiometric age for a mineral crystal within an igneous rock denotes the amount of time that has passed since the ____________. a. temperature of the crystal became equal to the Curie point for the mineral b. temperature of the crystal became equal to the closure temperature for the mineral c. atoms within the crystal were part of a body of molten magma d. crystal solidified

answer

b. temperature of the crystal became equal to the closure temperature for the mineral

question

Numericalages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________, in conjunction with relative age data. a. fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks b. radiometric dating of igneous rocks c. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks d. radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks

answer

b. radiometric dating of igneous rocks

question

Concerning the relative ages of the shale and sandstone, the ____________. a. Their relative ages cannot be determined from the information given. b. shale must be older, according to the principle of superposition c. sandstone must be older, according to the principle of superposition d. shale must be older, according to the principle of components

answer

b. shale must be older, according to the principle of superposition

STUDY

AP Human Geography Chest And Back Geology Social Studies The Art Of War

Tectonic Plates – Flashcards 33 terms

Patrick Marsh

33 terms

Preview

Tectonic Plates – Flashcards

question

Abraham Ortelius

answer

Dutch mapmaker who noticed the fit of the continents on either side of the Atlantic Ocean in the 16th century.

question

Eduard Suess

answer

Austrian geologist who theorized Gondwanaland.

question

Alfred Wegener

answer

Contributed his idea of continental movement to the scientific community, it was called continental drift.

question

Continental Drift

answer

Proposes that the Earth's continents had once been joined as a single landmass.

question

Pangaea

answer

Greek word meaning "all the earth."

question

Wegener's Proof (What he used as)

answer

Rocks, fossils, and climatic data.

question

Fossils (Wegener's specimens)

answer

Kannemeyerid, Labrinthodont, Mesosaurus, Glossopteris, etc.

question

Ancient Climatic Evidence (Example)

answer

Coal deposits in Antarctica, and glacial deposits in Africa, India, Australia, and South America.

question

Magnetometer

answer

A device used to map the ocean floor that detects small changes in magnetic fields.

question

Paleomagnetism

answer

Study of Earth's magnetic record using data gathered from iron-bearing minerals in rocks that have recorded the orientation of Earth's magnetic field at the time of their formation.

question

Magnetic Reversal

answer

A change in Earth's magnetic field over geologic time, recorded in ocean-floor rocks and continental basalt flows.

question

Isochron

answer

Line on a map that connects points of the same age.

question

Seafloor Spreading

answer

Hess's theory that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ranges and destroyed at deep-sea trenches. It occurs in a continuous cycle of magma intrusion and spreading.

question

Helpful Technology (Seafloor Spreading)

answer

-Sonar and other echo-sounding methods -Magnetometer

question

Ocean Ridges

answer

Vast, underwater mountain changes where earthquakes occur. Their size has triggered much discussion.

question

Deep-Sea Trenches

answer

Narrow, elongated depressions in the seafloor with very steep sides.

question

Mariana Trench

answer

The deepest chasm, 11km+ deep.

question

Two Major Discoveries From Rock & Sediment Analyses

answer

1. The ages of rocks vary in different ways, and their changes are predictable. 2. The thickness of ocean-floor sediment is less that expected.

question

The Geomagnetic Time Scale

answer

A polarity time scale.

question

Normal Polarity (+)

answer

A magnetic field that has the same orientation as Earth's present field.

question

Reversed Polarity (-)

answer

A magnetic field that doesn't have the same orientation as Earth's present field.

question

Continental Basalt Flows

answer

Used to construct the geomagnetic time scale.

question

Epochs

answer

Long term changes in Earth's magnetic fields, four of which have occurred in the past.

question

Events

answer

Short term changes in the Earth's magnetic fields.

question

Theory Of Plate Tectonics

answer

States that Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into plates, which are huge rock slabs that move in different directions and at different rates over the Earth's surface.

question

Divergent Boundary

answer

A place where two of Earth's tectonic plates are moving apart; is associated with volcanism, earthquakes, and high heat flow; found on the seafloor.

question

Rift Valley

answer

Long, narrow depression that forms when continental crust begins to separate at a divergent boundary.

question

Convergent Boundary

answer

A place where two of Earth's tectonic plates are moving towards each other; is associated with trenches, islands ark, and folding mountains.

question

Subduction

answer

Process by which one tectonic plate slips beneath another tectonic plate.

question

Transform Boundary

answer

A place where two tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other that is characterized by long faults and shallow earthquakes.

question

Convergent Boundary Types/Tectonic Boundaries

answer

1. Oceanic-Oceanic: Oceanic crust converging with oceanic crust; a form of subduction. 2. Oceanic-Continental: Oceanic crust converging with continental plates, or vice versa. 3. Continental-Continental: Continental crust converging/colliding with continental crust.

question

Ridge Push

answer

Tectonic process associated with convection currents in Earth's mantle that occurs when the weight of an elevated ridge pushes an oceanic plate toward a subduction zone. A cause of plate motions.

question

Slab Pull

answer

Tectonic process associated with convection currents in Earth's mantle that occurs as the weight of subducting plate pulls the trailing lithosphere into a subduction zone. A cause of plate motions.

STUDY

Geology

Chapter 12- Geologic Time Quiz – Flashcards 5 terms

Sienna Rogers

5 terms

Preview

Chapter 12- Geologic Time Quiz – Flashcards

question

If the relative age of two formations (with respect to one another) is known, then the numerical ages for each formation can be determined

answer

False

question

Relative ages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of

answer

Fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks

question

Uniformitarianism is succinctly summarized by which phrase

answer

The present is the key to the past

question

In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, younger layers overlay older layers. This is the principle of

answer

Superposition

question

Precisely speaking, a measured radiometric age for a mineral crystal within an igneous rock denotes the amount of the time that has passed since the

answer

Temperature of the crystal became equal to the closure temperature for that material

STUDY

Astronomy Continents And Oceans Geology Mid Ocean Ridge Mid Ocean Ridges Venus And Mars

Ch 20 Solar System Terms – Flashcards 31 terms

Tara Rose

31 terms

Preview

Ch 20 Solar System Terms – Flashcards

question

Hotspot volcanoes on the Earth tend to?

answer

Shrink by erosion.

question

If the Earth lacked plate tectonics, its volcanoes would be expected to be?

answer

Larger and fewer in number.

question

If Mars had plate tectonics, its volcanoes would be expected to be:

answer

Smaller and more numerous than they are now.

question

From an earthquake across the globe from a seismograph station, only P waves register. Why?

answer

S waves don't propagate through the liquid core.

question

For which planet is the temperature of its atmosphere coldest at 100 km from the surface?

answer

Uranus

question

For which planet does the temperature of its atmosphere consistently rise as the altitude decreases?

answer

Venus

question

Methane is seen in the atmospheres of Saturn and Uranus, but not in the planets closer to the Sun. What could explain this?

answer

The planets closer to the Sun are too warm to retain it.

question

Rank each atmospheric composition in order of when it occurred on Earth, oldest first: carbon dioxide, and oxygen.

answer

Oldest: Carbon Dioxide Youngest: Oxygen

question

Rank the following atmospheric gases in order of their abundance in Earth's current atmosphere: carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen.

answer

Most: Nitrogen Oxygen Least: Carbon Dioxide

question

Rank the stages of Earth's evolution in the order that they occurred: cratering, differentiation, flooding by lava and water, slow surface erosion.

answer

First: Differentiation Cratering Flooding by Lava Last: Slow Surface Erosion

question

Rank the layers of Earth in order from the outside in: crust, liquid core, mantle, solid core.

answer

Farthest Out: Crust Mantle Liquid Core Closest In: Solid Core

question

What are the terrestrial planets?

answer

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. This includes Earth's moon too.

question

What makes Earth peculiar among the terrestrial planets?

answer

Oceans A nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere Life

question

What is true for Earth's core?

answer

It is solid on the inside, and liquid on the outside.

question

What evidence can be cited for the answer to the previous question?

answer

Shear waves cannot travel through Earth's center.

question

Why doesn't the material in Earth's core vaporize?

answer

The tremendous pressure from the weight of Earth's outer layers keeps the outer core liquid and the inner core solid.

question

What must be true about Earth's core to generate Earth's magnetic field?

answer

The material must be conductive. The core must be rotating. The material must convecting.

question

What conducting material is not found in the Earth's core?

answer

Copper

question

What must be true for a large portion of Earth's core in order for convection to occur?

answer

It must be liquid.

question

What produced the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere?

answer

Plants

question

What is not true about global warming?

answer

It is just another name for the greenhouse effect.

question

Which is true about ozone?

answer

It is a gas in the stratosphere. It absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It is a pollutant produced by automobile emissions.

question

What is true about the decreasing density of the stratospheric ozone layer?

answer

There is evidence of an actual hole in the ozone layer. It was caused by chemicals released into the atmosphere by industrial processes. It could cause public health problems like increased rates of skin cancer.

question

What do we call the study of planets through contrast and comparison?

answer

Comparative Planetology

question

When Earth formed, it melted and differentiated. What was the source of heat that melted Earth?

answer

The infall of matter that formed Earth and the decay of radioactive elements.

question

What evidence do we have that Earth differentiated?

answer

The curved paths of seismic waves indicate that the interior density of Earth is greater than can be explained by compression alone.

question

How do P waves and S waves differ?

answer

P waves oscillate parallel to their direction of travel, whereas S waves oscillate perpendicular to their direction of travel and P waves can pass through liquids, whereas S waves cannot.

question

How do temperature and pressure vary with depth deep inside Earth?

answer

Temperature and pressure both increase with depth.

question

What erases the impact craters on Earth and is responsible for most of the landforms that we see?

answer

plate tectonics and water and ice erosion

question

What drives the moving plates of Earth's crust?

answer

convection in Earth's rocky mantle

question

What happened to the majority of the carbon dioxide that was formerly in Earth's atmosphere?

answer

Most of it dissolved into the oceans and now is in the form of limestone rocks of Earth's crust.

STUDY

Geology Oil And Natural Gas United States

Geol 105 – Flashcard 49 terms

Gracie Stone

49 terms

Preview

Geol 105 – Flashcard

question

increased, but at a slower rate

answer

Between the mid-1970s and mid-1990s, energy consumption in the US

question

the sun

answer

The ultimate source of the energy in fossil fuels is

question

the carbon percentage and heat value

answer

Coal type is based upon

question

Coal is an abundant resource in relation to oil and gas

answer

Why is coal usage likely to increase in the future

question

a) source rock b) cap rock c) reservoir rock D) ***VOLCANIC ROCK***

answer

Which of the following geologic features is not required for an oil or gas deposit to form

question

they are abundant and clean burning

answer

Methane hydrates may be a viable future energy source because

question

when oil production will peak

answer

What is the most important aspect of future oil supplies

question

Fossil fuel burning releases nitrogen and sulfur oxides

answer

Why does acid rain result from fuel consumption

question

heat generated in the Earth's interior

answer

The ultimate source of geothermal energy is

question

the reliance on fossil fuels and centralized power generation

answer

The main difference between hard path and soft path energy policy is

question

Bituminous

answer

What coal has the highest heat content?

question

cap rock

answer

The rock unit that provides a barrier to upward migration of oil is called the

question

hydrothermal

answer

What systems are characterized by hot water circulation

question

coal

answer

What is the predominant fossil-fuel resource in the US?

question

solid Earth material that can be removed without blasting

answer

How do engineers define soil?

question

residual soil

answer

Weathered material that remains in its place of formation is called

question

B horizon

answer

Which soil horizon is known as the zone of accumulation

question

well-drained soils tend to be well aerated and red in color

answer

In what way is color an indicator of soil drainage?

question

physical and chemical properties of the soil profile

answer

Soil taxonomy is a classification system based on

question

clay and silt particles

answer

Soil cohesion is enhanced by the presence of

question

the ability of a porous material to transmit water

answer

What is hydraulic conductivity

question

the proportion of clay in the soil

answer

Shrink-swell potential of a soil is dependent upon

question

vegetation removal and soil disturbance at construction sites

answer

Urbanization influences soil erosion processes primarily because of

question

loosening soil and changing the hydrology of a site

answer

Off-road vehicle use contributes to soil problems by

question

They provide the basis for rating limitations for specific land uses

answer

In what ways are soil surveys useful for land-use planning

question

FALSE

answer

Soil scientists and engineers view soil in essentially the same way

question

FALSE

answer

Expansive soils typically present minor, localized problems

question

weathering

answer

The physical and chemical breakdown of rocks

question

soil strength

answer

The ability of a soil to resist deformation

question

Contour plowing

answer

_____ works with the natural topography to reduce soil erosion

question

cohesion

answer

The ability of soil particles to stick together

question

peds

answer

Aggregates of soil particles that comprise soil structure

question

His explorations took place during a particularly warm climatic period

answer

Why was Erik the Red able to explore Greenland in the 10th century AD?

question

LIA

answer

What climatic event followed the MWP?

question

Glacial ice contains trapped air bubbles that archive former atmospheric CO2 concentrations

answer

How has glacial ice aided the study of climate change?

question

They have predictive capacity

answer

Why are mathematical models important to the study of climate change?

question

Snow is retained for many years and compacted into ice by overlying snow

answer

How does glacial ice form?

question

a warm period when glacial ice volume is relatively low

answer

What is an interglacial?

question

10%

answer

Glacial ice covers what percent of the global land area?

question

dust storms

answer

Loess is deposited by

question

trapping of heat by atmospheric gases

answer

The greenhouse effect represents

question

carbon dioxide is relatively low during cold periods

answer

Air bubbles in the Antarctic ice sheet show that

question

keeping northern Europe relatively warm

answer

The ocean conveyor belt is responsible for

question

cooling for one or two years

answer

What effect does a large volcanic eruptions typically have on the atmosphere?

question

climate

answer

The long term average of weather conditions over some area

question

Loess

answer

Windblown silt that covers much of the upper midwest, as well as other areas

question

Milankovitch

answer

_______ cycles control the amount of solar radiation received at important latitudes, and, therefore, control the temporal pattern of the ice ages

question

conveyor belt

answer

The ocean _________ is largely responsible for keeping northern Europe relatively warm

question

Medieval

answer

The ________ Warm Period coincided with a time of increased solar radiation

STUDY

Geologic Time Scale Geology Oil And Natural Gas

GEOLOGY EXAM II CHAPTER 10 – Flashcards 19 terms

Marlon Riddle

19 terms

Preview

GEOLOGY EXAM II CHAPTER 10 – Flashcards

question

James HUtton "father of geology" put forth principle of

answer

Uniformitarianism

question

Period names on the geologic time scale, such as Devonian and Permian, provide examples of

answer

Relative Age

question

In an undisturbed swquence of sed. rocks younger layers overlay older according to princeiple of

answer

Superposition

question

WHICH of the following is a direct results of gravity?

answer

Cross-cutting relationships BUT direct result of sedimentation would be better way to word

question

Relative ages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted form the study of

answer

fossil content and spartial relationships among SED rocks

question

Numerical ages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from study of BLANK in conjunction with relative age data

answer

Radiometric dating of IGNEOUS rocks

question

Within the worlds sed. rocks, fossils...

answer

OCCUR IN AN ORDERED SEQUENCe

question

The surface below sed. rocks that overlie igneous or meta. rocks is called

answer

NON conformity

question

Buried erosional surfaces btwn. parallel sedimentary strata are termed

answer

Disconformities

question

Most reliable method of correlation for det. age equivalence among bodies rock that are physically isolated by vast distances

answer

Fossil correlation

question

Which eon of geologic time is represented by rocks containing abundant shelly fossils

answer

Phanerozoic

question

After passage of three half-lives whats (how much unreacted) in an unaltered state

answer

one eight

question

A measured radiometric age for a mineral crystal w/in an ig. rock denotes the amt. of time that has passed since the....

answer

temperature of the crystal became equal to closure temp. for the mineral

question

Radiometric dates applied to sed. rocks produce ages that are

answer

too young because loss of daugher result in ages being too young.

question

Inclusions

answer

Principle which states that if a mass of rock contains fragments of an adjacent rock body, the mass containing the inclusions must be younger.

question

Lord Kelvin estimated age of Earth, utilizing number of assumptions. Which one was reason he was wrong

answer

NO NEW HEAT HAS BEEN ADDED TO THE EARTH SINCE INITIAL FORMATION

question

Numerical ages for recent geologic events can sometimes be determined by the study of...

answer

layering, annual growth in tress, seasonal layering (all of the above)

question

If horizontal sed. strata overlie tilted strata the surface btwn the horizontal and tilted strata must be

answer

Angular uncoformity

question

Which of the following always varies among multiple isotopes of a single element

answer

atomic mass # rather then atomic # which is always the same

STUDY

Cinder Cone Volcanoes Earth Science Geology

Volcano Study Guide – Flashcards 35 terms

Jonathan Walsh

35 terms

Preview

Volcano Study Guide – Flashcards

question

1. What are the four types of volcanic landforms made form ash or lava?

answer

Shield, Composite, Lava Plateau, and Cindercone.

question

2. What is each type of volcano made of?

answer

Pipes, vents, craters, magma chamber, and lava flow.

question

3. What type of magma does each volcano typically form from (basaltic or granitic/rhyolitic)?

answer

Basaltic, if it is from Composite, Lava Plateau, or Shield. Granitic if it is from Composite and Cindercone.

question

4. How does each type of volcano typically erupt (quietly, violently or both)?

answer

They erupt by both because Cindercone erupts violently. Shield erupts quietly. Composite erupts both.

question

5. What about the magma in a volcano determines if the eruption will be quiet or violent?

answer

You need to know what type of magma it is. Basaltic or granitic.

question

6. Where are the different locations on Earth that volcanoes tend to form?

answer

They form at divergent and convergent boundaries. And also at hot spots.

question

7. How do volcanoes form at each of the locations identified above?

answer

At a convergent boundary, one plate subducts under another and it melts into magma then rises and cools. At a divergent boundary, it forms at a mid-ocean ridge then magma cools to build up mountains. At a hot spot, it forms from magma coming out of the mantle then it comes through the weak spot in the crust and flows out.

question

8. What roles do the pipes and vents in a volcano play?

answer

The pipes carry the magma out. The vents are places where the magma comes out of the pipes.

question

9. What are some dangers of living next to or nearby to a volcano?

answer

If it erupts violently, then the pyroclastic flow will suffocate you.

question

10. Why do some people choose to live near volcanoes?

answer

There is fertile soil and you can farm easily on it.

question

11. What is the ring of fire and where is it located?

answer

The ring of fire is a line of volcanoes in the pacific ocean.

question

12. What type of magma are pahoehoe and aa formed from?

answer

They are basaltic magma.

question

13. What is the difference between an extinct volcano and a dormant volcano?

answer

An extinct volcano will never erupt again according to geologists, and a dormant volcano will erupt again in a long time.

question

14. Compare and contrast a sill and a dike?

answer

A sill goes horizontally and a dike goes vertically.

question

15. What is the relationship between a batholith and a dome mountain?

answer

A batholith is a huge section of magma that cools. A dome mountain is not a bunch of magma cooling.

question

Volcano

answer

a weak spot in the crust where magma can come out

question

Magma

answer

molten rock, gases, and water from the mantle

question

Viscosity

answer

how hard it is for a liquid to flow out

question

Pahoehoe

answer

fast moving, hot magma

question

answer

slow moving, cool magma

question

Quiet Eruption

answer

(Basaltic) erupts then creates a lava flow

question

Explosive Eruption

answer

(Granitic) erupts then creates a pyroclastic flow

question

Pyroclastic Flow

answer

mixture of gases, ash, cinder, and bomb

question

Active

answer

erupting or will erupt

question

Dormant

answer

not active at the moment

question

Extinct

answer

not likely to erupt ever again according to geologists

question

Shield

answer

has layers of lava (quiet)

question

Cindercone

answer

has layers of ash, bomb, and cinder (explosive)

question

Composite

answer

can erupt both ways

question

Lava Plateau

answer

a plateau mad up of lava

question

Caldera

answer

a huge hole left by the collapse of a volcano mountain

question

Volcanic Neck

answer

forms when magma hardens in the pipe

question

Dike

answer

a boundary where magma flows vertically

question

Sill

answer

a boundary where magma flows horizontally

question

Batholith

answer

mass of rock formed from large bodies of magma when it cools

STUDY

Earth Science Geology

Geology 201 – Chapter 8 – Flashcards 60 terms

Lewis Gardner

60 terms

Preview

Geology 201 – Chapter 8 – Flashcards

question

Geologist s who specifically study earthquakes are called

answer

Seismologists

question

A surface along which rock on opposed sides is offset by earthquake-induced slip is called a

answer

Fault

question

At any point along the surface of an oblique (nonvertical) fault, the

answer

Hanging wall lies vertically above the footwall

question

If, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termd when the fault is steep (closer to vertical than horizontal)

answer

Reverse

question

If, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to the footwall, the fault is termed, if the fault is shallow (much closer to horizontal than vertical

answer

Thrust

question

If, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to the footwall, the fault is termed

answer

normal

question

If a fault is nearly vertical in orientation and the two walls of rock on opposite sides slide past one another horizontally, the fault is termed

answer

strike slip

question

The quantity of offset that occurs along a fault is termed

answer

displacement

question

The intersection between a fault plane and the ground surface is called the

answer

fault trace

question

An earthquake occurs with an epicenter in the town of New Madrid, Missouri, in the interior of the North American Plate. Where might the hypocenter of this earthquake plausibly be found?

answer

10km south of New Madrid

question

The greatest earthquake ever recorded by seismographs occurred in 1960 in Chile and measured on the moment-magnitude scale

answer

9.5

question

A primary force opposing the motion on the faults is

answer

Friction

question

Periods of intermittent sliding on a fault that result from the release of stress during episodes of displacement followed by stress build-up to the point that the fault is reactivated, are termed

answer

stick-slip behavior

question

Aftershocks following a major earthquake

answer

may continue for days after the initial earthquake, are mostly much smaller than the original earthquake, and may occur on the same fault as the original earthquake

question

Faulting and earthquakes are examples of

answer

brittle behavior

question

Earthquake waves that pass through the interior of Earth are termed

answer

body waves

question

Which type of earthquake waves generally travels faster?

answer

Body Waves

question

Surface Waves

answer

Cause most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes

question

Body Waves include

answer

both S- and P-waves

question

Which type of earthquake waves travel faster?

answer

P-waves

question

Vertical motion seismographs record earthquakes through the production of a squiggly diagram called a

answer

seismogram

question

The point within earth where an earthquake takes place is termed the

answer

Hypocenter

question

The point on the earths surface directly above the point where the earthquake occurs is termed the

answer

epicenter

question

How many seismic stations are necessary to find the epicenter of an earthquake

answer

question

Which earthquake intensity scale assesses the effects of an earthquake on humans and human-made structures?

answer

Mercalli Scale

question

Which earthquake severity scale only takes vibration caused by the S-waves into account when estimating the size of an earthquake?

answer

Richter Scale

question

Which earthquake severity scale takes into account that type of rock that has been fractured?

answer

Moment-magnitude scale

question

Which earthquake severity scale measures the amplitude of deflection of a seismograph pen, standardized to an idealized distance of 100km between epicenter and seismograph?

answer

Richter Scale

question

Which earthquake severity scalle varies from locality to locality for a single earthquake?

answer

Mercalli Scale

question

Earthquakes are likely to occur along

answer

All three major types of boundaries

question

Intermediate and deep earthquakes occur along

answer

Convergent plate boundaries only

question

Earthquakes that occur in a band called a ______ can be used to track the motion of subducted oceanic lithosphere.

answer

Wadati-Benioff Zone

question

Virtually all of the deaths attributed to major earthquakes have resulted from the collapse of buildings

answer

True

question

Short-term predictions of earthquakes behavior

answer

have been largely unreliable

question

Long-term prediction of earthquake behavior

answer

is based on past earthquake activity, works on the principle that zones of past seismicity will be active in the future, includes the notion of seismic gaps- places where an earthquake is overdue

question

A tsunami is ______

answer

an earthquake generated sea wave that can sometimes destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source

question

On December 26, 2004, a magnitude 9 earthquake generated tsunami that devastated coastlines on the ______Ocean.

answer

Indian

question

An earthquake with magnitude 8.0 releases ______ theenergy of an earthquake with magnitude 4.0

answer

ten thousand times

question

The greatest earthquake ever recorded by seismograph equipment measured ______ on the moment-magnitude scale and had an epicenter off the coast of ______

answer

9.5/ Chile

question

California is the only state in the US that experiences frequent or strong earthquakes

answer

False

question

A map of "g" for San Francisco is a stand in for a map of

answer

Intensity

question

The San Andreas fault is

answer

Strike Slip

question

Faults in Nevada's Basin and Range are most likely to be

answer

normall

question

The Northridge earthquake was on a fault that was

answer

Thrust

question

The greatest energy per square meter of fault face come from quakes that are on faults that are

answer

reverse

question

Fault creep is

answer

Gradual quasi-steady motion on a fault

question

A tsunami is most likely generated by

answer

the snap of geology on the subduction zone hanging wall

question

In the UDA calculation for seismic motion, D stands for distance from the epicenter

answer

False

question

To tell how far an earthquake is from a particular seismic station, you need two more stations

answer

Fase

question

Is it true to quakes on ocean ridges are usually small

answer

Yes

question

Marina Green (SF) and Turnagain Heigts (Alaska) both suffered from

answer

liquefaction induced landsliding

question

The amount of energy in a Magnitude 5 quake is x times larger than a magnitude 3 quake, where x is

answer

100

question

Aftershocks are, by definition, smaller than the main shock

answer

True

question

If we had a N-S oriented strike slip fault with a right-lateral motion quake, tensional cracks during a quake would be

answer

NE-SW

question

If we had a N-S oriented strike slip fault with a right-lateral motion quake, small compressive folds during a quake would be

answer

NW-SE

question

During liquefaction, intergrain fluid pressure

answer

Increases

question

What has the greatest lurching motion in quake

answer

thick weak soils

question

Did the Wood Anderson seismograph pick up all the waves from a quake?

answer

question

Do you need to know the distance to a quake to measure Richter magnitude?

answer

Yes

question

Do you need to know the distance to a quake to measure intensity?

answer

STUDY

Geology

Geology Chapter 10 part 1 – Flashcards 22 terms

Oscar Hall

22 terms

Preview

Geology Chapter 10 part 1 – Flashcards

question

The surfaces named contacts #2 and #3 are examples of ____________.

answer

unconformities

question

Contact #1 is an example of a(n) ____________.

answer

fault

question

The oldest geologic unit in the cross section is the ____________.

answer

limestone

question

The youngest geologic unit visible in the cross section is the ____________.

answer

conglomerate

question

The marble rind surrounding the granite pluton must be younger than the limestone according to the principle of ____________.

answer

baked contacts

question

Concerning relative ages of the shale and sandstone, ____________.

answer

the sandstone must be older, according to the principle of superposition

question

Concerning relative ages of the granite and sandstone, ____________.

answer

their relative ages cannot be determined from the information given

question

Basaltic clasts within the basal layers of the conglomerate imply which of the following statements? (Choose the most correct answer.)

answer

The basalt must be the older of the two. The section must not have been overturned by tectonic activity at any time.

question

Basaltic clasts within the conglomerate have been radiometrically dated to 50 million years ago (Eocene Epoch of the Tertiary Period). Is this a reliable age for the conglomerate?

answer

No, this age is likely too old.

question

Concerning the relative ages of the basalt and the fault, ____________.

answer

the basalt must be older, according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships

question

The basalt body is best described as a ____________.

answer

dike

question

Contact #3 is both a ____________ at various points.

answer

disconformity and a nonconformity

question

Which statement about contact #3 is correct?

answer

It and contact #2 once formed a continuous unconformity.

question

James Hutton, the "father of geology," put forth the principle of ____________.

answer

uniformitarianism

question

Period names on the geologic time scale, such as Devonian and Permian, provide examples of ____________.

answer

relative age

question

In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, younger layers overlay older layers, according to the principle of ____________.

answer

superposition

question

answer

original continuity

question

Which of the following geologic principles is a direct result of gravity?

answer

original horizontality

question

Which of the following geologic principles is NOT a result of gravity?

answer

cross-cutting relationships

question

Relative ages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________.

answer

fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks

question

Numerical ages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________, in conjunction with relative age data.

answer

radiometric dating of igneous rocks

question

Within the world's sedimentary rocks, fossils ____________.

answer

occur in an ordered sequence

STUDY

Geology North And South Poles Strong Nuclear Force

Evolution Study Guide Answers – Flashcards 16 terms

Will Walter

16 terms

Preview

Evolution Study Guide Answers – Flashcards

question

How old is earth roughly? a. Not very old b. Thousands of years c. Millions of years d. Billions of years

answer

Billions of years

question

How old did scientists think the earth was during the time of Darwin?

answer

6,000 years

question

How did Darwin come up with his theory of evolution by the process of natural selection?

answer

Lamarck suggested that species could change and explained evolution through a natural process

question

Who "helped" come up with the theory of evolution and how did they play a role in it?

answer

Wallace helped come up with the theory of evolution.(natural selection--survival of the fittest.) with similar ideas as Darwin but Darwin was a step ahead

question

Why do species survive and reproduce?

answer

In order to keep their species alive

question

Are species aiming to be perfect? Why or why not?

answer

No because they do not understand the concept of perfection

question

How do species vary?

answer

Globally, locally, over time

question

Why do species vary?

answer

Species vary due to genetic differences over long periods of time. Species learn to adapt to things overtime which can eventually change their physical appearance

question

What does Grant's study (the beak lab) tell and show us about evolution? How do species evolve over time?

answer

It shows how it changes due to the environment, pressure, and isolation

question

How do we compare species?

answer

Genotype and phenotype

question

What does it tell us when we compare species?

answer

Tells us what came from a common ancestor

question

Are bat wings and insect wings from a common ancestor, why or why not?

answer

No because even though they do the same thing, they are still very different organisms

question

Can species be unrelated, but have similar structures? What is this called?

answer

Yes, it is called analogous

question

What pieces of evidence tell you that species are related?

answer

Comparison of the DNA sequences of organisms can tell you if living things are related

question

Why do we look at DNA to study evolution?

answer

By comparing DNA sequences and seeing if there is a specific pattern from two organisms you can learn about their ancestral relationship

question

Why do we classify species and how do we do it? What does the binomial name tell us?

answer

Scientist classify living things because it is easier to explain their relationship to one another and be able to compare living things

STUDY

Earth Science Geology Physical Science

6th Grade Science Chapter 9 – Flashcards 138 terms

Jay Barber

138 terms

Preview

6th Grade Science Chapter 9 – Flashcards

question

What are earthquakes?

answer

the vibrations in the ground that result from movement along breaks in the Earth's lithosphere

question

What is a fault?

answer

a break in the Earth's lithosphere where one block of rock moves toward, away from, or past another

question

Why do rocks move along a fault?

answer

The forces that move tectonic plates also push and pull on rocks along the fault

question

What has a greater chance of occuring with increasing forces applied to a fault?

answer

An earthquake

question

Where do most earthquakes occur?

answer

in the oceans and along the edges of continents

question

What is the relationship between earthquakes and plate boundaries?

answer

Earthquakes result from the buildup and release of stress along active plate boundaries

question

Which plate boundaries are associated with earthquakes deep below the earth's surface?

answer

Along convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is subducting into the mantle

question

how far below the surface do deep earthquakes occur?

answer

more than 100 km below the Earth's surface

question

What determines how much energy is released by an earthquake?

answer

The size of the fault, the motion of the fault, and the strength of the rocks that break

question

Why are earthquakes that occur along convergent plate boundaries often disasterous?

answer

Because they release large amounts of energy

question

Where are shallow earthquakes common?

answer

Where plates separate along a divergent plate boundary or along transform plate boundaries

question

What kind of earthquakes occur where continental plates collide?

answer

earthquakes of varying depths

question

What is rock deformation?

answer

When a rock changes shape due to forces applied along plate boundaries.

question

Rock deformation can result in ______.

answer

ground displacement

question

In what direction do the rocks need to move along the fault for an earthquake to occur?

answer

Any direction

question

What determines the direction in which the rocks will move along a fault?

answer

the forces that are applied to the fault

question

What are three types of faults?

answer

Strike-slip, Normal, and Reverse

question

What is the rock movement at strike-slip faults?

answer

Two blocks of rock slide horizontally past each other in opposite directions

question

Where do strike-slip faults occur?

answer

Transform plate boundaries

question

What is the rock movement at normal faults?

answer

Two blocks of rock are pulled apart. The block of rock above the fault moves down relative to the block below the fault

question

Where do normal faults occur?

answer

Divergent plate boundaries

question

What is the rock movement at reverse faults?

answer

Two blocks of rock are pushed together. The block of rock above the fault moves up relative to the block below the fault.

question

Where do reverse faults occur?

answer

Convergent plate boundaries

question

What happens when rocks move along a fault?

answer

They release energy that travels as seismic waves

question

What are seismic waves?

answer

Energy that travels as vibrations on and in Earth

question

Where do seismic waves originate?

answer

Where rocks first move along the fault, at the focus

question

What is the focus?

answer

a location inside Earth where seismic waves originate and rocks first move along a fault

question

At what depth can an earthquake occur?

answer

Anywhere from the surface to 600 km below the surface

question

What is the epicenter?

answer

The location on Earth directly above the earthquake's focus.

question

What produces seismic waves during an earthquake?

answer

A rapid release of energy along a fault

question

In which direction do seismic waves travel?

answer

In all directions through rock

question

What do seismic waves transfer to the ground?

answer

Energy that travels as vibrations on and in Earth

question

Where is the energy of seismic waves the strongest?

answer

At the epicenter

question

What do seismic waves do as they move away from the epicenter?

answer

They decrease in energy and intensity

question

The farther away you are from an earthquake, the ____ the earth moves.

answer

less

question

What do scientists use to classify seismic waves?

answer

wave motion, wave speed, and the type of material that a wave travels through

question

What are three types of seismic waves?

answer

Primary, secondary, and surface

question

What is another name for a primary wave?

answer

P-wave

question

What is another name for a secondary wave?

answer

S-wave

question

What is a primary wave?

answer

A wave that causes the particles to move in a push-pull motion in the same direction that the wave travels.

question

Put the seismic waves in order of speed.

answer

P-wave, S-wave, surface wave

question

Which wave do you feel first following an earthquake? Second?

answer

P-waves then S-waves

question

What are secondary waves?

answer

Waves that cause particles to move up and down perpedicular to the direction of the wave.

question

What are surface waves?

answer

Waves that cause particles to move up and down in a rolling motion, similar to ocean waves

question

In what materials can p-waves and s-waves travel?

answer

p-waves can travel in solids and liquids, but s-waves can only travel in solids

question

Where do surface waves travel?

answer

Only on Earth's surface closest to the epicenter

question

Which waves cause the most damage at the Earth's surface?

answer

surface waves

question

Which waves can travel to the interior of the earth?

answer

s-waves and p-waves

question

What are seismologists?

answer

Scientists that study earthquakes

question

How have scientists determined the composition of Earth's layers?

answer

By studying the speed of s-waves and p-waves in the earth. The density of a material determines how fast the wave moves.

question

How did scientists determine that the Earth's outer core is liquid?

answer

By observing that the s-waves do not travel through it.

question

What is the composition of the inner and outer cores and how did seismologists figure it out?

answer

Mostly iron and nickel; by studying the speed of p-waves

question

What in the mantle have seismologists used seismic waves to model?

answer

Convection currents

question

What properties of a material change the speed of a seismic wave travelling through it?

answer

temperature, pressure, chemistry of the rocks

question

Where in the mantle are seismic waves slower and faster?

answer

Slower in the areas beneath mid-ocean ridges and faster in cool areas near subduction zones

question

What is a seismometer?

answer

an instrument that measures and records ground motion and determines the distance that a seismic wave travels

question

What is a seismogram?

answer

A graphical illustration of seismic waves

question

What method is used to locate an earthquake's epicenter?

answer

triangulation

question

How does triangulation work?

answer

The speed and travel times of seismic waves is used to determine the distance to the epicenter from at least 3 seismometers.

question

What is the first step in triangulation?

answer

Determine the difference in arrival time between the p-wave and s-waves from a seismogram

question

What is the lag time?

answer

the number of seconds between the arrival of the first p-wave and first s-wave

question

What is the second step in triangulation?

answer

Find the distance to the epicenter by converting the lag time to a distance using a graph

question

What is the third step of triangulation?

answer

Draw a circle on a map with a radius=the distance from the second step and a center=the location of the seismometer.

question

What is the last step of triangulation?

answer

Do the first three steps two more times from other seismometers. The intersection of the circles is the epicenter.

question

What are the three scales scientists use to describe earthquakes?

answer

Richter scale, moment magnitude scale, modified Mercalli scale

question

What does the Richter scale measure?

answer

the amount of ground motion at a given distance from an earthquake

question

What is the minimum and maximum of the Richter scale?

answer

Minimum is zero and there is no maximum

question

What is the largest earthquake ever measured?

answer

9.5 on the Richter scale in Chile in 1960

question

1 unit on the Richter scale equals how much more ground motion?

answer

10 times

question

What does the moment magnitude scale measure?

answer

the total amount of energy released by the earthquake

question

1 unit on the moment magnitude scale equals how much more energy released?

answer

31.5 times more. The scale is exponential.

question

What does the modified Mercalli scale measure?

answer

the earthquake intensity based on the descriptions of it's effects on people and structures

question

What does a I mean for the Modified Mercalli scale and what does a XII mean?

answer

I means shaking is not noticeable and XII means everything is destroyed.

question

How will an earthquake's intensity differ in a region covered by loose sediment versus on solid bedrock.

answer

the intensity of the earthquake will be higher on loose sediment

question

Where is the earthquake risk highest in the US?

answer

On the transform plate boundary in California and on the convergent plate boundaries in Oregon, Washington, and Alaska

question

Do all the earthquakes in the US occur on plate boundaries?

answer

question

How many earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 7.0 occur worldwide every year?

answer

question

Why do seismologists study the probability that an earthquake will occur in a given area?

answer

So that people can design buildings to be more resistant to earthquakes

question

What factors determine the risk of an earthquake?

answer

Probability of an earthquake occuring, past earthquakes, geology around a fault, population density, building design

question

What is a volcano?

answer

A vent in the Earth's crust through which melted or molten rock flows

question

What is magma?

answer

Molten rock below the Earth's surface

question

How do volcanoes shape the Earth's surface?

answer

By forming large mountains, creating new crust, and creating destruction

question

What is lava?

answer

Molten rock that erupts onto Earth's surface

question

How do volcanoes form at convergent plate boundaries?

answer

Thermal energy below the surface and fluids from the subducting plate melt the mantle which rises in cracks in the crust

question

How do volcanoes form at divergent plate boundaries?

answer

As the plates separate, magma rises through the opening in the crust that forms between them

question

Where does more than 60% of all volcanic activity occur?

answer

along mid-ocean ridges

question

What are hot spots?

answer

Volcanoes that are not associated with plate boundaries

question

Give some examples of hot spot volcanoes

answer

Hawaii, the Galapagos Islands, and Yellowstone National Park

question

What is a plume?

answer

A rising current of hot mantle

question

What forms hot spots?

answer

a rising convection current from deep within the Earth's mantle

question

What happens when a tectonic plate moves over a hot spot?

answer

A chain of volcanoes will form, with the oldest volcano furthest from the hot spot. Old ones are dormant.

question

Where are most volcanoes?

answer

close to plate boundaries

question

What is the Ring of Fire?

answer

an area of earthquake and volcanic activity that surrounds the Pacific Ocean

question

How many active volcanoes are there in the US and where are they mostly located?

answer

60, in the ring of fire

question

How do scientists evaluate the possibility of eruptions of a volcano?

answer

Earthquake activity, changes in the shape of the volcano, gas emissions, and the past history of eruptions

question

What is the USGS?

answer

The United State Geological Survey, which monitors the potential for future volcanic eruptions in the US

question

Name three volcanoes that have erupted in the last 30 years

answer

Mount St. Helens, Kilauea, or Mount Pinatubo

question

Name two active volcanoes

answer

Mount Redoubt in Alaska and Mount Rainier in Washington

question

What are the three main types of volcanoes?

answer

Shield volcano, composite volcano, and cinder cone volcano

question

What is a shield volcano?

answer

a large volcano with gentle slopes of basaltic lavas

question

What contributes to the shape of a volcano?

answer

Magma composition and the eruptive style

question

Where do shield volcanoes usually form?

answer

Divergent plate boundaries or at oceanic hot spots

question

What is a composite volcano?

answer

A large, steep-sided volcano that result from explosive eruptions of andesitic and rhyolitic lava and ash

question

Where do composite volcanoes form?

answer

Convergent plate boundaries

question

What is a cinder cone?

answer

A small, steep-sided volcano made from moderately explosive eruptions of basaltic lava

question

What is a caldera?

answer

a large volcanic depression formed when a volcano summit collapses or is blown away by an explosion

question

Give an example of a caldera

answer

Yellowstone Caldera

question

What is a supervolcano?

answer

Volcanoes that have very large and explosive eruptions

question

What is volcanic ash?

answer

tiny particles of volcanic rocks and glass

question

What determines the eruption style of a volcano?

answer

Magma chemistry, amount of dissolved gases, the silica content

question

What is the main chemical compound in all magmas?

answer

Silica, SiO2

question

What does the silica content of magma determine?

answer

the magma thickness and viscosity

question

What is viscosity?

answer

a liquid's resistance to flow

question

What is magma with a low silica content like?

answer

It has a low viscosity and flows easily

question

What happens when a low silica magma erupts?

answer

The magma flows as fluid lava that cools and form basalt

question

Where are low silica magma eruptions found?

answer

Along mid-ocean ridges and oceanic hot spots

question

What is magma with a high silica content like?

answer

It has a high visocity and doesn't flow easily

question

What happens when a high silica magma erupts?

answer

Explosive eruptions

question

When does high silica content magma form?

answer

When magma from the mantle mixes with continental crust and rocks rich in silica melt

question

Where do you find high silica content magmas?

answer

Subduction zone volcanoes and continental hot spots

question

What rocks form when intermediate and high silica magmas erupt?

answer

Andesite and rhyolite

question

What do all magmas contain?

answer

Dissolved gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulphur dioxide

question

Why do dissolved gases want to leave the magma as it reaches the surface?

answer

At the surface, the pressure from the weight of the rock above decreases, so the magma can hold less gases

question

How do explosive eruptions result from dissolved gases?

answer

When gases can't get out of low visocity magmas, the magma can explode to release the gas

question

What forms in volcanic rocks due to dissolved gases escaping?

answer

Holes

question

How do volcanoes affect the Earth?

answer

They enrich the soil with valuable nutrients, regulate climate, and cause lots of destruction

question

What are the effects of lava flows?

answer

They aren't deadly because they are slow moving, but they threaten surrounding communities

question

What are the effects of ash fall?

answer

Ash can disrupt air traffic, cause serious breathing problems, and cause climate change by blocking the sun

question

Why does ash disrupt air traffic?

answer

Planes can stall out because shards of ash can fuse to engine blades

question

What are the effects of mudflows?

answer

they can wipe out towns and forests

question

What is a volcanic mudflow?

answer

When thermal energy from a volcano melts snow and ice which mixes with mud and ash

question

What is another name for a mudflow?

answer

Lahar

question

Give an example of where there was a mudflow

answer

Mount Redoubt

question

What is a pyroclastic flow?

answer

An avalanche of gas, ash, and rock moving at more than 100 km/hr and with 1000C temperature

question

What is the effect of a pyroclastic flow?

answer

It will destroy anthing in its path, including people

question

Give two examples of pyroclastic flow eruptions

answer

Mount St. Helens and Mount Mayon in the Phillippines

question

What events predict the eruption of a volcano?

answer

Ground deforms, the shape of the volcano changes, an earthquake swarm, gas emissions increase, nearby water becomes more acidic

question

How do volcanic eruptions influence the climate?

answer

Ash blocks the sun and sulfur dioxide gases form droplets in the upper atmosphere that also block the sun

STUDY

AP Environmental Science Earth And Space Science Earth Science Geology

Environment Chapter 17-24 – Flashcards 145 terms

Tilly Wilkinson

145 terms

Preview

Environment Chapter 17-24 – Flashcards

question

A naturally occurring inorganic solid element or compound with

answer

mineral

question

a structural unit that repeated in three dimensions is called a

answer

Crystal

question

Which element is the most abundant in Earth's crust?

answer

Silicon

question

Minerals are classified as

answer

silicates or nonsilicates

question

the most abundant class of non silicates is the

answer

carbonates

question

Silicates are classified into two groups based on the presence of

answer

Iron and magnesium

question

the color of a mineral when is finely powdered is defined as the

answer

streak

question

The hardness of a mineral is rated using the

answer

Mohs scale

question

The ratio of the mineral's density to density of water is

answer

specific gravity

question

Molten rock material from which mineral crystallize is called

answer

Magma

question

An aggregation of one or more minerals that have been brought together into a cohesive solid is a

answer

rock

question

Rocks that are formed from molten minerals are

answer

igneous

question

Igneous rock that slowly cooled deep below Earth's crust is

answer

intrusive

question

The rocks that make up the bulk of the Earth's Continents are

answer

Granite

question

The rocks that make up the ocean basins and much of the Earth's interior are

answer

Basalt

question

rocks that are formed from particles of other rocks or from dissolved materials from previously existing rocks are classified as

answer

Sedimentary

question

Accumulation of silt, sand or other materials that settle out of the water are called

answer

sediments

question

Limestone and dolomite are

answer

carbonates

question

Heat and pressure change rocks into

answer

metamorphic rocks

question

the relationship between rocks that are continually changing over long period of time is called

answer

Rock cycle

question

The thin layer that covers Earth's surface is the

answer

crust

question

Based of the abundance in Earth's Crust, must rocks wills contain mineral composed of oxygen and the element

answer

Silicon

question

The most common rock in the Earth's crust is

answer

Igneous

question

An intrusive igneous rock will have which type of texture?

answer

Coarse-grainded

question

Which igneous rock would have the greatest density?

answer

Basalt

question

Which of the following formed from previously existing rocks

answer

sedimentary rocks igneous rocks metamorphic rocks

question

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the processes of compaction and

answer

cementation

question

The greatest extent of metamorphic changes has occurred in

answer

Gneiss

question

Which type of rock probably exist first, starting the rock cycle?

answer

Igneous

question

Earth is unique because it has

answer

water covering most its surface

question

The most common structural feature of all silicates is

answer

silicon-oxygen tetrahedral unit

question

The one group that is not subgroup of the silicate minerals is

answer

plastic silicates

question

the property that is not considered useful in identifying minerals is

answer

melting point

question

the specific gravity of a mineral depends on the

answer

kind of atoms of which it is composed manner in which the atoms are packed in the crystal lattice

question

Flourite is a mineral that floats in liquid mercury. The specific gravity of fluorite must be

answer

less than the specific gravity of mercury

question

The group that is not a class of rocks is

answer

volcanic

question

the classification of rocks is based on

answer

how they were formed

question

An example of sedimentary rocks is

answer

shale

question

the term that does not describe a size of clastic sediment is

answer

sandstone

question

Dissolved rock materialsform

answer

Chemical sediments

question

An example of metamorphic rock is

answer

marble

question

Extrusive igneous rocks are formed on Earth's surface from

answer

Lava

question

Foliation is found in

answer

Metamorphic rocks

question

Chapter 18

answer

question

The core of the Earth is composed of

answer

Iron and nickel

question

The middle part of the Earth's Interior is

answer

mantle

question

the separation of materials that gave Earth its layered interior is called

answer

Differentiation

question

The vibration that moves through any part of the Earth is called a

answer

seismic wave

question

The S wave is a

answer

Transverse way

question

Wave that occurs where S- or P-waves reach the surface are

answer

Surface waves

question

The three main areas of the Earth's interior are

answer

Core, mantle, and Crust

question

The boundary between the crust and the mantle is called

answer

Moho discontinuity

question

The mantle is composed of

answer

Silicates

question

Seismological studies suggests that the core

answer

has a liquid outer core and solid inner core

question

Evidence from meteorite studies proposes that the core is composed of

answer

nickel and iron

question

The layer in Earth where seismic waves sharply decrease in velocity is called

answer

Asthenosphere

question

the layer that is broken up into plates that move in the upper mantle is

answer

Lithosphere

question

The name of the single large continent suggested by Wegener is

answer

Pangaea

question

Record of the strength and directions of earth's magnetic field are found in

answer

Igneous rock

question

The chain of mountains found in the center of the Atlantic Ocean basin is called the

answer

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

question

Long, deep, and narrow oceanic trenches are located

answer

parallel to the edges of continents

question

The theory that the lithosphere is composed of several rigid plates that "float" in the atmosphere is called

answer

plate tectonics

question

The plate boundary associated with the formation of the new crust is called

answer

divergent

question

The movement of one plate under another plate creates a

answer

subduction zone

question

Transform boundaries occur when

answer

two plates slide by each other without the formation of loss of crust

question

What is the current theory about why the plates move?

answer

Convective cells move from the core to the lithosphere

question

The seismic waves that cause the most damage during an earthquake are

answer

Surface waves

question

Earth mantle has a chemical composition that agrees closely with the composition of

answer

basalt

question

From seismological data, earth's shadow zone indicates that part of the Earth's interior must be

answer

liquid

question

the Mohorovicic discontinuity is a change in seismic wave velocity that is believed to take place because of

answer

changes in the composition on both sides of the boundary

question

The oldest rock are found in

answer

The continental crust

question

The least dense rocks are found in

answer

Continental crust

question

The idea of seafloor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was supported by the evidence from

answer

changes in magnetic patterns and ages of rocks moving away from the ridge

question

According to the plate tectonic theory, seafloor spreading take place at a

answer

Divergent boundary

question

the presence of an oceanic trench, a chain of volcanic mountains along a continental edge, and deep-seated earthquakes is characteristic of a (an)

answer

Ocean-continent plate convergence

question

The presence of an oceanic trench with shallow earthquakes an island arcs with deep seated earthquakes is a characteristic of a (an)

answer

Ocean-Ocean plate convergence

question

the ongoing occurrence of earthquakes without seafloor spreading, oceanic trenches, or volcanoes is most characteristic of a

answer

Transform boundaries between plates

question

The evidence that the earth's core is part liquid or act as a liquid comes from

answer

The S- wave shadow zone

question

The surface of the early planets is our solar system were thought ti be formed from

answer

bombardment by dust and debris remaining from initial planet formation

question

the early Earth's core is thought to have formed from the

answer

exterior melting from radioactive decay

question

Indirect evidence that supports the theory of how Earth formed is not supported by the study of

answer

samples from Earth's core

question

The oceanic crust

answer

thinner than the continental crust

question

Seismic waves that do not travel through liquid are

answer

S-Waves

question

The fastest seismic wave is the

answer

P-Wave

question

Information about the composition and nature of the mantle does not come from

answer

samples obtained from drilling

question

Primary information about the nature of the core is provided by

answer

seismological data

question

the asthenosphere is not defined as

answer

rigid

question

Earth's magnetic field is thought to be generated by

answer

electrical currents in the core

question

studies of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge provided evidence of

answer

Seafloor spreading

question

Evidence that support seafloor spreading does not include the

answer

younger sediments near the continents

question

A geologic feature that was produced by divergent boundaries is

answer

the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

question

Which type of plate boundary accounts for the formation of the Appalachian Mountains?

answer

Continental to continental convergence

question

Which type of plate boundary was responsible for the formation of the Japanese Islands?

answer

Ocean to Ocean convergence

question

A famous transform boundary in the United States is the

answer

San Andres fault

question

Plate movement is measured by

answer

reflected laser light experiments age of sediments and fossils analysis of magnetic patterns in rocks

question

Island that form when melted subducted material rises through above of sea level are called

answer

Arc Island

question

Chapter 22

answer

question

The science that study atmosphere and weather

answer

meterorology

question

Up from the surface, 99 percent of the mass of the earth is found within

answer

32 km 20 millas

question

The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is

answer

nitrogen

question

Approximately how much or the total of volume of the atmosphere is Oxigen

answer

21 percent

question

Fog and clouds are composed

answer

tiny droplets of liquid water

question

The continuous cycle of water precipitation and evaporation is called

answer

hydrologic cycle

question

Tiny solid or liquid smoke, soot, dust, and salt crystals found in the atmosphere are

answer

aerosols

question

Atmospheric pressure is measured using

answer

barometer

question

Which molecules in the atmosphere absorb infrared radiation?

answer

Water

question

What is the process heating the atmosphere by the absorption of solar of solar radiation and re-emission or infrared radiation?

answer

Greenhouse Effect

question

Near of surface what happens to the temperature of the atmosphere with increasing altitude?

answer

Decreases

question

What is the layer of the atmosphere where we live?

answer

Troposphere

question

A layer of the atmosphere where the temperature increases with height is an

answer

inversion

question

What is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere?

answer

Tropopause

question

In what lower layer of the atmosphere would transcontinental aircraft escape convective turbulence?

answer

stratosphere

question

Ultraviolet radiations is filtered

answer

The ozone shield

question

The term does not describe a layer of the atmosphere is

answer

temposphere

question

Uneven heating of Earth's surface directly leads to

answer

Convection

question

A general horizontal movement of air is called

answer

wind

question

Air moving from the ocean to the land is called a

answer

sea breeze

question

A rapidly moving "stream" of air near the top of the troposphere is

answer

a jet stream

question

Water vapor in the atmosphere does not

answer

filter ultraviolet radiation out of the atmosphere

question

the amount of water vapor at a particular temperature is defined as

answer

absolute humidity

question

The temperature at which condensation begin is the

answer

dew point

question

The basic changes of clouds do not include

answer

cotton tuff

question

The airplane flying at about 6 km (20,000 ft) is about how much earth's atmosphere?

answer

50 percent

question

Earth atmosphere is mostly composed of

answer

nitrogen, oxygen and argon

question

Which of the following gases cycles into and out of the atmosphere?

answer

nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen

question

If it were not for the ocean, Earth's atmosphere would probably most

answer

carbon dioxide

question

Your ear makes a "pop" sound as you descend in an elevator because

answer

air is moving fron your eardrum to the atmosphere

question

Most of total energy radiating by the sun is

answer

infrared radiation

question

How much of the total amount of solar radiation reaching the outermost part of Earth's atmosphere reaches to surface?

answer

About one half

question

The solar radiation that does reach Earth Earth's surface

answer

is eventually radiated back to space

question

The greenhouse effect results in warmer temperatures near the surface because

answer

some of the energy is re-radiated back toward the surface

question

The temperature increase with altitude in the stratosphere

answer

of a concentration of ozone

question

Ozone is able to protect Earth from harmful amounts of ultraviolet radiation by

answer

absorbing it and decomposing, then reforming

question

summertime breezes would not blow if Earth did not experience

answer

differential heating

question

On a clear, calm, cool night you would expect the air temperature over a valley floor to be what compared to the air temperature over a slope to the the valley?

answer

Cooler

question

Air moving down a mountain slope is often warm because

answer

It is compressed as it moves to lower elevations

question

Considering Earth's overall atmosphere you would expect more rainfall to occur in a zone of

answer

low atmospheric pressure

question

Considering Earth's overall atmosphere you would expect to find a desert locate in a zone of

answer

high atmospheric pressure

question

Water molecules can go (1) from the liquid state to the vapor state and (2) from the vapor state to the liquid state. When is the movement from the liquid to the vapor state only?

answer

This usually does not occur alone

question

What condition means a balance between the number of water molecules moving to and from the liquid state?

answer

saturation

question

Without adding or removing any water vapor, a sample of the atmosphere experiencing an increase in temperature will have

answer

a lower relative humidity

question

Cooling a sample of water vapor results in a (an)

answer

decreased capacity

question

On clear, calm, and cool nigh, dew or frost is most likely to form

answer

on grass in an open, low-lying area

question

The density of the atmosphere

answer

Decreasing with increasing altitude

question

Condensation nuclei provide a surface for fog or cloud formation, these particles include

answer

Salt Crystals, soot, and dust

STUDY

Earth Science Epicenter Of An Earthquake Geology

Chapter 10 Earthquakes – Flashcards 50 terms

Will Walter

50 terms

Preview

Chapter 10 Earthquakes – Flashcards

question

If, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed ____________ if the fault is steep (closer to vertical than horizontal). a. reverse b. thrust c. strike slip d. normal

answer

a. reverse

question

Which earthquake intensity scale assesses the effects of an earthquake on humans and human-made structures? a. Mercalli scale b. Richter scale c. seismic-moment magnitude scale

answer

a. Mercalli scale

question

The greatest earthquake ever recorded by seismographs occurred in 1960 in Chile and measured ____________ on the seismic-moment magnitude scale. a. 9.0 b. 10.0 c. 10.5 d. 9.5

answer

d. 9.5

question

Which of these areas of the United States would you expect to have the highest occurance of seismic activity? a. Southeast b. West c. Central d. Northeast

answer

b. West

question

Faulting and earthquakes are examples of ____________. a. ductile behavior b. brittle behavior

answer

b. brittle behavior

question

Which earthquake severity scale measures the amplitude of deflection of a seismograph pen, standardized to an idealized distance of 100 km between epicenter and seismograph? a. Mercalli scale b. seismic-moment magnitude scale c. Richter scale

answer

c. Richter scale

question

A primary force opposing motion on all faults is ____________. a. gravity b. Van der Waal's force c. magnetic attraction among iron-rich minerals d. friction

answer

d. friction

question

Body waves include ____________. a. both S- and P-waves b. P-waves only c. both L- and R-waves d. both surface and interior waves

answer

a. both S- and P-waves

question

Virtually all of the deaths attributed to major earthquakes have resulted from the collapse of buildings. a. false b. true

answer

a. false

question

According to the moment magnitude scale (Mw)—a magnitude 8 earthquake would be 1,000 times greater than a magnitude ____________ earthquake. a. 9 b. 4 c. 5 d. 7

answer

c. 5

question

Which earthquake severity scale varies from locality to locality for a single earthquake? a. Richter scale b. seismic-moment magnitude scale c. Mercalli scale

answer

c. Mercalli scale

question

The intersection between a fault plane and the ground surface is called the ____________. a. plunge b. seismic interface c. fault trace d. dip line

answer

c. fault trace

question

Which earthquake severity scale takes vibration caused only by the S-waves into account when estimating the size of an earthquake? a. seismic-moment magnitude scale b. Mercalli scale c. Richter scale

answer

c. Richter scale

question

What geological setting(s) would you expect to produce seismic activity? a. Rift valley b. Basin c. Collisional mountain belt d. All of the above are correct

answer

d. All of the above are correct

question

Medium- and deep-focus earthquakes occur along ____________. a. convergent-plate boundaries only b. divergent-plate boundaries only c. transform-plate boundaries only d. All of the above are correct.

answer

a. convergent-plate boundaries only

question

On December 26, 2004, a magnitude 9 earthquake generated a tsunami that devastated coastlines on the ____________. a. Atlantic Ocean b. Indian Ocean c. Arctic Ocean d. Pacific Ocean

answer

b. Indian Ocean

question

The quantity of offset that occurs along a fault is termed ____________. a. the fault gauge b. displacement c. accumulation d. fault gouge

answer

b. displacement

question

Long-term prediction of earthquake behavior ____________. a. is based on past earthquake activity b. works on the principle that zones of past seismicity will be active in the future c. includes the notion of seismic gaps—places where an earthquake is "overdue" d. All of the above are correct.

answer

d. All of the above are correct.

question

All discovered faults are likely to experience earthquakes in the next few hundred years. a. false b. true

answer

a. false

question

A surface along which rock on opposed sides is offset by earthquake-induced slip is called a ____________. a. joint b. fold c. wall d. fault

answer

d. fault

question

Earthquakes that occur in a band called a ____________ can be used to track the motion of subducted oceanic lithosphere. a. Wegener belt b. seismic gap c. Wadati-Benioff zone

answer

c. Wadati-Benioff zone

question

How can damage and injury be minimized in areas prone to seismic activity? a. earthquake zoning b. engineering controls c. warning systems d. All of the above are correct

answer

d. All of the above are correct

question

Earthquake waves that pass through the interior of Earth are termed ____________. a. body waves b. interior waves c. R-waves d. surface waves

answer

a. body waves

question

A coiled spring would be useful in illustrating a ____________ wave. a. surface b. compressional c. shear d. body

answer

b. compressional

question

An earthquake occurs with an epicenter in the town of New Madrid, Missouri, in the interior of the North American Plate. Where might the hypocenter of this earthquake plausibly be found? a. 20 km beneath New Madrid b. 10 km south of New Madrid c. in New Madrid ("hypocenter" and "epicenter" mean precisely the same thing) d. 200 km beneath New Madrid

answer

...

question

If a fault is nearly vertical in orientation and the two walls of rock on opposite sides slide past one another horizontally, the fault is termed ____________. a. thrust b. normal c. strike slip d. reverse

answer

c. strike slip

question

Which type of fault does NOT, by definition, have a fault trace? a. normal fault b. reverse fault c. blind fault d. None of the above are correct; all faults have recognizable traces

answer

...

question

Seismic retrofitting is the process of __________. a. strengthening existing buildings and structures b. mapping areas prone to earthquakes c. predicting earthquakes d. releasing energy

answer

a. strengthening existing buildings and structures

question

At any point along the surface of an oblique (nonvertical) fault, the ____________. a. footwall lies to the left of the hanging wall b. hanging wall lies to the left of the footwall c. footwall lies vertically above the hanging wall d. hanging wall lies vertically above the footwall

answer

d. hanging wall lies vertically above the footwall

question

How many seismic stations are necessary to find the epicenter of an earthquake? a. one b. four c. three d. two

answer

c. three

question

Aftershocks following a major earthquake ____________. a. may continue for days after the initial earthquake b. are mostly much smaller than the original earthquake c. may occur on the same fault as the original earthquake, or a different fault d. All of the above are correct

answer

d. All of the above are correct

question

Vertical motion seismographs record earthquakes through the production of a squiggly diagram called a ____________. a. wave sheet b. seismogram c. camera lucida d. pictogram

answer

b. seismogram

question

Which earthquake severity scale takes into account the type of rock that has been fractured? Select one: a. seismic-moment magnitude scale b. Mercalli scale c. Richter scale

answer

a. seismic-moment magnitude scale

question

Which type of earthquake has the highest velocity? a. L-wave b. R-wave c. P-wave d. S-wave

answer

c. P-wave

question

The point within Earth where an earthquake takes place is termed the ____________. a. epicenter b. vertex c. eye of the fault d. hypocenter (focus)

answer

d. hypocenter (focus)

question

Generally, which type of earthquake waves travel fastest? a. body waves b. interior waves c. R-waves d. surface waves

answer

a. body waves

question

Faults that have moved recently or are likely to move in the future are referred to as ____________. a. active b. reverse c. normal d. passive

answer

a. active

question

Earthquakes are likely to occur along ____________. a. transform-plate boundaries only b. divergent-plate boundaries only c. All of the above are correct. d. convergent-plate boundaries only

answer

c. All of the above are correct.

question

If, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed ____________ if the fault is shallow (much closer to horizontal than vertical). a. normal b. reverse c. thrust d. strike slip

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c. thrust

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A tsunami is ____________. a. an earthquake-generated sea wave that can sometimes destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source b. a sloshing of water back and forth within a lake or bay c. the tendency of wet, clay-rich soils to behave like a liquid during an earthquake d. the amount of change in elevation of local sea level caused by a surging wave

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a. an earthquake-generated sea wave that can sometimes destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source

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Surface waves ____________. a. are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake b. produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes c. travel more rapidly than body waves d. are the first waves initially produced in an earthquake

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b. produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes

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All else being equal, an earthquake that strikes in the eastern United States would produce shaking that would be felt ____________ than one that occurred in the western United States. a. over a lesser distance b. over the same distance c. over a greater distance

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c. over a greater distance

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The point on Earth's surface directly above the point where an earthquake occurs is termed the ____________. a. epicenter b. eye of the fault c. hypocenter (focus) d. vertex

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a. epicenter

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Periods of intermittent sliding on a fault as a result of the release of stress during episodes of displacement, followed by stress buildup to the point that the fault is reactivated is termed ____________. a. stick-slip behavior b. chaotic faulting c. reverse faulting d. thrust faulting

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a. stick-slip behavior

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Sandy substrate is susceptible to ____________ during an earthquake. a. liquifaction b. displacement c. collapse d. faulting

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a. liquifaction

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Movement on a fault may occur without generating earthquakes. a. false b. true

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b. true

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Earthquakes are a result of ____________. a. mantle upwelling b. a sudden change in atmospheric pressure c. lithosphere-plate movement d. erosion

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c. lithosphere-plate movement

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Short-term predictions of earthquake behavior ____________. a. are primarily based on the behavior patterns of farm animals b. have been largely unreliable c. are correct approximately 50% of the time d. have saved millions of lives in the past decade alone

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b. have been largely unreliable

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If, during an earthquake, a footwall slides upward relative to a hanging wall, the fault is termed ____________. a. reverse b. normal c. thrust d. strike slip

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b. normal

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Geologists who specifically study earthquakes are called ____________. a. speleologists b. paleontologists c. vulcanologists d. seismologists

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d. seismologists

STUDY

Age Of The Earth Cross Cutting Relationships Geology

GEO 101 Chapter 10 Study Guide – Flashcards 31 terms

Evie Nicholson

31 terms

Preview

GEO 101 Chapter 10 Study Guide – Flashcards

question

James Hutton, the "father of geology", put forth the principle of _______________. A. superposition B. original continuity C. original horizontality D. uniformitarianism

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As understood by modern geologists, the principle of uniformitarianism implies that _______________. A. the Earth has always had the basic appearance that it has today, which the distributions of ocean basins and continents identical to what we see today B. igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are uniformly mixed throughout the crust of the Earth C. physical processes observed today (such as erosion and volcanic eruption) have been active in the past and are responsible for the geologic history we see preserved in the rock record D. physical processes observed today (such as erosion and volcanic eruption) have been occurring throughout Earth history at constant rates; for example, no eruption in geologic time would have been greater than the 1815 Tambora eruption

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In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, younger layers overlay older layers, according to the principle of _______________. A. superposition B. original continuity C. original horizontality D. uniformitarianism

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If the lithology and fossil content of two bodies of rock on opposite sides of a canyon are identical, then these remaining outcrops were likely physically connected at one time and formed part of an extensive, sheet-like layer of rock. This idea summarizes the principle of _______________. A. superposition B. original continuity C. original horizontality D. uniformitarianism

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Which of the following geologic principles is a direct result of gravity? A. baked contacts B. cross-cutting relationships C. original horizontality D. inclusions

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Relative ages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of _______________. A. fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks B. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks C. radiometric dating of igneous rocks D. radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks

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Numerical ages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of _______________, in conjunction with relative age data. A. fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks B. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks C. radiometric dating of igneous rocks D. radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks

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If horizontal sedimentary strata overlie tilted strata (and no fault is present), the surface between the horizontal and tilted stata must be a(n) _______________. A. conformable sedimentary contact B. angular uncomformity C. disconformity D. nonconformity

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The surface below sedimentary rocks that overlie igneous or metamorphic rocks is termed a(n) _______________. A. disconformity B. angular unconformities C. nonconformity

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Buried erosional surfaces between parallel sedimentary strata are termed _______________. A. disconformities B. angular unconformities C. nonconformities

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Which method of correlation is more reliable for determining relative ages of rock units over broad area? A. lithologic correlation B. fossil correlation

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Two atoms of a single element that differ in number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct _______________ of that element. A. isomers B. isotopes C. isotherms D. atomic species

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Which proportion of a radioactive isotope is expected to remain in an unaltered (unreacted) state after the passage of three half-lives? A. one-third B. three-halves C. one-eighth D. one-sixth

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In an unweathered sample of igneous rock, the ratio of an unstable isotope to its stable daughter isotope is 1/15. If no daughters were present at the time the rock cooled, and the half-life of the reaction is 50 million years, how old is the rock? A. 200 million years B. 400 million years C. 750 million years D. none of the above

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Radiometric dates applied to sedimentary rocks produce ages that are _______________. A. just as accurate as when the technique is applied to igneous rocks B. too young (postdate sedimentary deposition) C. too old (predate sedimentary deposition)

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If the numerical ages of two formations are known, then the relative age of each with respect to one another can be inferred. A. True B. False

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If the relative age of two formations (with respect to one another) is known, then the numerical ages for each formation can be inferred. A. True B. False

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In the area immediately surrounding an igneous intrusion, a host limestone is locally metamorphosed to produce marble. Which of the following statements is correct? A. The intrusive igneous rock must be older than limestone. B. The limestone must be older than the marble. C. The marble must be older than the intrusive rock. D. The relative ages of the three units cannot be determined with the information given.

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The Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old. A. True B. False

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The surfaces named contacts #2 and #3 are examples of _______________. A. conformable sedimentary contacts B. faults C. baked contacts D. unconformities

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Contact #1 is an example of a(n) _______________. A. conformable sedimentary contacts B. faults C. baked contacts D. unconformities

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The oldest geologic unit in the cross section is the _______________. A. granite B. marble C. limestone D. sandstone

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The youngest geologic unit visible in the cross section is the _______________. A. granite B. limestone C. conglomerate D. marble

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The marble rind surrounding the granite pluton must be younger than the limestone according to the principle of . A. superposition B. baked contacts C. original horizontality D. original continuity

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Concerning relative ages of the shale and sandstone, . A. the shale must be older, according to the principle of superposition B. the sandstone must be older, according to the principle of superposition C. the shale must be older, according to the principle of components D. their relative ages cannot be determined from the information given

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Concerning relative ages of the granite and sandstone, . A. the granite must be older, according to the principle of superposition B. the sandstone must be older, according to the principle of superposition C. the granite must be older, according to the principle of components D. their relative ages cannot be determined from the information given

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Basaltic clasts within the basal layers of the conglomerate imply which of the following statements? A. The conglomerate must be the older of the two. B. The basalt must be the older of the two.

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Basaltic clasts within the conglomerate have been radiometrically dated to 50 million years ago. Is this a reliable age for the conglomerate? A. Yes. B. No, this age is likely too old. C. No, this age is likely too young. D. No, basalt never contains minerals bearing radioactive isotopes.

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Concerning the relative ages of the basalt and the fault, . A. the fault must be older, according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships B. the basalt must be older, according to the principle of cross-cutting relationships C. the basalt must be older, according to the principle of original horizontality D. their relative ages cannot be determined from the information given

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Contact #3 is both a at various points. A. conformable contact and an unconformity B. fault and an unconformity C. nonconformity and an angular unconformity D. disconformity and a nonconformity

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Which statement about contact #3 is correct? A. It and contact #2 once formed a continuous unconformity. B. It was once elevated farther above contact #2, but faulting has brought them closer together. C. It presents an example of an angular unconformity D. It must be younger than the conglomerate, due to the principle of baked contacts.

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STUDY

Earth Science Geology

Rock Cycle Study Guide – Flashcards 31 terms

Evie Nicholson

31 terms

Preview

Rock Cycle Study Guide – Flashcards

question

Forms in the mantle BELOW the Earth's SURFACE

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Intrusive Igneous Rock

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Forms when magma flows ON TOP of the Earth's SURFACE

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Extrusive Igneous Rock

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Magma that flows out of volcanoes

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Lava

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Rocks made from layers of pebbles and sand- Look like pieces of sediment with pebbles stuck in them (ex. sandstone)

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Clastic Rocks

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Froms fpr,the remains of once-living things (ex. chalk; coal)

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Organic Rock

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Forms from igneous or sedimentary rocks from heat and pressure.

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Metamorphic Rock

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Metamorphic Rocks

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What do scientists call "changed rocks"

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Layers of sedimentary rock

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Strata

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When colors are mixed together in the rock

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Non-Foliated

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When the colors are in bands in the rock

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Foliated

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1. HEAT 2. PRESSURE 3. SMOOTHNESS

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3 Things that Change a Metamorphic Rock FROM the Original Rock

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1. Clastic 2. Chemical 3. Organic

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3 Types of Sedimentary Rock

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Magma

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What changes into igneous rock when it cools

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1. Igneous 2. Sedimentary 3. Metamorphic

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3 MAIN types of Rocks

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Past

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Scientists study rocks and rock strata learn about earths'

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When Rock is Broken Down Slowly

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WEATHERING

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When the earth's surface is worn away by of water and wind

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Erosion

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Made from nature

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What does Organic mean?

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1. Compaction 2. Cementations

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What 2 processes form Sedimentary Rocks

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1. Melting 2. Solidification

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What 2 processes change any rock into an igneous rock

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Sandstone

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Which clastic rock fine has fine to coarse texture (Type of sedimentary rock)

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siltstone

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Which clastic rock has very grain texture (type of sedimentary rock)

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Bituminos coal

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Which rock is made from compacted remains (type or sedimentary rock)

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Slate

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Which foliated rock is made due to low grade metamorphism of shale (type of metamorphic rock

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phylite

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Which foliated rock is created due to the high amount of hear and pressure (type of metamorphic rock)

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Quartzite

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Which Nonfoliated rock has fine to coarse texture and is composed of quartz? (type of metamorphic rock)

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metaconglomerate

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Which nonfoliated rock has a coarse texture and is composed of various minerals? (type of metamorphic rock)

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Pegmatite

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Name one rock that has very coarse texture (larger crystals)

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Granite Pemagrain Diorite

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3 Intrusive Igneous Rocks

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Rhyolite

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Name one extrusive rock with fine texture (small crystals)

question

Obsidian Pumice Rhyolite

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Name 3 Extrusive Igneous Rocks

STUDY

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