Paleontology Flashcards, test questions and answers
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We've found 342 Paleontology tests
Environmental Science
Geologic Time Scale
Igneous Rocks
Paleontology
Laws/Principles of Stratigraphy – Flashcards 8 terms

Amber Moore
8 terms
Preview
Laws/Principles of Stratigraphy – Flashcards
question
In an undisturbed sequence, older strata lie beneath younger strata.
answer
What is the Law of Superposition?
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When deposited, strata tend to be horizontal or nearly so.
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What is the Principle of Original Horizontality?
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States that if a rock body (rock A) contains fragments of another rock body (rock B), the fragments must have already existed. Rock B (source of the fragments) is older.
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The rule (or law) of inclusions
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States that a structure (ex: a fault) or a rock body (ex: igneous intrusion) must be younger than some other structure or rock body it cuts across.
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Law of crosscutting relationships
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Initially, strata extended without interruption to the margin of the basin of deposition.
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Principle of Lateral Continuity
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Could be interpreted upon the basis of similar physical appearance, or position of a stratum in a larger sequence.
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What is Correlation?
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A stratum, or group of stratum that is big enough or thick enough to symbolize on a geologic map. Ex: Buda limestone
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What is a geologic formation?
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States that there is a regular succession of fossil forms in going from lower (older) to higher (younger) strata.
answer
Principle of Faunal Succession
Earth Science
Environmental Science
Fossils
Paleontology
Relative Dating – Flashcards 17 terms

Alexander Rose
17 terms
Preview
Relative Dating – Flashcards
question
Index Fossil
answer
a fossil that is widespread geographically but only occurs in one layer or a small number of layers of rock
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Law of original lateral continuity
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sediment deposited into water will spread in a horizontal and continuous sheet
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Law of superposition
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any undisturbed sequence of layered rocks has the oldest rock on the bottom and newest rock on the top
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Paleontology
answer
study of fossils
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stratigraphy
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study of rock layers and the processes that form them
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Law of original horizontality
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sediment deposited into water will settle at the bottom in flat, horizontal layers
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Law of faunal and floral succession
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animals and plant fossils occur in consistent sequences through time, generally changing from simpler to more complex
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Law of cross-cutting (or intrusive) relationships
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in a sequence of layered rocks, the crosscut, or intrusive feature, is younger than the layers it intercedes
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Relative dating
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process to determine the general time sequence of historic events, rock strata, and fossils
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In ___________ you study rock stata, and in __________ you study fossils.
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Stratigraphy and Paleontology
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The Law of Superposition states:
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rock layers closest to the surface are the newest or youngest rock.
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When sediments deposit in lakes or oceans, how do they lay?
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in flat horizontal layers
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The law of original horizontality explains:
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why rock layers are always flat
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Sediment layers stop lateral spreading when:
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they encounter a barrier and they run out of additional sedimentary material
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Match each law or principle to its description. 1. law of original horizontality 2. law of superposition 3. law of original lateral continuity 4. law of cross-cutting or intrusive relationships
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
question
A geologist is studying layers of rock. He finds a fossil with an imprint of a shelled animal. According to the law of faunal and floral succession, what kind of fossil would he most likely find next, in the layer of rock above it? Look back to the Fossil Succession Chart for help.
answer
a fossil of fishes
question
A fossil that is widespread geographically but only occurs in one or a small number of rock layers is called _____.
answer
an index fossil
Fossils
Geologic Time Scale
Paleontology
geologic time study guide – Flashcards 34 terms

Ben Powell
34 terms
Preview
geologic time study guide – Flashcards
question
mass extinction
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a rapid event during which a significant part of all life forms on earth died
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relative age
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time expressed as the order in which rocks formed and geological events occurred
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absolute age
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time measured in yeats
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principle of origional horizontality
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most sediment is deposited as nearly horizontal beds, and therefore much sedimentary rocks started out with nearly horizontal layering
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principle of superposition
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in any undisturbed sequence of sediment or sedimentary rocks, the age becomes progressively younger from bottom to top
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principle of cross-cutting relationships
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a rock must exist before anything happens to it
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evolution
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the change in the physical and genetic characterisitics of a species over time
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fossil
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the preserved trace, imprint, or remains of a plant or animal
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principle of faunal succession
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fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and reconizable sequence, so that sedimentary rocks of different ages contain different fossils, and rocks of the same age contain identical fossils. Therefore, the relative ages of rocks can be identified from their fossils
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conformable
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the condition in which sedimentary layers were deposited continuously without interruption
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uncanformity
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a gap in the geological record, such as an interruption of deposition of sediments, or a break between eroded igneous and overlying sedimentary strata, usually of long duration
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disconformity
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a type of unconformity in which the sedimentary layers above and below the unconformity are parallel
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angular unconformity
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an unconformity in which younger sediment or sedimentary rocks rest on the eroded surface of tilted or folded older rocks
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nonconformity
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a type of unconformity in which layered sedimentary rocks lie on an erosion surface cut into igneous or metamorphic rocks
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correlation
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demonstration of the equivalence of rocks or geologic features age from different locations
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index fossil
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indentifies and dates the layers in which it is found ; abundantly preserved in rocks, widespread geographically, and existed as a species or genus for only an relatively short time
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key bed
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a thin, widespread, easily recognized sedimentary layer that can be used for correlation
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isotopes
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atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of nutrons
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half-life
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the time it takes for half of the nuclei of a radioactive isotope in a sample to decompose
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radiometric dating
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the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products
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geologic column
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a composite columnar diagram that shows the sequence of rocks at a given place or region arranged to show their position in the geologic time scale
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geologic time scale
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a chronological arrangement of geologic time subdivided into units
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eon
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the longest unit of geologic time
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era
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a geologic time unit; eons are divided into these, and inturn are divide into periods
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period
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a geologic time unit longer than an epoch and shorter than an era
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epoch
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the smallest unit of geologic time; periods are divided into these
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Hadean Eon
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the earliest time in earth's history
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Archean Eon
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a division of geologic time 3.8-2.5 billion years ago ; the oldest known rocks formed at this time
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Proterozoic Eon
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the portion of geologic time from 2.5 billion to 570 million years ago
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Phanerozoic Eon
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the most recent 570 million years of geologic time represented by rocks that contain evident and abundant fossils
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Precambrian time
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all of geologic time before the Paleozoic era, encompassing approximately the first 4 billion years of earth's history ; all rocks formed during this time
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Paleozoic era
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the part of geologic time 570-245 million years ago ; invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, ferns, and cone-bearing trees were dominant
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Mesozoic era
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the part of geologic time roughly 245-65 million years ago ; dinosaurs rose to prominence and became extinct
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Cenozoic era
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the latest of the four eras into which geologic time is subdivided ; 65 million years ago to the present
AP Biology
Biology
Miller And Urey
Paleontology
Chapter 17 The History of Life – Flashcards 26 terms

Will Walter
26 terms
Preview
Chapter 17 The History of Life – Flashcards
question
Scientists who specialize in the study of fossils are called?
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Biologists
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Sedimentary rocks form when layers of small particles are compressed
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Under Water
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Radioactive dating of rock samples?
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is a method of absolute dating
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Half-life is the length of time required for half the atoms in a radioactive sample to?
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Decay
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Earth's first atmosphere contained little or no?
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Oxygen
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In Miller and Urey's experiments with the origin of life-forms, electric sparks were passed through a mixture of gases to?
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Simulate Lightning
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Outlines of ancient cells that are preserved well enough to identify them as prokaryotes are?
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Microfossils
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Which event occurred at the end of the Paleozoic Era?
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Mass Exntinction
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The process that produces a similar appearance among unrelated groups of organisms is?
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Convergent Evolution
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As a group, the large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time are called?
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Macroevolution
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How does relative dating enable paleontologists to estimate a fossil's age?
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The age of a fossil is estimated by comparing its placement in rock layers with the placement of fossils in other rock layers.
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Explain how radioactivity is used to date rocks.
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Radioactive elements decay at a steady rate, measured in units called half-lives. Radioactive dating uses half-lives to determine the age of a sample. Scientists can calculate the age of fossil-bearing rocks based on the amount of remaining radioactive isotopes they contain.
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What is the geologic time scale? How was it developed?
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The geologic time scale represents evolutionary time. It was developed by scientists who studied rock layers and index fossils worldwide.
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Discuss what scientists hypothesize about Earth's early atmosphere and the way oceans formed.
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When Earth was young, a collision with a very large object produced enough heat to melt Earth. Elements then rearranged themselves by density. The least dense elements, including hydrogen and nitrogen, formed the first atmosphere. About 3.8 billion years ago, Earth cooled enough for water to remain a liquid. Thunderstorms drenched the planet, eventually forming the oceans.
question
Use the diagram below to explain the significance of Miller and Urey's experiment.
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Miller and Urey first demonstrated how organic matter might have formed in Earth's primitive atmosphere. By re-creating the early atmosphere (ammonia, water, hydrogen, and methane) and passing a spark (lightning) through the mixture, they demonstrated that organic matter, such as amino acids, could have arisen from simpler compounds.
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How are proteinoid microspheres like living cells?
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Proteinoid microspheres, like cells, have a selectively permeable membrane across which water molecules can travel and have a simple means of storing and releasing energy.
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How did the addition of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere affect the evolution of life?
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Some organisms began to evolve more efficient metabolic pathways that used oxygen for respiration; others became restricted to oxygen-free habitats.
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Describe the endosymbiotic theory.
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The endosymbiotic theory states that the first eukaryotic cells were formed from symbiosis among different prokaryotic cells. One type with the ability to use oxygen to generate ATP evolved into mitochondria. Another type that carried out photosynthesis evolved into chloroplasts. Both types were engulfed by other cells.
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Describe life as it existed in Precambrian Time.
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The first organisms were anaerobic, heterotrophic bacteria. Photosynthetic bacteria followed, adding oxygen to the atmosphere. Some bacteria adapted to the presence of oxygen, using it in cell respiration. The next to appear were eukaryotes, which gave rise to multicellular organisms.
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During what era did marine life become diverse?
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The Paleozoic Era
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What significant mammalian adaptations led to their success during the Cenozoic Era?
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Mammalian adaptations included hair that provided insulation against the cold and the protection of young before and after birth.
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What events led to the diversification of mammals?
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Disappearance of the dinosaurs enabled the smaller, relatively scarce mammals to flourish and diversify.
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Explain the process of adaptive radiation. Give an example.
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In adaptive radiation, species evolve into several different forms that live in different ways; examples: dinosaurs, mammals.
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Explain the pattern known as punctuated equilibrium.
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Punctuated equilibrium is a pattern in which long periods of little or no evolutionary change are interrupted by brief periods of rapid change.
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Use an example to explain the concept of coevolution.
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Students can use any example from the text to convey the concept of two species evolving in response to changes in each other over time.
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How can hox genes provide evidence of evolution?
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Homologous hox genes established body plans in organisms that had not shared common ancestors for millions of years.
Earth Science
Paleontology
Bob Jones Science 5 Chapter 2 – Flashcards 50 terms

Amari Finch
50 terms
Preview
Bob Jones Science 5 Chapter 2 – Flashcards
question
any part or trace of a living organism that is naturally preserved after it dies
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Fossil
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rot away
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Decompose
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Most of the fossils that we see today are clear evidence of a _________.
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worldwide flood
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Fossils that are made when bone or wood is replaced by minerals that harden into rock are called__________.
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petrified fossils
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Sometimes an organism is pressed into a rock and leaves an imprint, or ______.
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mold
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A ______ is formed when sediment fills in the empty space in a mold and produces a copy of the shape of an organism.
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cast
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A ________ is a dark image made from plants pressed in rock.
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carbon film
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Plants and animals can be fossilized in a hardened, yellow plant sap called _________.
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amber
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Formed from something that an organism left behind - such as a footprint, a hole where an animal lived, or its droppings.
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What is a trace fossil?
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Amber (sap), ice, and tar
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What are three things in which fossils can be preserved?
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People draw conclusions about fossils based on what they _______ about how the earth began.
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believe
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People who believe that life on earth developed gradually, or evolved, are called _________.
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evolutionists
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People who believe that God spoke and _________ the earth and all forms of life in six days are called _________.
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created, creationists
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Layers of rock represent geologic ages, or long time periods.
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Evolution
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The age of a fossil can be revealed by looking at the layer of rock in which the fossil is found.
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Evolution
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The Flood in Genesis 6-8 accounts for the formation of most fossils.
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Creation
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The earth is only thousands of years old.
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Creation
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Life on the earth had developed over millions of years.
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Evolution
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The earth came into being simply by chance.
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Evolution
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Genesis 1 explains the true origin of the earth.
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Creation
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_______ are scientists who study fossils.
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Paleontologists
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Scientists may use _______ as well as cranes and bulldozers to excavate fossils.
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simple tools
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Good places to look for fossils include cliffs, beaches, and ______.
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deserts
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Before a fossil is excavated, _______ are taken and a map is inside.
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photos
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Scientists often remove some of the surrounding rock along with a fossil to help _____.
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protect the fossil
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Paleontologists paint very fragile bones with a _______.
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protective coating
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Fossils are cleaned by paleontologists called _______.
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preparators
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Paleontologists look at _______ animals to help them reconstruct a fossil.
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modern
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___________ teach that life began millions of years ago.
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Evolutionists
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The carbon-dating method is ________ for determining when fossilized plants and animals lived.
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not exact
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The scientific study of fossils is called __________.
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paleontology
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The process of removing a fossil from the rock and other materials around it is called _______>
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excavated
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1) Photograph the site. 2) Make a detailed map of the site. 3) Excavate, or remove, the fossils. 4) Number the individual bones. 5) Wrap the bones to keep them from breaking.
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5 steps of excavating a fossil
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Fossils were buried by a sudden catastrophe like the Flood.
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Creation
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Simple organisms gradually evolved into new, complex forms of life.
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Evolution
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The position of a fossil in a rock may show how the animal attempted to avoid the Flood's waters.
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Evolution
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How old it is and when it died.
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List two things a scientist cannot know for sure from the skeleton of an animal.
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How the fossils should be shaped.
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In what way does the outward appearance of modern animals help paleontologists?
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It's mostly just a guess.
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What is one problem with using carbon dating to date fossils?
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The word dinosaur comes from words meaning ________.
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terrible lizard
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We know that dinosaurs lived in many different places because dinosaur bones have been found ___________.
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all over the world
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Paleontologists can make good guesses about the appearance of a dinosaur by looking at its ___________.
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skeleton
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The Behemoth, Leviathan, dragons, and flying serpents described in the Bible may have been _________.
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dinosaurs
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______________occurs when the last of a certain plant or animal dies.
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Extinction
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Extinction for many plants and animals can be caused by ______, lack of ________, or changes in the _________.
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disease, food, weather
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Birds developed from dinosaurs
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Evolution
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Dinosaurs and man lived at the same time.
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Creation
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Most animals outside of the ark were destroyed by the Flood.
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Creation
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Movement and body structure.
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What are two things that fossils may tell us about dinosaurs?
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Because the Bible tells us there were creatures and scientists believe those creatures were dinosaurs.
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How do we know that dinosaurs and man lived at the same time?
Paleontology
3-5 – Flashcard 20 terms

Lily Taylor
20 terms
Preview
3-5 – Flashcard
question
What is a fossil?
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A fossil is the hardened remains or other evidence of a living thing that existed a long time ago?
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What are fosssils frequently found in.
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Sedimentary rock.
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What is a paleontologist?
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Paleontologists are scientists that study extinct organisms, examine fossil structure and make comparisons to present-day organisms.
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How does studying fossils help paleontologists learn?
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It helps them learn because they can learn how animals have changed over time.
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How is a fossil formed?
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Over time an organism's tissues are replaced by hard minerals.
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How do you tell a fossil's age?
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Fossils have radioactive elements on them, and the more decayed the elements are, the older the fossil is.
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are scientists that study extinct organisms, examine fossil structure and make comparisons to present-day organisms.
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Paleontologists.
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What are some types of fossils?
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Birds, leaves, bones, teeth, eggs, and animals.
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Sedimentary rocks are where are found?
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Fossils.
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What are types of fossils?
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A. bannanna splits. b. a fish. c. a hotdog. or d. a hoagie.
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The hardened remains or other evidence of a living thing that existed a long time ago is called.....................?
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Fossils.
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The fossils positon in a rock that have higher layers are younger. True or False?
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True.
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Fossils are from living things. True or False?
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True.
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Fossils come from rocks. True or False?
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True.
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All fossils are old. True or False?
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False.
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come from sedimentary rocks.
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Fossils.
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A hamburger is a type of fossil. True or False.
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False.
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How is a fossil made?
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Layers of sediments are pressed together over time to form rock. Living things get trapped in the sediments and are preserved as fossils.
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What is a fossil.
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A fossil is a living thing that died and got preserved as a fossil.
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All fossils are young. True or false.
answer
False.
Biology
Paleontology
Evolution by Natural Selection Study Guide – Flashcards 15 terms

Cara Robinson
15 terms
Preview
Evolution by Natural Selection Study Guide – Flashcards
question
fossil record
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information about past life, including the structure of organisms, what they ate, what ate them, in what environment they lived, and the order in which they lived
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comparative anatomy
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The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species
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similar embryology
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theory that a developing embryo represents the organisms evolution
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biogeography
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Dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants
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molecular biology
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The study of sequence data (nucleotides, peptides) for common biological molecules such as DNA, RNA, and ribosomal proteins and how these sequences differ among species
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how the theory of natural selection is supported
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...
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conditions for natural selection
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-individuals vary in their traits -some of these variations are heritable -some individuals survive and reproduce better than other individuals -differential survival and reproduction (fitness) is influenced by the heritable traits of individuals
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evidences of natural selection
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fossil record, geographical distribution of living things, homologous structures of living organisms, and enbryology
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Galapagos islands and natural selection
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the tortoises and finches looked different at different islands, so must have evolvled differently on each island
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Charles Lyell
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Principles on Geology- the earth is a very old planet that is constantly changing; slowly- gradualism
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James Hutton
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Scottish geologist who described the processes that have shaped the surface of the earth (1726-1797)
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Jean Baptiste-Lamarck
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his Theory was that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to the change in a species.
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Thomas Malthus
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an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)
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Alfred Wallace
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..., a British naturalist, the one who independently proposing a theory of natural selection which prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own more developed and researched theory sooner than he had intended
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survival of the fittest
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process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection
Earth Science
Environmental Science
Geology
Paleontology
Malik Price Science 2 – Flashcards 30 terms

Brooke Sharp
30 terms
Preview
Malik Price Science 2 – Flashcards
question
(Uniformitarianism, Stratigraphy, Volcanism, Catastrophism) suggests that Earth is young, while (volcanism, catastrophism, meteorology, uniformitarianism) proposes that Earth is old.
answer
Catastrophism /uniformitarianism
question
The law that states that rock layers closest to the surface are the youngest rock is the _____. A. law of original horizontality B. law of superposition C. law of original lateral continuity D. law of gravity and oppositional force E. law of cross-cutting relationships
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B. law of superposition
question
The longest interval of time is called _____. A. an eon B. a period C. an era D. a century
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an eon
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The law of original horizontality states that _____. A. any undisturbed sequence of layered rocks has the oldest rock on the bottom B. sediment deposited into water will keep spreading from side to side C. sediment deposited into water will settle at the bottom in flat layers D. all fossils are found in the oldest layers of rock
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C. sediment deposited into water will settle at the bottom in flat layers
question
Scientific evidence suggests all geologic processes have been the same throughout Earth's history. True or False
answer
True
question
Select all of the answers that apply. The Proterozoic era is defined by the following events: A. eukaryotic cells first seen B. stable continents C. first bacteria fossils D. the Cambrian explosion E. oxygen building up in atmosphere
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A. eukaryotic cells first seen B. stable continents E. oxygen building up in atmosphere
question
In the _____ era, you would see ferns, trees, and dinosaurs. A. Proterozoic B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic
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C. Mesozoic
question
In (stratigraphy, paleontology, uniformitarianism, meteorology) you study rock strata, and in (stratigraphy, paleontology, uniformitarianism, meteorology) you study fossils.
answer
stratigraphy /paleleontology
question
When paleontologists refer to the "Big Five," to what are they referring? A. The five most influential organisms that have now become extinct. B. The five most influential mass extinctions in Earth's history. C. The five most influential events that have changed the surface of the earth. D. The five most influential inventions that have allowed them to study mass extinctions.
answer
B. The five most influential mass extinctions in Earth's history.
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Biologists estimate how long ago species separated from a common ancestor using a technique called _____. A. a molecular clock B. radiometric dating C. relative dating D. stratigraphy
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A. a molecular clock
question
_____ created oxygen in the early atmosphere. A. Photosynthetic bacteria B. Asteroids hitting the earth C. Plankton D. Volcanic eruptions E. Forests
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A. Photosynthetic bacteria
question
The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction, the most famous of all the Big Five, has been attributed to what major event that triggered the fall of the dinosaurs? A. an asteroid hitting the earth B. increased competition from mammals C. rapid growth of forests on land surfaces D. glaciation
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A. an asteroid hitting the earth
question
Ninety-five percent of all living organisms were killed by the deadliest mass extinction in history. It is known as the _____ mass extinction. A. Cretaceous-Tertiary B. End Triassic C. Permian-Triassic D. Late Devonian E. Ordovician-Silurian
answer
C. Permian-Triassic
question
When huge numbers of species die out in a short period of time, it's known as a mass extinction. True or False
answer
True
question
Scientists think the earth is approximately how old? A. 2 billion years B. 3 billion years C. 4 ½ billion years D. 6 ½ billion years
answer
C. 4 ½ billion years
question
The first life forms found on Earth were _____. A. bryozoans B. bacteria C. insects D. shellfish
answer
B. bacteria
question
A geologist is studying layers of rock. He finds a fossil of a bony fish. According to the law of faunal and floral succession, what new type of fossil would he most likely find next, in the layers of rock above? A. a fossil of an amphibian B. a fossil of a reptile C. a fossil of a trylobite D. a fossil of a human
answer
A. a fossil of an amphibian
question
The rate at which a parent atom creates daughter atoms is always _____. A. unstable and changing B. constant and unique C. unstable and rare D. never found in nature
answer
B. constant and unique
question
An enormous rifting occurred, causing massive floods of basaltic lavas and the release of large amounts of gas. This is thought to have been the cause of which mass extinction? A. Cretaceous-Tertiary B. End Triassic C. Permian-Triassic D. Late Devonian E. Ordovician-Silurian
answer
B. End Triassic
question
formation of the solar system (Hadean eon, Archean eon, Proterozoic eon, Phanerozoic eon, Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era)
answer
Hadean eon
question
toxic atmosphere; first bacteria (Hadean eon, Archean eon, Proterozoic eon, Phanerozoic eon, Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era)
answer
Archean eon,
question
time of the dinosaurs (Hadean eon, Archean eon, Proterozoic eon, Phanerozoic eon, Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era)
answer
Mesozoic era
question
current eon in Earth's history (Hadean eon, Archean eon, Proterozoic eon, Phanerozoic eon, Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era)
answer
Phanerozoic eon
question
largest mass extinction in Earth's history
answer
Paleozoic era
question
sometimes called "Age of Mammals" (Hadean eon, Archean eon, Proterozoic eon, Phanerozoic eon, Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era)
answer
Cenozoic era
question
buildup of oxygen; first eukaryotes (Hadean eon, Archean eon, Proterozoic eon, Phanerozoic eon, Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era)
answer
Proterozoic eon,
question
Sediment continues to spread in a flat plane until it hits an edge or runs out of material. A. law of original horizontality B. law of superposition C. law of original lateral continuity D. law of cross-cutting or intrusive relationships
answer
C. law of original lateral continuity
question
The youngest strata is at the top and the oldest is at the bottom. A. law of original horizontality B. law of superposition C. law of original lateral continuity D. law of cross-cutting or intrusive relationships
answer
B. law of superposition
question
f there is a fracture or intrusive feature seen in rock strata, it is younger than the rock strata. A. law of original horizontality B. law of superposition C. law of original lateral continuity D. law of cross-cutting or intrusive relationships
answer
D. law of cross-cutting or intrusive relationships
question
Sediment gets pulled down by gravity in a horizontal and flat layer. A. law of original horizontality B. law of superposition C. law of original lateral continuity D. law of cross-cutting or intrusive relationships
answer
A. law of original horizontality
300 Million Years Ago
Anthropology
Biology
Geologic Time Scale
John Adams
Middle Stone Age
Near The End
Paleontology
Anthropology: Ch. 8 – Flashcards 42 terms

Isabel Padilla
42 terms
Preview
Anthropology: Ch. 8 – Flashcards
question
Biostratigraphic dating relies on
answer
the first and last appearances of species in the fossil record.
question
High levels of 18O in now-fossilized foraminifera shells indicate
answer
a decrease in temperature.
question
Which type of plants is associated with open grasslands typical of tropical savannas?
answer
C4 plants
question
The English surveyor who developed the technique of stratigraphic correlation between regions was
answer
William Smith
question
The significant drying up of the Mediterranean Basin at the end of the Oligocene epoch was probably due to
answer
the appearance of huge ice sheets in Antarctica.
question
Which of the following has the greatest likelihood of becoming fossilized?
answer
teeth
question
In an excavation you find the remains of two human skeletons along with the antler of an antelope. How can you attempt to date these skeletons?
answer
You can research the antler bone to find out which species it belongs to and then use faunal dating.
question
As recently as a few hundred years ago, most Westerners thought the earth was about how many years old?
answer
6,000
question
The ratio of C3 to C4 plants in a paleoenvironment can be estimated using the ratio of two stable isotopes of which element derived from fossils or ancient soils?
answer
carbon
question
The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death is called
answer
taphonomy
question
The time it takes for 50% of an unstable isotope to decay to a stable form is called the
answer
half-life
question
The absolute dating technique that emerged as a result of research into constructing the atomic bomb during World War II is
answer
14C dating.
question
A diagram (family tree) that proposes hypothetical ancestor-descendant relationships between species is a
answer
phylogeny
question
The earth is about ________ old.
answer
4.6 billion years
question
Which U.S. president reported the discovery of a fossilized ground sloth in Virginia to the American Philosophical Society?
answer
Thomas Jefferson
question
The Danish physician who developed the geologic principle of superposition, according to which rocks (and fossils) higher in a sequence are younger than those buried farther down, was
answer
Niels Stensen (aka Nicolaus Steno).
question
Based on the molecular clock, it is estimated that the hominid lineage diverged from that of the chimpanzee about
answer
6-8 mya.
question
In terms of geologic time, when did human beings appear on Earth?
answer
very recently
question
Which geological time period is referred to by geologists as the oldest portion of Earth's history, accounting for roughly 87% of that history?
answer
Precambrian eon
question
The absolute dating method that involves counting the annual rings visible in the cross-section of a tree is called
answer
dendrochronology.
question
Historically speaking, which came first in the science of giving ages to the fossil record?
answer
relative ages
question
Variants of elements that differ based on the number of neutrons in the atom's nucleus are called
answer
isotopes
question
Recent paleoenvironmental reconstructions suggest that the earliest members of the hominid lineage evolved in
answer
woodlands along both rivers and lakes.
question
If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of
answer
superposition
question
Studies of temperatures during the Cenozoic era suggest that
answer
temperatures have fluctuated, sometimes greatly, over time.
question
While on a paleontological dig in the United Kingdom, you come across a completely preserved (including skin) extinct species of mammal within a bog. You note that for a mammal it is relatively hairless. In order to determine the adaptive significance of hairlessness, you must
answer
collect data that will help you to reconstruct the environment of that time.
question
________ is the process of matching strata from several sites using chemical, physical, and other properties.
answer
Stratigraphic correlation
question
fluorine dating.
answer
Prior to the invention of absolute dating techniques, one of the chemical dating methods useful for establishing the relative age of fossils from a single site was
question
The "supercontinent" that existed about 200 mya, from which the modern continents ultimately emerged, is called
answer
Pangea
question
Electron spin resonance dating would be most useful in attempting to date which object?
answer
a fossilized tooth
question
Fossils are typically recovered within ________ exposures.
answer
sedimentary rock
question
Which of the following is false regarding absolute dating techniques?
answer
Each can work with any type of material.
question
One of the only fossil sites in the world that preserves a great deal of evidence for anthropoid evolution during the Eocene and Oligocene epochs is
answer
Fayum, Egypt.
question
The first logical step in a sequence of events that leads to the discovery and analysis of primate fossils is the
answer
selection and surveying of potential sites.
question
Which of the following is not an absolute dating method?
answer
stratigraphy
question
The chemical signature of volcanic ash layers can be used to
answer
correlate sites across vast regions.
question
Phylogeny is important to the study of human evolution because
answer
all of the above: A. in order to understand modern human anatomy and behavior, we must understand our evolutionary relationships to other extinct and living organisms. B. in order to account for changes in our species over time, we need to know what processes drove natural selection. C. it allows us to study our closest living relative in order to better understand how natural selection acted in previous environments.
question
Ocean-dwelling microorganisms called foraminifera are important in evolutionary studies mainly because
answer
the chemical composition of their shells records past temperatures.
question
Paleomagnetic dating relies on
answer
the periodic reversal of the earth's magnetic poles.
question
Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the age of a volcanic ash layer from an early hominid site in eastern Africa?
answer
40K/40Ar dating
question
Which of the following is not one of the main methods for reconstructing ancient environments?
answer
40K/40Ar analysis of lava flows and of ash layers
question
With a half-life of 5,730 years, 14C dating is useful for dating carbon-bearing objects as far back as
answer
50,000 years ago.
Biology
Fossils
Paleontology
Chapter 12.1 study guide biology for quiz – Flashcards 17 terms

William Jordan
17 terms
Preview
Chapter 12.1 study guide biology for quiz – Flashcards
question
An organism trapped in tree resin that hardens after being buried.
answer
Amber preserved fossils
question
An impression is left in sediment, and minerals fill the impression in, recreating the original shape of the organism.
answer
Natural Cast.
question
Fossils that record the activity of an organism. Examples include nests, burrows, imprints of leaves, and footprints.
answer
Trace fossil.
question
Fossils that occur when minerals carried by water are deposited around a hard structure, sometimes replacing the hard structure itself overtime.
answer
Permineralized fossil
question
Organism becomes incased in materials such as ice or volcanic ash, or immersed in a bog.
answer
Preserved remains.
question
What is the main purpose of both relative dating and radiometric dating?
answer
to determine how old a fossil is.
question
What is the main difference between relative dating and radiometric dating?
answer
Relative dating is based on other items found near the fossil, while radiometric dating is based on the fossil itself.
question
What sort of time soon can be measured using radiometric dating techniques?
answer
A geologic time span such as hundreds of thousands of years.
question
Measures the actual age of a fossil?
answer
Radiometric dating.
question
Most elements have several of these....
answer
Isotopes.
question
Measure of the release of radiation....
answer
Relative dating.
question
Infers order in which groups of organisms existed....
answer
Half-life.
question
What is the most common type of fossilization?
answer
Permineralization
question
What kind of fossil is formed when the original tissues of a trilobite are washed away, leaving an impression that becomes filled with minerals?
answer
Natural Cast.
question
Do relative dating methods show the exact age of the fossil?
answer
No, they only compare the order in which groups of organisms existed.
question
An isotope of carbon, C-14, has a half life of 5700 years. How much C-14 will be left in an organism's remains 11,400 years after the organism died?
answer
25%
question
Why can't C-14 be used to determine the age of rocks?
answer
The half life of C-14 is to short.
Paleontology
Science dr – Flashcards 21 terms

Patrick Turner
21 terms
Preview
Science dr – Flashcards
question
How much geologic time do the layers of rock exposed at grand canyon national park represent
answer
2 billion years
question
How many years of earths history do geologists study
answer
4.6 billion years
question
Why have geologists created the geologic tine scale
answer
Its standard method that divides earths history into parts
question
The eon during which the earliest known rocks formed on earth
answer
Archean
question
The eon in which we live in
answer
Phanerozoic
question
The eon from which scientists have found rocks and meteorites only from the moon
answer
Hadean
question
The eon in which the first oganisms with well developed cells appeared
answer
Proterozoic
question
What do the boundaries between geologic time intervals represent
answer
Shorter intervals in which visible changes took place on earth
question
Te fourth largest division of geoligic time
answer
Epoch
question
The largest division of geologic time
answer
Eon
question
It includes 2 or more periods
answer
Era
question
The third largest division of geologic time
answer
Period
question
What os extinction
answer
Te death of every member of a species
question
Describe the beginning of the paleozoic era
answer
Marine life flourished
question
How did the paleozoic era end?
answer
With the largest mass extinction in earths history
question
Why is the mesozoic era called the age of reptiles
answer
Birds and small mammals began to evolve
question
Represents geologic time
answer
Fossil record
question
What era are we in now
answer
Cenozoic era
question
Why is the cenozoic era called the age of manmals
answer
Mammals flourished
question
What probabley caused te extinction of the dinosaurs
answer
Global climate change
question
What unique trait probabley helped mammals survive
answer
Regulating body temperatures internally and bearing young that develope inside the mother
Age Of The Earth
Geology
Paleontology
CHAPTER 1: ABOUT PALEONTOLOGY AND FOSSILS – Flashcards 21 terms

Elizabeth Mcdonald
21 terms
Preview
CHAPTER 1: ABOUT PALEONTOLOGY AND FOSSILS – Flashcards
question
The Principle of Uniformitarianism
answer
"The present is the key to the past," is the fundamental basis for all historical science.
question
Methodological uniformitarianism
answer
States that the physical laws of the universe do not change with time. Therefore, insights gained about geologic processes in the recent may be applied to the interpretation of ancient rocks and events.
question
Substantive uniformitarianism
answer
Was originally advocated by Sir Charles Lyell, postulated that geologic processes go on always at the same rates and with the same relative importance as today. This gradualistic view of earth history is not supported today.
question
The Law of Superposition
answer
States that, in a stratified sequence of rock layers, the older rocks are at the bottom and the younger ones on top. It is a simple but essential principle for interpretation of the relative sequence of depositional events.
question
Law of Original Horizontality
answer
Sedimentary layers are approximately horizontal at the time of original accumulation.
question
Law of Lateral Continuity
answer
Sedimentary layers continue laterally as far as the conditions controlling them prevail, or until the edge of the depositional basin. This allows us to extend (correlate) relationships between outcrops, beneath soil and vegetation cover.
question
The Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships
answer
States that if a rock unit (igneous intrusive) or a structure (fold, fault) cuts across (interrupts, offsets) another rock unit or structure, it must be younger. This law makes it possible to add igneous intrusive events, structural deformation events, and other non-layered phenomena to the relative sequence of events based on sedimentary layering, and in this way to work out a complete relative geologic history.
question
The Law of Faunal (Floral, Fossil) Succession
answer
(Smith's Law) States that fossils are not distributed at random in rocks. Rather, each kind of fossil occurs only within a relatively limited interval of the stratigraphic succession. Once the stratigrapher has worked out the sequence of strata exposed in a region and has catalogued the occurrences of all kinds of fossils in these strata, from then on the fossils provide as good a clue to position within this sequence as any other lithologic criterion. The fossils are indexes (indices) or indicators or relative position in a known stratigraphic sequence.
question
The Cell Theory
answer
States that all life is cellular. The cell is the basis unit of organization of life. All organisms are cells or societies of cells.
question
The Theory of Evolution
answer
States that species originate by modification of pre-existing species, by "descent with modification."
question
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
answer
Paleobiology is a science, which means that we employ scientific reasoning (inductive reasoning). The scientific method distinguishes different qualities of statements: Facts (observations). Hypotheses (explanations for those observations, not yet fully tested). Theories (well-tested, widely-adopted explanations, which are supported by numerous observations). Unifying theories (complex theoretical models encompassing smaller theories). Examples are the Theory of Biological Evolution and the Theory of Global Plate Tectonics.
question
Agricola
answer
The term fossil (from Latin fossilis, loosely from the verb fodere, to dig) was coined by Agricola. In his books De Re Metallica (1556) and De Re Fossilium (1546) he explained fossils as the remains of once-living creatures, and thus he became one of the first advocates of the new "Organic Theory."
question
fossil
answer
Defined as any evidence of past life. A fossil may be some part of an organism, or it may be a nonskeletal secretion, such as a burrow-lining, egg-case or reproductive cyst, or it may the the work of an organism, such as a burrow or trail. There is no restriction on age.
question
Unaltered hard parts
answer
Most fossils represent hard parts, chiefly skeletal structures. Many skeletons are a composite of organic and mineral phases, of which only the mineral phase is preserved.
question
Permineralization
answer
The pore spaces and interior cavities of a bone or shell have been filled by minerals deposited from interstitial waters. The mineral may be the same as that composing the skeletal remains, which are still present, or it may be different. A permineralized fossil is heavier, denser, more "stony," and generally resistant to further alteration. Such fossils are often said to have been petrified, and the process may be termed petrefaction.
question
Recrystallization
answer
During diagenesis the mineral grains of the skeleton may be metastable or unstable, and they may reorganize into a more stable configuration. Typically a fine-grained skeletal fabric will become coarser, composed of fewer but larger crystals. Aragonite may recrystallize to the more stable morph calcite, and high-Mg calcite may be converted to low-Mg calcite. Siliceous fossils (of opaline silica) become chalcedony, chert or quartz. Recrystallization commonly blurs or destroys the original skeletal microstructure and fine morphological details.
question
Replacement
answer
Skeletal components may react chemically with circulating interstitial or ground waters, so that the original material is dissolved and carried away, while its place is filled by simultaneous deposition of another mineral. This process may be so delicate that even very fine skeletal microstructure is preserved in the new material. Calcareous shells are often replaced by silica (silification) and less commonly by pyrite (pyritization). Siliceous skeletons may be replaced by calcite. More rarely, soft tissues may be replaced by calcium phosphate salts or pyrite.
question
Carbonization
answer
Organic remains buried in dysaerobic or anaerobic environments, where aerobic decay bacteria cannot live, will be degraded by distillation. The increased temperature and pressure associated with compaction cause more volatile hydrocarbons to distill away, leaving more reduced compounds and elemental carbon as a flat smear on a bedding plane. The extreme compaction in black shales renders such fossils two-dimensional
question
Trace fossils
answer
Trails and burrows (feeding and habitation), footprints, coprolites (feces), castings of sediment-feeders, borings, bite-marks, and other Lebenspuren (German, life traces) provide what Seilacher has called "fossil behavior." They provide important paleoecological information to stratigraphers. Spores, pollens, seeds, egg cases, reproductive cysts, burrow-linings, and other such nonskeletal secretions or constructions of an organism provide useful information about life habits and reproduction.
question
Molds, casts and impressions
answer
The terms mold and cast have the same meaning in paleontology that they do in metal work. A cast is a replica of the original thing, formed by filling a mold. A mold is an impression of the original thing, a negative. A external mold records the external features in negative. An internal mold (steinkern, rock heart) records the internal features in negative. A cast may have the external appearance of the original thing, but it has a different composition and lacks the microstructure. An impression is an informal term for an external mold that is flat, essentially two-dimensional.
question
Entire organism
answer
Insects trapped by tree resins are entombed in the resulting amber. Microscopic cells trapped in colloidal silica gels are now preserved in chert. Mummification of an entire animal, including soft tissues, by freezing or drying is extremely rare. Examples include Ice Age elephants in permafrost, vestiges of dinosaur skin, and the 5,000-year old man frozen into an Alpine glacier.
AP World History
Cross Cutting Relationships
Earth Science
Geologic Time Scale
Molecular Biology
Paleontology
Geologic Time Scale Practice Test – Flashcards 81 terms

Jaxon Craft
81 terms
Preview
Geologic Time Scale Practice Test – Flashcards
question
Which of the following ideas do geologists use as they study Earth? a. the rock record provides evidence of past geological events and life forms b. processes in the present acted in the past c. Earth is very old and has changed over time d. All of the above
answer
D
question
In what type of rocks would geologists most likely find evidence of past life forms? a.metamorphic rocks b.igneous rocks c. volcanic rocks d. sedimentary rocks
answer
D
question
The geologic process that shape Earths Surface today __________. a. are basically the same as they were in the geologic past b. are much different than thousands of years ago c. did not operate in the distant past d. became important only several hundred years ago
answer
A
question
What scientist is credited with proposing the principle of uniformitarianism? a. James Hutton c. John Wesley Powell b. William Smith d. Nicolaus Steno
answer
A
question
The physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past. This statement relates to the principle of ____. a. superposition c. uniformitarianism b. cross-cutting relationships d. correlation
answer
C
question
The present is the key to the past. This statement rephrases the ____. a. principle of cross-cutting relationships b. law of gravity c. principle of uniformitarianism d. principle of original horizontality
answer
C
question
According to the principle of cross-cutting relationships, an intrusive rock body is ____. a. deposited as sedimentary layers b. always made of the same materials as rock around it c. older than the rocks into which it intrudes d. younger than the rocks into which it intrudes
answer
D
question
Nicolaus Steno proposed the most basic principle of relative dating, the law of ____. a. correlation c. superposition b. fossil succession d. gravity
answer
C
question
The dating process that places geologic events in proper sequence is referred to as a ____. a. radiometric dating c. numerical dating b. relative dating d. temporary dating
answer
B
question
In general, the law of superposition states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each layer is ____. a. basically the same age c. older than the one below it b. older than the one above it d. thicker than the one above it
answer
B
question
If a mass of granite is in contact with a layer of sandstone that contains small pieces of the granite, which rock is older? a. the sandstone b. the granite c. Both are the same age. d. It is not possible to determine which rock is older from this information.
answer
B
question
A break that separates older metamorphic rocks from younger sedimentary rocks immediately above them is a type of unconformity called a(n) ____. a. disconformity c. angular unconformity b. nonconformity d. conformity
answer
B
question
What type of unconformity consists of tilted sedimentary rocks that are overlain by younger, more flat-lying sedimentary rocks? a. angular unconformity c. nonconformity b. disconformity d. conformity
answer
A
question
Which type of geologic event has to occur to create an angular conformity? a. uninterrupted deposition of sediment b. igneous intrusion into layered rock c. sediment deposited on older, eroded igneous rock d. folding or tilting of rock layers, followed by renewed deposition
answer
D
question
An unconformity is a(n) ____. a. layer of sedimentary rocks c. intrusion b. gap in the rock record d. layer of rocks with unusual fossils
answer
B
question
After examining a sequence of horizontal sedimentary rocks, you determine that there is a considerable span of time for which no sedimentary rock layers exist at this location. You have discovered a(n) ____. a. angular unconformity c. nonconformity b. disconformity d. sequence of correlated strata
answer
B
question
Fossils are the ____. a. oldest layers of rock in a region b. remains or traces of prehistoric life c.living creatures with habitats in or around rock d. objects that people of long ago left behind as artifacts
answer
BA
question
what type of rocks are most fossils found? a. sedimentary rocks c. metamorphic rocks b. igneous rocks d. granite and marble
answer
A
question
Which of the following environments would most likely NOT contain fossils? a. sediment deposited in a riverbed b. a thick deposit of dried mud c. layers of sand that accumulate over thousands of years d. intrusive rock formed from cooled magma
answer
D
question
What determines the type of fossil that is formed? a. the conditions under which the organism was metamorphosed and how it was buried b. the conditions under which the organism died and how it lived c. the conditions under which the organism died and how it was buried d. the conditions under which the organism lived and how it was buried
answer
C
question
The footprints of a dinosaur are an example of what type of fossil? a. unaltered remains c. carbonized remains b. mold d. trace fossil
answer
D
question
Which of the following is important if an organism is to become a fossil? a. slow burial and soft parts c. rapid burial and soft parts b. rapid burial and hard parts d. slow burial and hard parts
answer
B
question
Organisms with hard parts stand a good chance of being fossilized if they are ____. a. rapidly decomposed by bacteria c. rapidly eaten by scavengers B.slowly buried by sediments d. rapidly buried by sediments
answer
C
question
which of the following environments would the shell of an organism most likely be preserved as a fossil? a. on a beach b. on the top of a hill c. at the bottom of a lake buried by a landslide d. on the banks of a dry river bed
answer
C
question
Why would a worm stand a poor chance of being fossilized? a. Worms did not exist in the geologic past. b. Worms have been rare during the geologic past. c. Worms have no hard parts. d. all of the above
answer
C
question
Which of these organisms would have the best chance of becoming part of the fossil record? a. horse c. butterfly b. fish d. ant
answer
B
question
The principle of fossil succession states that different types of fossil organisms ____. a. generally leave behind hard parts b. occur most often in sedimentary rock c. succeed one another in a definite order d. are younger in the deepest layers of rock
answer
C
question
The task of using fossils to match up rocks of similar ages in different areas is called ____. a. succession c. geology b. correlation d. fossilization
answer
B
question
Which of the following must be true for a fossil organism to be useful as an index fossil? a. The fossil organism must be widespread geographically. b. The fossil organism must be abundant. c. The fossil organism must be limited to a short span of geologic time. d. all of the above
answer
D
question
Index fossils allow geologists to ____. a. match rocks of the same age in different regions b. determine the exact age of rocks c. identify organisms that did not leave fossil evidence behind d. determine why some organisms became extinct
answer
A
question
Groups of fossil plants and animals succeed each other in a definite and determinable order, and any period of geologic time can be recognized by its respective fossils. This is a statement of the ____. a. law of superposition c. principle of original horizontality b. principle of cross-cutting relationships d. principle of fossil succession
answer
D
question
Radioactivity is produced when unstable nuclei ____. a. bond together c. become cooler b. break apart d. expand
answer
B
question
The process by which atomic nuclei spontaneously decay is called ____. a. relative dating c. erosion b. radioactivity d. deposition
answer
B
question
The time it takes for 50% of the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay to its stable isotope is called ____. a. the daughter product c. the half-life b. geologic time d. the half-time
answer
C
question
Radiometric dating is possible because the rates of decay of radioactive isotopes ____. a. change over time c. are constant b. change from place to place d. vary widely
answer
C
question
If the half-life of an unstable isotope is 10,000 years, and only 1/8 of the radioactive parent remains in a sample, how old is the sample? a. 10,000 years old c. 30,000 years old b. 20,000 years old d. 40,000 years old
answer
C
question
Radiocarbon dating is used to date ____. a. recent geologic events up to 75,000 years ago b. recent geologic events up to 10,000 years ago c. distant geologic events more than one million years ago d. all geologic events of the past
answer
A
question
Which two substances do geologists use in radiocarbon dating? a. carbon-12 and carbon-10 c. lead-206 and carbon-14 b. carbon-14 and uranium-238 d. carbon-14 and carbon-12
answer
D
question
In living things, what is the source of the carbon-14 that is used in radiocarbon dating? a. carbon dioxide in rocks c. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere b. carbonic acid in caves d. carbon dioxide in water
answer
C
question
Radiocarbon dating could be used to date which of the following? a. 65-million-year-old meteorite c. 60,000-year-old metamorphic rock b. 15-million-year-old lava flow d. 60,000-year-old mammoth bone
answer
D
question
What length of time does the geologic time scale cover? a. 2.0 million years c. 20.5 billion years b. 4.6 billion years d. 10.1 million years
answer
B
question
Based on interpretations of rock units and changes in fossil life forms, geologists have divided Earth's history into manageable units that are represented by the ____. a. geologic time scale b. fossil time scale d. Precambrian time scale c. geographical time scale
answer
A
question
What is the currently accepted age of Earth? a. about 4.6 million years old b. about 10 billion years old c. about 4.6 billion years old d. about 5.6 billion years old
answer
C
question
The largest expanse of time on the geologic time scale is the ____. a. eon c. era b. epoch d. period
answer
A
question
Which eon of the geologic time scale means "visible life"? a. Phanerozoic b. Proterozoic c. Hadean d. Archean
answer
A
question
The era of "ancient life" is known as the ____. a. Cenozoic b. Paleozoic c. Precambrian d. Mesozoic
answer
B
question
Which of the following lists the divisions of the geologic time scale in order from longest to shortest? a. era, period, epoch c. era, epoch, period b. epoch, period, era d. period, era, epoch
answer
A
question
About 88 percent of Earth's history is within the expanse of time before the Phanerozoic Era called the ____. a. Cambrian c. Cenozoic b. Paleozoic d. Precambrian
answer
D
question
Which of the following is NOT an era of the Phanerozoic Eon? a. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic b. Cenozoic d. Hadean
answer
D
question
When did abundant fossil evidence appear in the geologic record? a. 2.7 billion years ago c. 540 million years ago b. 1.0 billion years ago d. 100 million years ago
answer
C
question
Radiometric dating does not usually work with sedimentary rocks because they ____. a. are too old b. form from many older rock particles c. never have particles that contain radioactive isotopes d. form too quickly to be accurately dated
answer
B
question
The radiometric date of a metamorphic rock most likely represents when the rock was ____. a. originally formed c. heated during metamorphism b. deposited d. exposed at Earth's surface
answer
A
question
62. Rocks record ____________________ and changing life forms of the past.
answer
Geologic events
question
63. The principle of ____________________ states that physical, biological, and chemical processes we observe today have also operated in the geologic past.
answer
Uniformitariansm
question
64. ____________________ tells geologists the sequence, or order, in which events occurred.
answer
Relative Dating
question
65. To assume that rock layers that are tilted have been moved into that position by crustal disturbances is to apply a principle of relative dating known as ________________________.
answer
Original Horizontality
question
66. A(n) ____________________ is a break in the rock record during which deposition ceased, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed.
answer
Unconformity
question
67. An unconformity in which the sedimentary strata on either side of the unconformity are essentially parallel is referred to as a(n) ____________________.
answer
Disconformity
question
68. The remains or traces of prehistoric life are called ____________________.
answer
Fossils
question
69. Fossils rarely preserve the ____________________ parts of animals because scavengers often eat them and bacteria decompose them.
answer
Soft
question
70. The principle of ____________________ states that fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order, and that any time period can be recognized by its fossil content.
answer
Fossil Succession
question
71. A half-life is the amount of time needed for one-half of the ____________________ in a sample to decay to form its stable isotope.
answer
Nuclei
question
72. Using radioactive isotopes to calculate the ages of rocks and minerals is a procedure called ____________________.
answer
Radiometric dating
question
73. ____________________ is used to date recent organic material.
answer
Carbon-14 dating OR Radiocarbon dating
question
74. Eras are divided into ____________________, which can be further divided into ____________________.
answer
Periods, epochs
question
75. Great worldwide changes in forms of ____________________ on Earth mark the boundaries of eras.
answer
Life
question
76. The ____________________ is the era of "recent life" on Earth.
answer
Cenozoic era
question
77. Although it can rarely be used to date ____________________ rocks directly, radiometric dating can help scientists estimate their absolute ages by comparison to igneous rock masses that are relatively older and relatively younger. Short Answer
answer
Sedimentary
question
78. How do rocks allow geologists to interpret Earth's history?
answer
Rocks record geologic events and changes in life forms during Earth's History
question
79. What is the principle of uniformitarianism?
answer
Uniformitarianism states that the processes and forces that we observe today have been functioning throughout geologic time.
question
81. What is an unconformity?
answer
An unconformity is a break in the rock record that represents a long period of time during which deposition stopped, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed.
question
82. What are the three types of unconformities?
answer
angular unconformities, disconformities, and nonconformities
question
83. How are fossils useful to geologists?
answer
Fossils are used to determine the relative age of sedimentary rocks; to help correlate rock units in different areas; and to provide information on past environments, climates, and depositional settings.
question
84. What conditions are important in determining whether an organism will be preserved as a fossil?
answer
rapid burial by sediments and the possession of hard parts that are more likely to be preserved
question
85. What are the requirements for a fossil to be considered an index fossil?
answer
The fossil must have been widespread geographically, abundant, and limited to a short span of geologic time.
question
86. Explain how natural selection works as the mechanism of evolution.
answer
Evolution occurs as organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, while organisms that are less well adapted become extinct.
question
87. What are adaptations and how are they involved in evolution?
answer
Adaptations are traits that affect an organisms ability to survive and reproduce. Well adapted organisms survive and pass on their adaptations to later generations, allowing evolution to occur over time.
question
88. What type of radiometric dating would be most useful in dating bones found in an Egyptian tomb?
answer
radiocarbon dating carbon-14 dating
question
89. What is the geologic time scale?
answer
a scale that divides Earth's 4.56-billion-year history into units that represent specific amounts of time, based on geologic events and changes in ancient life forms
question
90. What are the three eras in the Phanerozoic Eon?
answer
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
question
91. What is the major problem in assigning specific dates to rocks or units of the geologic time scale? Essay
answer
The major problem is that not all rocks can be dated radiometrically; most of the rocks that contain fossils that were used to divide the units in the geologic time scale are sedimentary rocks, which usually cannot be dated radiometrically.
Paleontology
Paleontology vocabulary – Flashcards 20 terms

Patrick Marsh
20 terms
Preview
Paleontology vocabulary – Flashcards
question
Absolute dating
answer
Any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years
question
Geologic period
answer
A unit of geological time
question
Fossil
answer
A trace or remains of organisms that lived long ago
question
Geology
answer
The study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth
question
Index fossil
answer
A fossil that is found in rock layers from only one geologic age and is used to establish the age of the rock
question
Mold
answer
A mark or cavity made in sedimentary rock by a shell or other body parts
question
Paleontologist
answer
A person who studies fossils
question
Relative dating
answer
Any method of determining whether an event or object older or younger than another
question
Trace fossil
answer
A fossilized mark that shows activity or movement of an animal
question
Uniformitarianism
answer
A principle that states that the geologic processes that occurred in the past are the same geologic processes that occur today
question
Superposition
answer
The principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks if the layers have not been disturbed
question
Cast
answer
A type of fossil that forms when sediments fill in the cavity left by decomposed organisms
question
Tar pits
answer
A way in which organisms have been fossilized by being trapped in preserved in sticky thick pools
question
Supercontinent
answer
Pangea
question
Petrification
answer
Process in which minerals replaced an organism's tissues
question
Amber
answer
Way in which organisms are fossilized and preserved in sticky tree sap
question
Extinction
answer
The death of every member of a species
question
Cenozoic
answer
The current era "age of mammals"
question
Catastrophic
answer
An event that happens suddenly
question
Original horizontally
answer
Principle that states that sediments will be deposited in horizontal layers
Cross Cutting Relationships
Earth And Space Science
Earth Science
Geologic Time Scale
Paleontology
Earth and Space Chapter 12 – Flashcards 27 terms

Ben Stevenson
27 terms
Preview
Earth and Space Chapter 12 – Flashcards
question
What ideas do geologists use as they study Earth?
answer
the rock record provides evidence of past geological events and life forms, processes in the present acted in the past, Earth is very old and has changed over time
question
In what type of rocks would geologists most likely find evidence of past life forms?
answer
sedimentary rocks
question
The geological processes that shape Earth's features today...
answer
are basically the same as they were in the geologic past
question
The physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past. This statement relates to the principle of...
answer
uniformitarianism
question
According to the principle of cross-cutting relationships, an intrusive rock body is...
answer
younger than the rocks into which it intrudes
question
The dating process that places geologic events in proper sequence is referred to as a...
answer
relative dating
question
In general, the law of superposition states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each layer is...
answer
older than the one above it
question
Which type of geologic event has to occur to create an angular conformity?
answer
folding and tilting of rock layers, followed by renewed deposition
question
An unconformity is a...
answer
gap in the rock record
question
Fossils are the...
answer
remains and traces of prehistoric life
question
In what type of rocks are most fossils found?
answer
sedimentary rocks
question
What environment would NOT contain fossils?
answer
intrusive rock formed from cooled magma
question
What determines the type of fossil that is formed?
answer
the conditions under which the organism died and how it was buried
question
What is important if an organism is to become a fossil?
answer
rapid burial and hard parts
question
Why would a worm stand a poor chance of being fossilized?
answer
worms have no hard parts
question
The task of using fossils to match up rocks of similar ages in different areas is called...
answer
correlation
question
Index fossils allow geologists to...
answer
match up rocks of the same age in different regions
question
The process by which atomic nuclei spontaneously decay is called
answer
radioactivity
question
The time it takes for 50% of the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay to its stable isotope is called...
answer
a half-life
question
According to the theory of evolution, organisms change over time because of a process called...
answer
natural selection
question
Which two substances do geologists use in radiocarbon dating?
answer
carbon-14 and carbon-12
question
Based on interpretations of rock units and changes in fossil life forms, geologists have divided Earth's history into manageable units that are represented by the...
answer
geographical time scale
question
What is the currently accepted age of Earth?
answer
about 4.6 billion years old
question
The largest expanse of time on the geologic time scale is the...
answer
eon
question
What is the division of the geologic time scale in order from longest to shortest?
answer
era, period, epoch
question
About 88 percent of Earth's history is within the expanse of time before the Phanerozoic era called the...
answer
Precambrian
question
Radiometric dating does not usually work with sedimentary rock because they
answer
form from many older rock particles
Biology
Earth And Space Science
Earth Science
Paleontology
LearnSmart Chp. 18 – Flashcards 104 terms

Jill Lopez
104 terms
Preview
LearnSmart Chp. 18 – Flashcards
question
Any remains or traces of past life are called ______.
answer
fossils
question
Which of the following would be least likely to fossilize?
answer
skin
question
In comparison to the Precambrian era, the Paleozoic era:
answer
- was shorter. - included mass extinctions.
question
List the four steps in the possible evolution of life in the correct order.
answer
1. abiotic synthesis 2. development of polymers 3. development of a protocell 4. development of DNA
question
The total disappearance of a species or high taxonomic group is called ______.
answer
extinction
question
The anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a net gain of two ATP and the end product pyruvate is called ______.
answer
glycolysis
question
The science of discovering fossils and studying the fossil record is called ______.
answer
paleontology
question
Which of the following correctly identifies the flow of information that is described by the central dogma of genetics?
answer
From DNA to RNA to protein
question
Which of the following likely developed from prokaryotic cells?
answer
- mitochondria - chloroplasts
question
Large scale, as opposed to small scale, evolutionary change occurring over long periods of time and chronicled in the fossil record is called ______.
answer
macroevolution
question
Arrange the following divisions of the geologic timescale from longest to shortest in length.
answer
1. era 2. period 3. epoch
question
Which of the following are similar when comparing prokaryotes to mitochondria and chloroplasts?
answer
- method of reproduction - presence of DNA - size
question
The small organic molecules in the oceans of early Earth would not have oxidized because there were no ______.
answer
bacteria
question
With regard to nutrition, the very first cells were probably either which of the following choices?
answer
- chemosynthetic - heterotrophic
question
Primates were first adapted to living ______.
answer
in trees
question
Initially on early Earth, ______ was only present in the form of dense, thick clouds.
answer
water
question
The diversification of marsupials that has occurred ______ is likely the result of a lack of competition with placental mammals.
answer
in Australia
question
As oxygen began to accumulate on primitive Earth, the ______ shield developed, which filters out the ultraviolet radiation that may have helped to create the first organic molecules.
answer
ozone
question
What did Stanley Miller use as an energy source in his chemical evolution experiment?
answer
Electricity
question
Which of the following are characteristics of mammals?
answer
- milk production - hair
question
The increase in the complexity of chemicals that occurred prior to the development of life on Earth is called _______ evolution.
answer
chemical
question
According to the RNA-first hypothesis, in the first cell, RNA would have been used to:
answer
- encode genetic information - synthesize proteins - catalyze chemical reactions
question
Evidence that the genetic code is a product of evolution comes from the fact that the genetic code minimizes the effect of ______.
answer
mutation
question
The fact that early plants of the Ordovician period were nonvascular limited their ______.
answer
height
question
Which of the following are hypothesis for the appearance of monomers on primitive Earth?
answer
- Monomers developed from inorganic components in the atmosphere - Monomers developed from inorganic components at hydrothermal vents -Monomers came from outer space
question
When a large number of species or higher taxonomic group disappear during a relatively short time span, a ______ extinction has occurred.
answer
mass
question
A structure formed from proteinoids that has many cellular properties is called a ______.
answer
microsphere
question
The amount of a specific radioactive isotope that remains in a fossil is used for the process of ______ dating.
answer
absolute
question
Which of the following describe the plants that first appeared during the SIlurian period and flourished during the Carboniferous period?
answer
- seedless - vascular
question
The concept that the Earth is covered with moving plates that lie over a hot mantle layer is called ______.
answer
plate tectonics
question
The figure show the Miller Urey experimental design. The reactants are missing. Which of the following was used as a reactant in the experiment simulating chemical evolution?
answer
- hydrogen - ammonia - methane - water vapor
question
It is likely that the first cell structure to have evolved was the ______.
answer
plasma membrane
question
The forerunner of the cell is called a probiont or ______.
answer
protocell
question
A(n) ______ fossil can be used to identify strata at two different location that are approximately the same age.
answer
index
question
Some scientist feel that is is more likely that monomers developed near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor because the iron-nickel sulfides at these location would have been able to catalyze the reaction to change ______ gas into ammonia.
answer
nitrogen
question
According to the protein-first hypothesis, proteins were required in a cell before nucleic acids could develop because nucleic acid formation would require ______.
answer
enzymes
question
Determining the age of a fossil by noting its sequential relationship within strata is called ______ dating.
answer
relative
question
A major adaptation in the evolution of fish that is first observed in fossils of the Silurian period is ______.
answer
jaws
question
The terrestrial invertebrate organisms with exoskeletons and jointed appendages that diversified during the Paleozoic era are called ______
answer
arthropods
question
During the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent an adaptive radiation as they began to fill habitats previously filled by ______.
answer
dinosaurs
question
A specific layer within the sediment is called a ______.
answer
stratum
question
Fossils that are found in all strata of a particular age are called ______ fossils.
answer
index
question
The dominant plants of the Triassic and Jurassic periods were ______.
answer
cycads
question
The region at the forward edge of a continental plate, where the plate is being destroyed is called a
answer
subduction zone
question
Some scientists believe that the first monomers on Earth came from outer space because
answer
comets and meteorites have been shown to contain monomers
question
Which of the following was most likely missing from the atmosphere of primitive Earth?
answer
oxygen gas
question
The fact that fossils of the mammal-like reptile Lystrosaurus are found in both Africa and Antarctica indicates that
answer
Antarctica has changed position over time.
question
The protocell would likely have been able to generate ATP via ______.
answer
glycolysis
question
The production of monomers from inorganic chemicals is called ______ synthesis.
answer
abiotic
question
A structure formed from lipids that is roughly the same size as a cell is called a ______.
answer
liposome
question
The structure most closely related to the success and diversification of insects is the ______.
answer
wing
question
The form of life that was present for approximately 80% of the Earth's history is ______ life.
answer
unicellular
question
A ______ exists where two continental plates scrape against one another.
answer
transform boundary
question
Select all of the following which have been proposed as possible causes of the Devonian extinction.
answer
- a bolide event - continental drift
question
The hypothesis that the first life on Earth originated on another planet is supported by
answer
bacteria-like fossils found in a meteorite
question
Which of the following may have been involved in the synthesis of the first polymers on earth?
answer
- iron-nickel sulfides - solar energy
question
The name of the original supercontinent was _______.
answer
Pangea
question
About 542 million years ago, life became very abundant during ______ explosion.
answer
the Cambrian
question
The theory that some eukaryotic organelles developed from bacterial ancestors is called the ______ theory.
answer
endosymbiotic
question
The process that changed dead plant matter into the coal that we use today began during
answer
the Carboniferous period.
question
The settling of particles and their accumulation into strata over time is called ______.
answer
sedimentation
question
Which of the following are characteristics shared by both microspheres and cells?
answer
- division - electrical potential - lipid-protein membrane
question
Amphibians, like those of the Carboniferous period are not fully adapted to life on land because they must return to the water to ______.
answer
reproduce
question
Which of the following may have led to the development of exoskeletons in animals of the Cambrian era?
answer
- increased oxygen availability - increased danger of predation
question
The idea that continents and oceans have changed position over time is the concept behind
answer
continental drift.
question
Chemoautotrophic organisms obtain energy from ______.
answer
oxidizing inorganic molecules
question
Humans, and other members of the family Hominidae, are called ______.
answer
Hominids
question
As cyanobacteria began producing oxygen on primitive Earth, the abundance of ______ prokaryotes decreased and the abundance of ______ bacteria increased.
answer
anaerobic/aerobic
question
A protective, external structure commonly found in animals of the Cambrian era that allowed their remains to fossilize is called a(n) ______.
answer
exoskeleton
question
A ______ may form when two moving continental plates collide into one another.
answer
mountain range
question
By the middle of the Cenozoic era:
answer
all modern orders of mammals were in existence.
question
Which of the following best describes the composition of early Earth?
answer
consisted of several distinct stratified layers
question
The current estimate for the age of our solar system is ______ years old.
answer
4.6 billion
question
An aggregate of colloidal droplets held together by electrostatic forces that may develop a semipermeable boundary is called a ______ droplet.
answer
coacervate
question
A motile, prokaryote ancestor may have given rise to eukaryotic ______.
answer
cilia and flagella
question
A RNA molecule with enzymatic properties is called a(n) ______.
answer
ribozyme
question
Whereas carbon 14 can be used to determine the age of a fossil, other radioactive isotopes are used to determine the age of a ______ in which a fossil is contained.
answer
stratum
question
The main adaptation that suits reptiles for terrestrial life is the ______.
answer
shelled egg
question
A structure with an outer membrane that would have preceded a true cell is called a ______.
answer
protocell
question
The Pleistocene epoch of the Cenozoic era is know for its multiple
answer
ice ages.
question
The concept that the Earth is covered with moving plate that lie over a hot mantle layer is called ______.
answer
plate tectonics
question
A structure formed from proteinoids that has many cellular properties is called a ______.
answer
microsphere
question
A specific, recognizable layer within the sediment is called a ______.
answer
stratum
question
Under appropriate conditions, a ______ droplet will incorporate substances from its surroundings forming a semipermeable boundary.
answer
coacervate
question
A structural difference between reptiles and mammals that is seen in a transitional form in the fossils of Jeholodens deals with
answer
the positioning of the legs.
question
The ______ is based on the principle that mutations in certain parts of the genome occur at fixed rates and can be used to determine how long two species have been evolving separately
answer
molecular clock
question
The Cairns-Smith hypothesis for the development of polymers emphasizes the importance of ______ as an environment in which polymerization occurred.
answer
clay
question
The rhino-like dinosaurs that roamed in large herds during the cretaceous period where called ______.
answer
triceratops
question
Which era contains the Paleogene and Neogene periods?
answer
Cenozoic
question
The Cairns-Smith hypothesis describes the development of
answer
of RNA and polypeptides together.
question
The Ordovician extinction of organisms on Gondwana was most likely the result of ______.
answer
continental drift
question
Which of the following is ancestral to all mammals?
answer
Therapsid
question
It took approximately ______ billion years after the evolution of the first eukaryotic cell before multicellularity occurred.
answer
2.2
question
The most accepted hypothesis for the cause of the Permian extinction describes an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere that results in
answer
global warming due to too much carbon dioxide.
question
The extinction of several species of large mammal during the Pleistocene epoch may have been the result of
answer
humans hunting.
question
The enzyme found in retroviruses that can make a DNA copy of a RNA molecule is called ______ transcriptase
answer
reverse
question
Stanley Miller's chemical evolution experiment has been criticized because it is unlikely that primitive Earth's atmosphere contained ______.
answer
ammonia
question
The group of dinosaurs that gave rise to birds were called ______.
answer
theropods
question
In addition to the water that was present at the Earth's formation. New water may have been added by way of
answer
comets
question
The large flying dinosaurs of the Jurassic period were called ______.
answer
pterosaurs
question
The Cretaceous, Devonian, and Triassic extinctions may all have been the result of
answer
a bolide event
question
Evidence supporting the idea that a bolide was responsible for the Cretaceous extinction includes the presence of ______ in Cretaceous clay.
answer
iridium
question
If the Earth had developed any closer to the sun than we are, any water initially present would have ______.
answer
evaporated
question
A small polypeptide with catalytic properties that forms microspheres in water is called a(n) ______.
answer
proteinoid
Anatomically Modern Humans
Geology
Paleontology
Periods
PSY101 – Flashcard 145 terms

Chad Lipe
145 terms
Preview
PSY101 – Flashcard
question
What does the term evolution refer to?
answer
Change
question
In Yoking Smoking, which was the least effective way to get a person to quit smoking?
answer
Yoked Control
question
What are three elements of natural selection?
answer
1) variation 2)inheritance 3)selection
question
An evolved, functional characteristic that contributes to reproduction.
answer
Adaption
question
What percentage of organisms that have ever existed on earth, were unsuccessful at reproducing and left no decedents?
answer
99.9%
question
What is the independent variable manipulated by researchers in Being Sick Of The Hospital?
answer
Being home or in the hospital
question
What describes how well a person's physiology deals with environmental insults, such as diseases and sources of deviation from normal development?
answer
Developmental Disability
question
What is Shaping?
answer
Teaching a rat how to do a task
question
In the article, Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad, who were the participants?
answer
Non-smokers and smokers; shoppers in a mall
question
What is positive reinforcement?
answer
Adding something to get a desired behavior
question
What is a pro-social behavior? Give an example of how children learn pro-social behaviors.
answer
Helpful, constructive behavior. Example) Helping others by volunteering
question
What is negative reinforcement?
answer
Removing a stimulus (to take away) to get a desired behavior
question
In Yoking Smoking, B.F. Skinner thought that the frequency of a behavior was maintained _______.
answer
Consequences
question
What did Piaget hope to learn with the standard Piagetian conservation task?
answer
Conservation of number- Stays same shape even if manipulated
question
What are the 9 Learning Styles?
answer
1) Naturalistic 2) Kinesthetic 3) Musical 4) Verbal 5) Logical 6) Intrapersonal 7) Existential 8) Visual 9) Interpersonal
question
What way can you increase a desired behavior?
answer
1) Positive Reinforcement 2) Rewards 3) Motivation
question
Give an example of Operant Conditioning in real life.
answer
A competition, if you do bad you aren't rewarded and if you do good you'll be rewarded with a metal.
question
Give an example of Classical Conditioning in real life.
answer
When lightning occurs and then shortly after there is thunder. An individual's response is startling. Next time this occurs again the individual anticipates it and is not startled. An alarm clock, and you getting up in the morning. You connect the sound with the motion of getting up in the morning.
question
What is a stimulus?
answer
Something that evokes a response
question
What is cognitive learning?
answer
Learning by observation (planned, formal) The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language.
question
In the Behaviorism, Chapter 30, of John B. Watson he rejected the ______.
answer
Mind
question
What is the independent variable in Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad?
answer
Content of the Ad
question
In Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad, what is the advertisement which was short lived and in bad taste?
answer
The Nike Shoes Ad
question
What is Associative Learning?
answer
Behavior learned from events that happened close together
question
In Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad, what is the dependent variable?
answer
The questions they were asked after viewing the advertisement. The response to the ad, are they going to buy the advertised item?
question
In Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad, if a piece of research reports a statistical test in which the outcome is p< .065 the finding ___________.
answer
Is NOT significant
question
What is the definition of Learning?
answer
A relatively permanent behavior change as a result of experience.
question
Why is memory lrecinstuctive?
answer
It is not a faithful record, some parts may be accurate but some filled in or changed by later events.
question
What did Loftus and Palmer do in their classic study which involved people watching a film of a car accident?
answer
Asked about how fast cars were going when they contacted/hit/bumped/collided/smashed speed estimates differed--contacted=32mph, smashed=41 mph
question
What difference was there a week later when asked "Did you see any broken glass?"
answer
The smashed group remembered the glass (which was to them, really there)
question
What was the independent variable in the Loftus and Palmer study?
answer
Different description--contacted/hit/bumped/collided/smashed each other
question
What was the dependent measure in the Loftus and Palmer study?
answer
The speed estimates of cars given by participants
question
What was found in the Loftus and Palmer study?
answer
Contacted=32mph Smashed=41mph
question
What does this mean, what conclusion can we draw from this?
answer
Memory is altered by information given after the event, in this case, in the form of a question
question
Younger children are particularly likely to have false memories owing to source misattribution--what is that?
answer
Not remember sources of memories if told something repeatedly, may remember seeing it, for example
question
What is a social factor?
answer
Bribes, threats, feeling pressured to please certain adults
question
Describe the actual visit of Sam Stone to the classroom, in the study Kids Say the Darndest Things
answer
The visit was the same for each class, he entered during story telling and said "hello" to the adult in charge, he was introduced to kids, he commented "I know the story it is one of my favorites". he walked around the perimeter of the room and then left after waving to the children--the visit lasted about 2 minutes
question
Each age group of kids was put into one of four groups--how was it decided which kid in which group?
answer
Whole classrooms randomly assigned to conditions--to keep kids from sharing experiences
question
What was the manipulation for the stereotype group?
answer
Once a week for a month told three different stories suggesting that Sam was a nice person, but accident-prone: borrowed Barbie and broke it, lost a pen and replaced it, spilled soda but cleaned it up after Sam's visit--had four weeks of meetings with suggestion-free questions
question
What was the manipulation for the suggestion group?
answer
No attempt made to create stereotype of Sam following the visit, ask questions with two false presuppositions
question
What was one of the other two groups in the study?
answer
stereotype + suggestion--got both, control--got neither--asked neutral questions after visit
question
After all this had happened, children were exposed to a final interview conducted by a person not previously present. What went on in this interview?
answer
Free narrative--asked to describe Sam's visit, asked if they had 'heard something' about a book or bear, if kids indicate some false memory, they were tested for strength of belief--"you didn't really see him do this, did you?"
question
Did any kids make false allegations during their free narratives?
answer
Yes, suggestion and stereotype + suggestion
question
Did many of the control groups, in Kids Say the darndest things, have false memories of the visit?
answer
No
question
In the Sam Stone Study, in the Kids Say the Darndest Things, what was the independent variable?
answer
Stereotype, Suggestions, both, or neither
question
In the Sam Stone Study, in the Kids Say the Darndest Things, what was the dependent variable?
answer
False statements under various conditions of prompting
question
What was found at the end of the Sam Stone Study?
answer
Many kids believed Sam ripped the book, fewer believed dirty bear story Many believed 3 year old, more details in 3 year olds' story, least confident in 4 year olds' story--the truth
question
What can we conclude about adults from the Kids Say the Darndest things study?
answer
Interested and motivated adults can not detect accurate stories
question
What is applied psychology?
answer
An attempt to find answers to practical concerns, includes consumer psychology, evaluation research, and other applications
question
What is behaviorism?
answer
In Watson's terms, view that proper subject for psychologists was behavior, not mind
question
What is consumer psychology?
answer
Large field including all aspects of consumer behavior, such as effects of brand names, preferences for times of shopping, convenience of store locations, and responses to advertising
question
What is an example of a fear appeal in advertising?
answer
Reebok commercial where bungee jumpers fall out of Nike shoes hygiene products, pest control, pills to keep the elderly alive
question
Was bungee ad in violation of proper ethics?
answer
Article does not take a stand, but it may be, at least, in bad taste
question
Who were the participants in the study, Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad?
answer
305 women shopping in a mall in Southeastern U.S. Mean age= 28 60% single, 34% married Median income= 30-40K Mean= 14 years of education Mostly white
question
How were thee participants chosen for the study: Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad?
answer
"randomly"
question
What kind of research design was this study? Why?
answer
Experiment
question
What was the independent variable for the study: Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad
answer
Strong or mild version of the ad Mild--testimony from police about stun gun strong--testimony as above + voice-over of chilling 911 call
question
What is a stun-gun?
answer
A device with prongs to give high voltage shock to attacker
question
How were the ads presented in the study: Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad?
answer
Participants sit in a little booth, watch and listen, see strong or mild version of ad, sign consent forms
question
What was one of the dependent variables in the study: Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad?
answer
Questionnaires Ethicality of ad--Reidenbach and Robin Scale + single question other attitudes aout ad--good, distinctive, appropriate, etc. attitudes toward product Intention to buy "I plan to purchase"--six point scale
question
What was the manipulation check in the study: Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad?
answer
Participants asked if ad featured violent crime participants asked if ad made them tense
question
Why bother to do manipulation check in the study: Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Ad?
answer
To see if participants are paying attention
question
Why is it desirable that groups be equivalent in as many ways as possible?
answer
Differences more likely to be result of IV All participants reported similar confidence in ablility to use stun-gun
question
Do you think that fear advertising is ethical?
answer
Article implies that it may not be when it preys on elderly and the poor
question
What is the name for the consequences which increase the frequency of behavior?
answer
Reinforcements
question
What is the name for the consequences which decrease the frequency of behavior?
answer
Punishments
question
What is an example of a positive reinforcement, from the book or otherwise from the study: Yoking Smoking?
answer
Money
question
What is an example of a negative reinforcement, from the book or otherwise from the study: Yoking Smoking?
answer
The mute button to turn off annoying commercial noise
question
What is partial reinforcement?
answer
Reinforce less than 100% of responses
question
What is the difference between an interval schedule and a ratio schedule?
answer
Interval= reinforcement after time period Ratio= reinforcement after certain number of responses
question
What is the difference between a fixed ratio and a variable ratio?
answer
Fixed= same number of reinforcements each time Variable= same average number of reinforcements over a long session
question
What assessment was done to see if they were smoking during the study: Yoking Smoking?
answer
CO in exhaled air assessed Needed 11 ppm or less to be considered abstinent
question
How often were participants assessed in the study: Yoking Smoking?
answer
Three times a day for five days
question
Who were the participants in the study reported in this article?
answer
Smokers who did not want to quit 30 years old Smoked for the 13 years on average
question
Why would anyone who did not want to quit smoking want to be in this study?
answer
For the money
question
Progressive Reinforcement Schedule
answer
$3, then 50 cents more each abstinent visit, $10 bonus for every 4 abstinent visits, if not abstinent, rest to $3, 3 abstinent visits, back to pre-reset level
question
Fixed reinforcement schedule
answer
$9.80 each abstinent visit Equaled same amount of money, max, in progressive
question
Controlled Reinforcement Schedule
answer
Yoked to first 10 participants in progressive paid whether abstinent or not
question
Reinforcement Schedules
answer
Told to try to achieve less than 11 ppm, but paid anyway all got additional $50 bonus if finished the study
question
What has been Pigaget's lasting contribution to psychology in the Now You See It, Now You Don't?
answer
Children think differently than adults
question
Who were Pigaget's participants in the Now You See It, Now You Dont?
answer
His Kids
question
What is the standard Piagentian conservation task?
answer
Two balls of clay,appear to be the same--ask child, roll one into pizza--ask same question, child under about 5 years, thinks one has more clay
question
What are the problems in the study of Now you See it, Now You Dont?
answer
Asking question twice cues to kids to change answer, fewer mistakes if only ask question once, after child has watched shape being changed sometimes college students respond non-conservatively Stage theory suggests one-way progress--this is not what has been found
question
What is object permanence?
answer
Objects continue to exist though out of sight
question
How did Piaget test object permanence in Now You See It, Now You Don't?
answer
Take attractive toy away from a kid and hide it while being watched, watch to see if the child tries to find it
question
What was the matter with Piaget's methods in the study Now You See it, Now You Don't?
answer
Own kids, anecdotal, confounds cognitive process and motor acts of searching
question
Why would you believe an infant had object permanence if it watched a car roll down a ramp, behind a screen and then continues to turn it's eyes, even though the car has not reappeared?
answer
Showing that it expected the car to reappear--so must know that it continues to exist
question
Is the situation, in Now You See It Now You Don't, called the impossible event or the positive event? Why?
answer
Impossible--seems impossible if one has object permanence
question
What is habituation?
answer
Exposure to same stimulus over and over change stimulus see change in behavior
question
What is representation?
answer
To represent an object in one's mind
question
What aspect of representation in young children is Renee Baillargeon interested in?
answer
The earliest age infants can represent objects and events
question
How was the behavior of the babies recorded?
answer
Babies sat on parent's lap, Parent kept eyes closed, watched by two observers from behind apparatus, blind to the manipulation--did not see the stage of the apparatus kept track of how long infants gazed at apparatus, agreement 93% or more
question
What were the familiarization trials designed to do?
answer
Habituate the infants to the apparatus and objects on the apparatus
question
What is an example of variability in a characteristic?
answer
Differences in eye color, hair color, height, protein metabolism, ect.
question
What is the mechanism of inheritance?
answer
Genes (DNA)
question
What is adaption?
answer
An evolved, functional characteristic that contributes to reproduction An evolutionary explanation of the origins of what is observed
question
What do evolutionary psychologists study?
answer
Psychological adaptations, how natural selection contributed to the form and function of how the mind works
question
What is bilateral symmetry in humans?
answer
How similar the right side of a person is to their left side
question
What is another name for the degree of bilateral symmetry?
answer
Fluctuating asymmetry
question
Would a person high in lilateral symmetry be high or low in FA?
answer
Low
question
What is developmental stability?
answer
How well a person's physiology deals with environment insults, such as diseases and sources of deviation from normal development
question
Would a person high in bilateral symmetry be high or low in FA?
answer
Low
question
Would a person high in developmental stability be high or low in FA?
answer
Low
question
Are people high in FA more or less likely to be healthy?
answer
Less, because people with low symmetry are more likely to be susceptible to diseases
question
Why did Thornhill, Gangestand, and Yeo in the study The Nose Knows, hypothesize that men low in FA would report having more sex partners?
answer
Because women find men low in FA to be more attractive than men high in FA
question
For women, is sex relatively cheap or expensive?
answer
Expensive
question
For men, is sex relatively cheap or expensive?
answer
Cheap
question
In the study, The Nose Knows, what did Thornhill and Gangestad hypothesize about patterns in how symmetry should smell?
answer
Women should prefer the scent of more symmetrical men (lower FA) This preference should occur only when women are ovulating and the days preceding ovulation
question
What kind of research study did Thronhill and Gangestad conduct?
answer
Part Quasi experiment, Part Correlation study
question
How was symmetry measured?
answer
Measuring a number of characteristics on both the right and left sides of the participants' bodies with a digital camera Each characteristic was measured twice
question
In the study the Nose Knows, what characteristics were measured?
answer
Ear length and width; elbow, wrist, and ankle width; foot breath, and the lengths of all fingers with the exception of the thumb
question
Who were the participants that smelled the shirts?
answer
The same participants who wore the shirts
question
Participants rated shirts on three different dimensions. What was one of them?
answer
1) Pleasantness 2) Sexiness 3) Intensity
question
How was the facial attractiveness of the participants determined?
answer
The pictures taken of the participants at the beginning of the study
question
When does women's sexual desire peak?
answer
The fertile phase of their menstrual cycle
question
Taken together, what do Thornhill and Gangestad think these findings suggest?
answer
Women may have adaptations to seek good genes when they are most likely to conceive
question
What is a paradigm? Give an example
answer
A model, example, way of thinking Pavlovian paradigm ( learned helplessness paradigm, evolutionary paradigm, ect.)
question
What is a reflex?
answer
Automatic response to stimulus--no conscious planning
question
Give an example of a reflex?
answer
Salivate to food in mouth, pull finger away after touching something red hot knee jerk, eye blink in response to air puff, gag in response to finger down throat
question
Pavlou noticed that dogs salivated reflexively when food was put in their mouths. Over time he noticed something else about the timing of salivation--what?
answer
Dogs salivated at the sound of keeper coming, sight of food dish, etc.
question
What does the word conditioned mean in the Pavlovian paradigm?
answer
Learned
question
What does the word unconditioned mean in the Pavlovian paradigm?
answer
Unlearned
question
In the example of Pavlov's salivating dogs, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
answer
Food
question
What is the unconditioned response in the study of Being Sick of the hospital?
answer
Salvation
question
What is the conditioned stimulus in the study of Being Sick of the hospital?
answer
Footsteps, metronome, bell
question
What is the conditioned response in the study of Being Sick of the hospital?
answer
Salvation
question
The UCR and the CR, salvation, appear to be the same behavior. What is the difference between the two?
answer
One learned (CR), one unlearned (UCR) UCR is a response to food in the mouth CR appears the same, but is in response to an environmental stimulus, the footsteps
question
What is one of the two well-known side effects of chemotherapy?
answer
Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting (ANV) and Anticipatory Immune Suppression (AIS)
question
Do a Pavlovian analysis of ANV: What is the unconditioned stimulus?
answer
Chemotherapy
question
What is the unconditioned response in the study of Being Sick of the hospital?
answer
Nausea and/or vomiting
question
What is the conditioned stimulus in the study of Being Sick of the hospital?
answer
Nurses voices, sight of hospital, etc.
question
What is the conditioned response in the study of Being Sick of the hospital?
answer
Nausea and/or vomiting
question
Who were the participants in Bovbjerg's study in the study of Being Sick of the hospital?
answer
20 women receiving treatment for ovarian cancer, no previous chemotherapy for other illness, already received at least three chemotherapy treatments live within two hours of the hospital
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, a home visit was made three days before chemotherapy treatments--what took place in this visit?
answer
Nausea rated on visual analog scale, anxiety rated on VAS, anxiety rated on Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory blood was drawn--article only implies this--mea culpa
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, what happened when participants arrived at the hospital before chemotherapy was given?
answer
Anxiety measures re-taken, recollections of nausea, previous evening, that morning, and before chemotherapy blood samples drawn
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, why were blood samples drawn?
answer
Test for immune system functioning
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, what was the evidence to suggest that these women had classically conditioned ANV?
answer
Nausea and both measures of anxiety were higher when the conditioned stimuli--the hospital and its procedures were present
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, did all the women have conditioned AIS?
answer
Most did, five did not
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, these five who showed no immune suppression, were not significantly different from the others in anxiety. What does this tell us?
answer
Immune suppression mechanism is not the cause of lowering anxiety might not have an effect on immune suppression these two seem to be independent symptoms
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, was nausea linked to immune suppression?
answer
Yes, women with AIS also reported higher levels of nausea
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, why might AIS be so dangerous?
answer
Immuno-compromised people might be subject to other diseases because of poor immune function
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, what effect do stronger chemotherapy treatments have on the risk of experiencing ANV?
answer
It increases
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, can re-exposure to the CS that was paired with chemotherapy lead to anticipatory nausea even outside a medical setting?
answer
Yes
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, on a day when chemotherapy was not scheduled?
answer
Yes
question
In the study of Being Sick of the hospital, does classical conditioning impact the severity of the side effects that occur after chemotherapy?
answer
Yes, classical conditioning may contribute to post chemotherapy nausea and vomiting, and post chemotherapy fatigue
Environmental Science
Paleontology
Physical Science
Bullis Science- Fossils and Paleontology – Flashcards 20 terms

Elizabeth Hill
20 terms
Preview
Bullis Science- Fossils and Paleontology – Flashcards
question
Catastrophism
answer
Principle that states that geologic change is caused by very sudden and rare events.
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Uniformitarianism
answer
Principle that states that geologic change is slow and constant. Processes that occured in the past are still happening today.
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K-T Mass Extinction
answer
An example of catastrophism that resulted from an asteroid hitting the earth 65 mya.
question
Paleontology
answer
The study of Earth's past through fossils.
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Principle of Superposition
answer
The geologic principle that states that in layers of sedimentary rock, each layer is older than the layers above it and younger than the layer below it.
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Relative Age
answer
The age of a rock compared to the ages of rock layers
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Absolute Age
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The age of a rock given as the number of years since the rock formed
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Half-Life
answer
The time it takes for half of the atoms of a radioactive element to decay.
question
Rock A is older than Rock B but younger than Rock C. Is this an example of absolute age or relative age?
answer
Relative Age
question
You find a rock that is 4380 years old. Is this an example of absolute age or relative age?
answer
Absolute Age
question
Fossil
answer
The preserved remains or traces of once living things
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Trace Fossil
answer
A type of fossil that provides evidence of the activities of ancient organisms
question
Mold
answer
An impression left by the organism.
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Cast
answer
A fossil that is a solid copy of an organism's shape, formed when minerals seep into a mold.
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Petrified Fossil
answer
A fossil in which minerals replace all or part of an organism.
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Amber
answer
Fossil that forms when tree sap traps small organisms and then hardens. Preserves entire organism.
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Ice
answer
Fossil that forms when organism is frozen. Can preserve soft tissue (hair, skin, etc).
question
Asphalt
answer
Fossil that forms when organism falls into tar pits and the tar turns to asphalt. Good example=La Brea Tar Pits in L.A.
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Index Fossil
answer
Fossils of widely distributed organisms that lived during only one short period.
question
Importance of studying fossils
answer
1. To see how LIFE on earth has changed. 2. To see how the ENVIRONMENT has changed.
Paleontology
ANTH222 FINAL – Flashcards 130 terms

Daniel Jimmerson
130 terms
Preview
ANTH222 FINAL – Flashcards
question
Fossil
answer
preserved remains or traces of animals, plants and other organisms from the remote past
question
Fossil Formation
answer
1.Death in good location to preserve 2. Soft Tissue decay, leave hard material 3. Sediments deposited 4. minerals in h20 replace ca & p 5. deposit weight forces out h20 and air, rock hardens 6. uplift and erosion expose
question
Fossil variation
answer
Different ages/maturity Sexual dimorphism Time and temporal variation Adpatation to geographic location Normal range of variation within population Abnormal variation within population Geologic process deformation
question
What are the limitations of the fossil record?
answer
1. Representation of species 2. Conditions for preservation 3. Location 4. Time sequences available
question
Cultural Dating
answer
relative age based on technology
question
Dendochronological Dating
answer
Absolute age Tree rings climate, fire,
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Genetic Dating
answer
absolute age Molecular clock- dna mutation rate determine splits between different primates
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Chemical Dating
answer
relative age soil reflect local geology
question
Factors to look at when reconstructing ancient environment
answer
Trying to put species into context why they might have particular adaptation Important to understand adaption and evolution Skeletal form--? habitat--? longer arms better in forested habitat vs open grassland area Climate- clothing
question
Features of Early Hominins
answer
Bipedalism- foramen magnum, pelvis shortened front ot back, long legs, double arched foot, non-opposable big toe (hallux) Non Honing Chewing- apes large projecting canines act like knives, large masticular muscle pulls sideways, thinner tooth enamel-hominids-blunted small teeth, masticular muscle pulls vertical crush, thicker tooth enamel
question
Darwins hunting hypothesis
answer
Bipedalism freed hands for carrying weapons. Humans needed higher intelligence to make tools. Once tools acquired, there was no need for large, projecting canines for hunting or defense
question
patchy forest/savannah hypothesis
answer
Forests got patchy with drying and cooling in E. Africa. Food became more dispersed. Bipedalism allowed for easier travel between forest patches and to carry food.
question
provisioning hypothesis
answer
Monogamous fathers increase reproductive success by providing food and predator protection to mothers and offspring
question
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bipedalism
answer
ADVANTAGES • Increased ability to see • long-distances and over grass • Greater ease to transport • food and offspring • Ability to run long distance • Frees handsfuture tool • making and use • Energy savings DISADVANTAGES More exposure to predators (they see you when you see them) Standing and walking while carrying can lead to back injury, arthritis, and slipped disks over long term Hard on circulatory system to pump to brain and legs (varicose veins) http://youtu.be/826HMLoiE_o • If foot is injured, cannot travel Pre-Australopithecines Woodlands & Forests
question
Morphological changes from Pre-Australopithecines to Australopithecines
answer
Brain- slight increase in size Teeth- Modified Honing to non honing bones- vestigal arboreal traits lost face-no change
question
Morphological changes between Australopithecines to Homo
answer
Brain- big increase in size Teeth- size reduction bones- none face- size reduction
question
What are the 6 steps to becoming human?
answer
Bipedalism Lose large, projecting canines Material Culture- including tools Hyoid Bone evolution allows speech Cooperative hunting with tools. long distances Domestication
question
Describe the Obstetrical Dilemma and adaptations
answer
Problem: bipedalism requires narrow bony, birth canal but increased intelligence requires bigger skull Adapations: Shortened gestation • Relaxin hormone • Rotation in birth canal • Broadened pelvis • Unfused skull in newborn • Birth assistance (social) • Sexual differences in pelvis
question
Identify obligate features of the Homo genus.
answer
more efficient bipedalism, bigger brain, communication...
question
What are the evolutionary changes associated with bipedalism and big brains in the Homo genus?
answer
...
question
Describe and compare: Homo habilis Homo erectus
answer
Homo Habilis- Gait similar to Australopithecines •Smaller jaw & teeth •Rounded skull •Bigger brain (up to 650 cc) •Better precision grip •TOOLS! Homo Erectus- New, improved features Teeth, jaws, face smaller Heavy browridge Thicker cranial bone 30% increase in brain Longer leg/shorter arm ratio Increased height A New Species: Homo erectus 1.8 - 0.3 mya The Original Paleolithic Diet Change
question
pop quiz #6
answer
Steno's Law of Superposition establishes the following about geological layers, fossil remains, and artifact deposits A. More recent layers and items will be below less recent ones B. More recent layers and items will be above less recent ones C. The most important remains will be below the less important parts of an assemblage D. No data can be derived from an artifact's or fossil's position in the ground E. The geological layers of rock are not important for determining the relative age of the rock
question
Neanderthals
answer
Lived in glacial conditions Hunting and Foraging- need for lots of calories mousterian tools highly specialized and engineering hyoid similar to modern human kin structure bands, patrilocal mating behavior, long inter-birth intervals cognitive- formal burials Symbolic culture- body decoration, jewelry, music care and compassion for injured/elderly intentional burial- flower pollen/body placement tooth wear indicates part of tool kit Europe= cut amrks suggest cannibalism
question
Denisovans
answer
known only from genetics- tooth/finger bone Wide-ranging in Asia & Australasia 2010
question
How much do Neandertals and Denisovans contribute to modern H. sapiens genetics?
answer
Neandertals: non africans carry 1-3% HLA-A genes (immune system) Denisovans: Melanesians carry 4-6% (Fiji, PNG, Philippines, Aborigines)
question
What is the importance of H. floresiensis in hominin evolution?
answer
Flores, Indonesia 2003 3 1⁄2 ft. tall Brain: 417 cc 95,000 - 17,000 ybp Stone tools, possibly fire • Pygmy elephant preferred food Island Dwarfism- genetic drift combined with long term isolation on small island with limited food resources and no predators
question
Archaic Homo sapiens (early & late)
answer
Africa trends - Brain size increase Tooth size decrease Skeletal robusticity decrease Western Asia & Europe trends- Reflects cooler temperatures First Neanderthals
question
Modern Homo sapiens
answer
Body Complex Tools Specialized hunting Trade Death rituals Communication Symbolic Culture
question
Out of Africa II
answer
Modern biology, behavior, & culture originated in Africa Spread out to Asia & Europe (125,000-50,000 ybp) Why leave? climate shifts made it drier followed food - herds, coast NO GENE FLOW!!
question
Multiregional Community
answer
Modern humans evolved from earlier archaic forms in Africa, Asia, Europe Gene flow between bordering populations Problem: Modern humans & Neanderthals co-existed 10,000 yrs in Europe!!!
question
Assimilation
answer
Borrows from both hypotheses Gene flow with Neanderthals AFTER leaving Africa 2-4% human genome also Denisovans!
question
Describe Early Human Migration How does genetic/biological variation factor in?
answer
out of Africa into the middle east then Asia... and then Europe after Asia then the Americas last through the land bridge connecting alaska to russia and genetic and biological variation factors in based on what traits were regionally favored
question
Agriculture Pros
answer
Development of sedentary societies Increased carrying capacity of the land Create civilization Changes in social structure Craft specialization/Trade
question
Agriculture Cons
answer
Harder Requires more labor Requires more resources Environmentally not sustainable Diseases
question
Neolithic Revolution
answer
settling down manipulation of land and crops control of water introduction of fertilizers
question
Industrial Agricultural Movement
answer
1650-1850's
question
Green Revolution
answer
1940-1960's Changes in technology, research Increased agriculture worldwide Expansion of irrigation Distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides
question
Food Movement
answer
Community Supported Agriculture Farmers' Market Artisanal 100 mile diet Organic Certified organic Hormone free Antibiotic free Free range Grass fed
question
Process of Domestication
answer
plants- wild, weedy, cultivated, domesticated [dependent on human intervention] artificial selection- selection by humans, desirable traits, eligible domesticates- plants and animals with certain features that made them easy to domesticate - long term storage, seeds that can lie dormant and easily gathered, animals would reproduce and grow quickly, people- friendly, sociable with other animals, docile, taste and smell good, animals for transport,draft,food,wool, hides dung
question
What makes a civilization?
answer
Urbanization Organized settlement/ route-ways Controlled population/ Stratification (status) Coordinated 'ritual' or 'religion' (social control) Communication/Literacy -----> Absorption of/ Movement of Influence (Trade) Secure, organized, intensive and/or extensive food production Craft Specialization/ Role division
question
Horticulture vs Agriculture
answer
...
question
Foraging
answer
typically nomadic hunter/gatherer used skins/bones of animals Range population density sustainability --> ! Kung- more diverse in range than farming
question
Pastoralism
answer
Herders Domesticated animals symbiotic relationship nomadic or transhumance range population density sustainability
question
horticulture
answer
now industrialized fallowing simple tools slash and burn may grow variety of crops range population density sustainability
question
agriculture
answer
use of land domestication industrialization what is grown/raised major demographic/social/political/environmental consequences range population density sustainability
question
transhumance
answer
only part of the group moves with the herd, crops/trade, range, population density, sustainability
question
Population
answer
Group of interbreeding individuals that interact with each other and the environment, reproduce, and then die
question
Malthus
answer
Increased food demand leads to decreased food production, as people work more marginal land intensively for less yield DEATH Environemntally deterministic
question
Boserup
answer
Increased demand for food sparks innovation RESULT: SUSTAINABLE POPULATION GROWTH
question
Complexity
answer
Populations in SES Characterized By: 1. Complexity 2. Interconnectivity 3. Adaptive Capacity 4. Non-Deterministic
question
population regulating factors
answer
1. Density Independent: kill population members regardless of pop. density or competition EXvolcanic eruptions, tsunamis, climate events, etc. • Impoverished more vulnerable, lack resource access 2. Density Dependent: mortality rate of population proportional to population size EXcompetition for resources, war, disease
question
age structure graphs
answer
...
question
Nutrition basics micro macro water
answer
MACRONUTRIENTS • Proteins - material for building and repairing body • Carbohydrates - energy to fuel body • Fats - stored energy, insulation, nervous system function, move micronutrients MICRONUTRIENTS • Vitamins - can only make D • Minerals WATER • Clean, potable water preferred • Can get from some foods
question
pop quiz question
answer
...
question
breastfeeding
answer
1. Easy-to-digest nourishment for infants 2. Provides antibodies • Colostrum 3. Sanitary 4. Breastfed children tend to be leaner 5. May protect women from certain types of cancer 6. Natural form of birth control 7. Bonding between mother and child Variation: Lack of breastfeeding correlated to increased malnutrition and death rates Individuals differ: • Low lactation response or inability to breastfeed • Cleft palate can make hard to suckle for baby • Workissues Populations differ: • Cultural values of breast milk healthiness • Devaluation of female activity and body • Ownership of female body • Corporateadvertising • Workissues
question
co-sleeping
answer
Infant or child sleeps in close proximity to adult - parent or other relative - same room or bed Easier for breastfeeding • Thermoregulation by adult for child • Prevents or reduces risk of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) • Adult acts as developmental bridge
question
birthspacing
answer
breastfeeding suppresses hormones so it naturally spaces out offspring and gives mother recovery time
question
urbanization
answer
...
question
megacity
answer
...
question
urban footprint
answer
...
question
urban translation
answer
...
question
impact of urban residencies on non-human animals
answer
...
question
how dynamic has changed between non-humans and humans since move to urban living patterns
answer
...
question
advantages of urban living
answer
...
question
disadvantages of urban living
answer
...
question
exposure
answer
...
question
pathogen
answer
...
question
sedentism
answer
Density of people and animals increases transmission of communicable/infectious disease NOT diet related, due to SETTLING, but bad diet helped
question
porotic hyperostosis
answer
...
question
enamel hypoplasia
answer
...
question
communicable disease
answer
...
question
industrialized agriculture
answer
...
question
social stratification
answer
...
question
dental caries
answer
...
question
anemai
answer
...
question
stunting
answer
...
question
osteoarthritis
answer
...
question
wolff's law
answer
Bone tissue responds to mechanical demand Work demands influence robusticity
question
pelegra
answer
...
question
beri beri
answer
...
question
malocclusion
answer
...
question
intensification
answer
...
question
dental crowding
answer
...
question
costs/benefits of agricultural revolution on individual? on population?
answer
Agricultural Benefits (Population level) Food availability - bigger populations, surplus, storage Çatalhöyük Rise of cities & civilizations Jericho (Israel) - 11000 ybp Çatalhöyük (Turkey) - 7500-5700 ybp Technology explosion could accumulate big items Written language for record-keeping Social stratification Political centralization & standing armies Costs grow more food hav emore babies increased deands on environment pollution biodiversity lost- overhunting/environment degradation conflict over land,food/water social stratification INDIVIDUAL LEVEL • Benefits • Smaller jaws- related to softer cooked foods • Decreased arthritis • Increased population density & size • Ability to create permanent structures • Settle in one place • Trade • More consistent access to food sources • Costs • Cavities & malocclusion • Decreased strength • Increased disease loads • Exposure to environmental toxins • Environmental degradation • Increased interpersonal conflict • Less variability of food sources • Increased risk of famine
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4 ways agriculture intensified soceity
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5 curses of agriculture on humanity
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bioarchaeological bone evidnece
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acute
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agents
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antibodies
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antigens
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chronic
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disease ecology
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focus on proximal environment/causes to understand health & spread of illness
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emerging disease
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endemic
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epidemic
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epidemiological polarization
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epidemiological transition
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A transition from infectious diseases to chronic, degenerative, or man-made disease as the primary causes of mortality why Improved sanitation - washing hands, better sewer systems, trash collected and shipped, food storage Sanitation Movement in mid-1800s for workers Germ Theory of Disease (Pasteur 1860s) 1847 - doctors begin washing hands before baby delivery
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epidemiology
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...
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germ theory of disease
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hygiene hypohtesis
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Train our immune systems through exposure in childhood Oversanitation and cleanliness prime immune system to overreact
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immunity
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3 Forms of Immunity Adaptive (vaccination, exposure) Passive (breast milk) Innate (genetic) Gut Microbiome likely also provides immunity & other services EXobesity, mental health, malnutrition, antibiotics
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infectious disease
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microbiome
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mornbidity
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mortality
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pandemic
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political economy
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focus on political/economic context (ultimate causes) to understand health & spread of illness structural violence Vulnerability influenced by location & identity!
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reservoir host
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spilover
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structural violence
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social justice
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vectors
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zoonosis
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cline
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Selective pressures vary place to place EX skin pigmentation body shape head shape (Betti et al 2010; Smith 2011) diseases/immunity
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adaptive landscape
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Ancestral adaptive landscape influences modern form EXsolar radiation, climate
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race
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Race is not biological • More variation within, than between Use easily seen features • Real differences not always visible
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racialization
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structural violence
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Structural Violence &... • Economics • Education • Health • Justice
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sex
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Sex - legal, anatomical, and/or biological distinction of male or female (XX, XY)
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intersex
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term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy or physiology that does not fit typical defini
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gender
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Gender - human social, cultural, and psychological qualities that indicate masculinity, femininity, or lack thereof
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cisgender
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gender identity and/or expression fits cultural expectations based on the sex assigned at birth
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transgender
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gender identity and/or expression is different from cultural expectations based on the sex assigned at birth, umbrella term
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fa'afafine
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Traditionally boys raised as girls - choice at 18 - fewer now due to missionization Performed female work & culture roles in family - act as go-betweens Third Gender - self-defined Many work entertainment, politics, teaching, caregiving
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sworn virgins
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merged in Albania/Bosnia in 1400s - lack of male heirs due to death & warfare - take vow of chastity Women take on masculine roles - head of family - carry weapons - own property - conduct business - move freely
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hijira
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See self as female or 3rd gender - take on female identity, roles, dress - some are intersex - most transgendered - some undergo castration Stigmatized by Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 under British Colonial Rule Ceremonial performances Religious blessings (esp. newborns) Begging Sex workers
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two spirits
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Native Americans - took on gender status different from men or women (activities) - held in respect prior to European colonization and missionization - 130 tribes Straddled 2 worlds - shamans & healers - religious leaders - matchmakers - specialized craftspeople Multiple sexualities
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race as a social construction and its impacts
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cholera
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1854 London Cholera epidemic Snow didn't believe Miasma Theory • Used interviews, observations, mapping • Found food and water contamination • Removed handle at Broad St. pump • Epidemic resolved Provided evidence for Pasteur
Age Of The Earth
Fundamentals Of Geology
Geology
Paleontology
Korean words Test Answers – Flashcards 2 terms

Alexander Rose
2 terms
Preview
Korean words Test Answers – Flashcards
question
You should be able to number the events in the accompanying figure in the proper order of occurrence. If the first (oldest) event is number 1, and the last (most recent) is number 8, which occurred fifth in the sequence? https://d1lexza0zk46za.cloudfront.net/coursepacks/geo/essgeo5/imgs/rq10.1.jpg
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Intrusion (batholith G)
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You should be able to number the events in the accompanying figure in the proper order of occurrence. If the first (oldest) event is number 1, and the last (most recent) is number 8, which occurred fifth in the sequence? https://d1lexza0zk46za.cloudfront.net/coursepacks/geo/essgeo5/imgs/rq10.1.jpg
answer
Intrusion (batholith G)
200 000 Years Ago
Allele Frequencies In A Population
Biology
Descent With Modification
Evolutionary Biology
Increase The Frequency
Paleontology
Use And Disuse
Evolutionary Patterns Chapter 23 – Flashcards 86 terms

Darryl Wooten
86 terms
Preview
Evolutionary Patterns Chapter 23 – Flashcards
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Carolus Linnaeus
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classify biological diversity. A century later, Charles Darwin recognized this pattern as the expected outcome of a process of "descent with modification," or evolution
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phylogeny
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Just as a tree sprouts new branches on old ones and adds rings to a thickening trunk, the pattern of nested similarities among species strongly indicates a process of descent with modification and the accumulation of change. This history of descent with branching is called "and is much like the genealogy that records our own family histories."
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Evolution produces two distinct but related patterns, both evident in nature
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First is the nested pattern of similarities found among species on present-day Earth. The second is the historical pattern of evolution recorded by fossils.
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node
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the point where a branch splits called this. it represents the common ancestors from which the descendant species diverged ( separate from another route)
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taxonomy
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is to recognize and name groups of individuals as species, and, subsequently, to group closely related species into the more inclusive taxonomic group of the genus, and so on up through the taxonomic ranks—species, genus, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain. It also provides us with a hierarchical classification of species in more and more inclusive groups, giving us a convenient way to communicate information about the features each group possesses. So, if we want to tell someone about a small animal we have seen with fur, mammary glands, and extended finger bones that permit it to fly, we can give them this long description, or we can just say we saw a bat
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Phylogenetics
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the study of evolutionary and genetic relationships among organisms. The other is taxonomy, the classification of organisms.ims to discover the pattern of evolutionary relatedness among groups of species or other groups by comparing their anatomical or molecular features, and to depict these relationships as a phylogenetic tree.
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phylogenetic tree
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is a hypothesis about the evolutionary history, or phylogeny, of the species. explore the relatedness of particular groups of individuals, populations, or species.provides information about evolutionary relationships among vertebrates are built from careful analyses of the morphological and molecular attributes of the species or other groups under study.
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sister group
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Two species, or groups of species, are considered to be closest relatives if they share a common ancestor not shared by any other species or group.Groups that are more closely related to each other than either of them is to any other group, like lungfish and tetrapods, are called hylogenetic hypotheses amount to determining this type of group relationships because the simplest phylogenetic question we can ask is which two of any three species (or other groups) are more closely related to each other than either is to the third
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node, or branch point, on a phylogenetic tree.
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Closeness of relationship is then determined by looking to see how recently two groups share a common ancestor. Shared ancestry is indicated by a
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taxon (groups)
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with taxonomy providing a formal means of naming groups. In recent decades, biologists have worked to integrate evolutionary history with taxonomic classification.
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monophyletic,
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meaning that all members share a single common ancestor not shared with any other species or group of species. In Fig. 23.2, the tetrapods are monophyletic because they all share a common ancestor not shared by any other taxa. Similarly, amphibians are monophyletic.
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paraphyletic
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group includes some, but not all, of the descendants of a common ancestor. Early zoologists separated birds from reptiles because they are so distinctive, but feathers and other unique features of birds do not tell us about their relationship to other vertebrates. In fact, many features of skeletal anatomy and DNA sequence strongly support the placement of birds as a sister group to the crocodiles and alligators.
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There is a simple way to distinguish between monophyletic and paraphyletic groups
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if in order to separate a group from the rest of the phylogenetic tree you need only to make one cut, the group is monophyletic. If you need at least two cuts to separate the group from the tree, it is paraphyletic.
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polyphyletic.
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Groupings that do not include the last common ancestor of all members are called
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monophyletic groups is a main goal of phylogenetics because
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e monophyletic groups include all descendants of a common ancestor and only the descendants of that common ancestor. This means that monophyletic groups alone show the evolutionary path a given group has taken since its origin. Omitting some members of a group, as in the case of reptiles and other paraphyletic groups, can provide a misleading sense of evolutionary history. By using monophyletic groups in taxonomic classification, we effectively convey our knowledge of their evolutionary history.
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genus
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losely related species group together on a single branch of the tree of life. In the vocabulary of formal classification, closely related species are grouped into a
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family.
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Closely related genera, in turn, belong to a larger, more inclusive branch of the tree—they are classified as a
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taxonomic level occupying a successively larger limb on the tree
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closely related families, in turn, form an order, orders form a class, classes form a phylum (plural, phyla), and phyla form a kingdom,
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domains
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Biologists today commonly refer to the three largest limbs of the entire tree of life as The Eukarya, or eukaryotes; Bacteria; and Archaea, or archaeons
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how do we actually construct a phylogenetic tree?
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Biologists use characteristics of organisms to figure out their relationships. Similarities among organisms are particularly important in that similarities sometimes suggest shared ancestry. However, a key principle of constructing trees is that only some similarities are actually useful. Others can in fact be misleading.
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Characters
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are the anatomical, physiological, or molecular features that make up organisms. To be useful for phylogenetic reconstruction, they must vary among but not within species and have a genetic basis
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character states
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In general, characters have several observed conditions, called n the simplest case, a character can be present or absent—lungs are present in tetrapods and lungfish, but absent in other vertebrate animals. Commonly, however, multiple character states are apparent—petals are a character of flowers, for example, and their arrangement can be considered a character state. Flowers can have many petals arranged in a helical pattern, many petals arranged in a whorl, few petals arranged in a whorl, or few petals fused into a tube.
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homologous.
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Characters that are similar because of descent from a common ancestor are said to b
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Character states can be similar for one of two reasons:
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The character state was present in the common ancestor of the two groups and retained over time (common ancestry), or the character state independently evolved in the two groups as an adaptation to similar environments (convergent evolution).
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analogous.
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Not all similarities arise in this way, however. Think of wings, a character exhibited by both birds and bats (which are mammals). Much evidence supports the view that wings in these two groups do not reflect descent from a common, winged ancestor but rather evolved independently in the two groups. Similarities due to independent adaptation by different species are said to be They are the result of convergent evolution.
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Useful in constructing phylogenetic trees. IS IT homologies or analogies
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its homologies
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can homoloiges are they useful to construct a phylogentic tree
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However, it turns out that only some homologies are useful. For example, character states that are unique to a given species or other monophyletic group can't tell us anything about its sister group. They evolved after the divergence of the group from its sister group and so can be used to characterize a group but not to relate it to other groups. Similarly, homologies formed in the common ancestor of the entire group and therefore present in all its descendants do not help to identify sister-group relationships among the groups under consideration.
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synapomorphies
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What we need to develop hypotheses of evolutionary relationship are homologies shared by some, but not all, of the members of the group under consideration. These are shared derived characters and are called
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cladistics.
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Thus, the presence of lungs provides one piece of evidence that lungfish are the sister group of tetrapods. Phylogenetic reconstruction on the basis of synapomorphies is called
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outgroup
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. For comparison, we have a species that we believe is outside this ingroup—that is, it falls on an earlier branch of the tree—and so is called
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parsimony
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that is, choosing the simpler of two or more hypotheses to account for a given set of observations. In systematics, this suggests counting character changes on a phylogenetic tree to find the simplest tree for the data (the one with the fewest number of changes). Each change corresponds to a mutation (or mutations) in an ancestral species, and the more changes or steps we propose, the more independent mutations we must also hypothesize.
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how can tree be built?
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using anatomical features as characters, but increasingly, tree construction relies on molecular data. The amino acids at particular positions in the primary structure of a protein can be used as characters, as can the nucleotides at specific positions along a strand of DNA.
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how does genealogy to phylogeny traced historical genetic connections?
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From genealogy to phylogeny, tracing mutations in DNA or RNA sequences has revolutionized the reconstruction of historical genetic connections
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molecular data
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simply provide more details. Indeed, for microbes and viruses, there is very little morphology available, so molecular information is critical for phylogenetic reconstruction in these microscopic taxa. Once a gene or other stretch of DNA or RNA with suitable levels of variation is identified in two or more species, sequences are obtained and aligned to identify homologous nucleotide sites.
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we do molecular phylogenetics:
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Rather than comparing the sequences of a few genes, we compare the sequences of entire genomes.
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An alternative method of reconstruction is based on distance rather than synapomorphies. Here the premise is simple:
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The descendants of a recent common ancestor will have had relatively little time to evolve differences, whereas the descendants of an ancient common ancestor have had a lot of time to evolve differences. Thus similarity (or low distance) indicates the recency of common ancestry.
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GenBank
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Today, the single largest library of taxonomic information is the National Institutes of Health's genetic data storage facility, called gives users access to more than 100 billion observations (mostly nucleotides) collected under more than 400,000 taxonomic names.
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Phylogenetic trees can help solve practical problems.
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The sequence of changes on a tree from its base to its tips documents evolutionary changes that have accumulated through time. Trees suggest which lineages are older than others, and which traits came first and which followed later. Proper phylogenetic placement thus reveals a great deal about evolutionary history, and it can have practical consequences as well. For example, oomycetes, microorganisms responsible for potato blight and other important diseases of food crops, were long thought to be fungi because they look a lot like some fungal species.
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Phylogenetic evidence
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provides a powerful tool for evolutionary analysis and is useful across timescales ranging from months to the entire history of life, from the rise of epidemics to the origins of metabolic diversity. Few other breakthroughs in science have had as broad an impact as that of phylogenetic systematics and the new sources of molecular data that have carried it so far.
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Give two examples of a nested pattern of similarity among organisms.
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Two examples of a nested pattern of similarity among organisms are (1) a dog and a wolf are more similar to each other than either is to a cat, and (2) a dog, a wolf, and a cat are more similar to each other than they are to a turtle.
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With reference to a phylogenetic tree, show how a nested pattern of similarity is the necessary result of evolution.
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First, fossils enable us t
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to calibrate phylogenies in terms of time. It is one thing to infer that mammals diverged from the common ancestor of birds, crocodiles, lizards, and turtles before crocodiles and birds diverged from a common ancestor (see Fig. 23.7), but another matter to state that birds and crocodiles diverged about 220 million years ago, whereas the lineage represented today by mammals branched from other vertebrates about 100 million years earlier.
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second kind of information provided by fossils.
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The evolutionary relationship between birds and crocodiles highlights Not only do fossils record past life, they also provide our only record of extinct species. The phylogeny in Fig. 23.7 contains a great deal of information, but it is silent about dinosaurs. Fossils demonstrate that dinosaurs once roamed Earth, and details of skeletal structure place birds among the dinosaurs in the vertebrate tree. Indeed, some remarkable fossils from China show that the dinosaurs most closely related to birds had feathers
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A third, and also unique, contribution of fossils is that they
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place evolutionary events in the context of Earth's dynamic environmental history. Again, dinosaurs illustrate the point.
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Fossils
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re the remains of once-living organisms, preserved through time in sedimentary rocks. If we wish to use fossils to complement phylogenies based on modern organisms, we must understand how fossils form and how the processes of formation govern what is and is not preserved.
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marine life vs high mountain fossil life?
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the fossil record of marine life is more complete than that for land-dwelling creatures because marine habitats are more likely than those on land to be places where sediments accumulate and become rock. Thus, trees and elks living high in the Rocky Mountains have a low probability of fossilization, whereas clams and corals on the shallow seafloor are commonly buried and become fossils.s
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trace fossils, f
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Many animals leave tracks and trails as they move about or burrow into sediments. These from dinosaur tracks to the feeding trails of snails and trilobites, preserve a record of both anatomy and behavior (Fig. 23.13).
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molecular fossils
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to the rocks. Most biomolecules decay quickly after death. Proteins and DNA, for example, generally break down before they can be preserved, although, remarkably, a sizable fraction of the Neanderthal genome has been pieced together from DNA in 40,000-year-old bones.
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Burgess Shale
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for example, 505 million years ago, during the Cambrian Period, a sedimentary rock formation called the accumulated on a relatively deep seafloor covering what is now British Columbia.
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geologic timescale
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Fossils record the evolution of life on Earth. They eventually mapped out the
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half-life
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laboratory measurements indicate that half of the 14C in a given sample will decay to nitrogen in 5730 years, a period called its
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isotope carbon-14, or 14C
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to date wood and bone. As shown in Fig. 23.17, cosmic rays continually generate 14C in the atmosphere. Through photosynthesis, carbon dioxide that contains 14C is incorporated into wood, and animals also incorporate small amounts of 14C into their tissues when they eat plant material. After death, the unstable 14C in these materials begins to break down, losing an electron to form 14N, a stable isotope of
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Pangaea
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today, for example, the continents are distributed widely over the planet's surface, but 290 million years ago they were clustered in a supercontinent called
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Archaeopteryx lithographica
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now known from 11 specimens splayed for all time in fine-grained limestone, lived 150 million years ago. Its skeleton shares many characters with dromaeosaurs, a group of small, agile dinosaurs, but several features—its pelvis, its braincase, and, especially, its winglike forearms—are distinctly birdlike. this clearly suggests a close relationship between birds and dinosaurs, and phylogenetic reconstructions that include information from fossils show that many of the characters found today in birds accumulated through time in their dinosaur ancestors
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Tiktaalik roseae
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and other skeletons in rocks deposited 375 to 362 million years ago record an earlier but equally fundamental transition: the colonization of land by vertebrates. Phylogenies show that all land vertebrates, from amphibians to mammals, are descended from fish. As seen in F
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mass extinctions
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spelled the end of many previously important groups of species, but they opened up new possibilities for evolution.
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catastrophic effects of massive volcanic eruptions.
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More than 90% of all genera recorded in late Permian oceans disappeared, especially animals like corals and sponges with heavy skeletons. There is no compelling evidence for meteorite impact, so geologists have hypothesized that this mass extinction resulted from the
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how many eras of mass extinctions?
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Five great mass extinctions occurred over the past 500 million years, but only the two at the end of the Permian and Cretaceous Periods so thoroughly changed the course of evolution.
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23.4 COMPARING EVOLUTION'S TWO GREAT PATTERNS
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The diversity of life we see today is the result of evolutionary processes playing out over geologic time. Evolutionary process can be studied by experiment, both in the field and in the laboratory, but evolutionary history is another matter. There is no experiment we can do to determine why the dinosaurs became extinct—we cannot rerun the events of 65 million years ago, this time without the meteorite impact. The history of life must be reconstructed from evolution's two great patterns: the nested similarity observed in the forms and macromolecular sequences of living organisms, and the direct historical archive of the fossil record.`
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Phylogeny and fossils complement each other.
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The great advantage of reconstructing evolutionary history from living organisms is that we can use a full range of features—skeletal morphology, cell structure, DNA sequence—to generate phylogenetic hypotheses. The disadvantage of using comparative biology is that we lack evidence of extinct species, the time dimension, and the environmental context. This, of course, is where the fossil record comes into play. Fossil evidence has strengths and limitations that complement the evolutionary information in the living organisms. We can use phylogenetic methods based on DNA sequences to infer that birds and crocodiles are closely related, but only fossils can show that the evolutionary link between birds and crocodiles runs through dinosaurs. And only the geologic record can show that mass extinction removed the dinosaurs, paving the way for the emergence of modern mammals. Paleontologists and biologists work together to understand evolutionary history. Biology provides a functional and phylogenetic framework for the interpretation of fossils, and fossils provide a record of life's history in the context of continual planetary change.
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Agreement between phylogenies and the fossil record provides strong evidence of evolution.
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phylogenetic based on morphological or molecular comparisons of living organisms make hypotheses about the timing of evolutionary changes through Earth history. We humans are a case in point. As discussed in more detail in Chapter 24, comparisons of DNA sequences suggest that chimpanzees are our closest living relatives. This is hardly surprising, as simple observation shows that chimpanzees and humans share many features. However, among other differences, chimpanzees have smaller stature, long arms that facilitate knuckle-walking (the arms help support the body as the chimpanzee moves forward), a more prominent snout, and larger teeth. Fossils painstakingly unearthed over the past century show that the morphological features that mark us as human accumulated through a series of speciation events. Six to seven million years ago, when the human and chimpanzee lineages first split, the two newly diverged taxa looked much more alike than humans and chimpanzees do today.he agreement of comparative biology and the fossil record can be seen at all scales of observation. Humans form one tip of a larger branch that contains all members of the primate family. Primates, in turn, are nested within a larger branch occupied by mammals, and mammals nest within a still larger branch containing all vertebrate animals, which include fish. This arrangement predicts that the earliest fossil fish should be older than the earliest fossil mammals, the earliest fossil mammals should be older than the earliest primates, and the earliest primates older than the earliest humans. This is precisely what the fossil record shows (Fig. 23.22). The agreement between fossils and phylogenies drawn from living organisms can be seen again and again when we examine different branches of the tree of life or, for that matter, the tree as a whole. All phylogenies indicate that microorganisms diverged early in evolutionary history, and mammals, flowering plants, and other large complex organisms diverged more recently. The tree's shape implies that diversity has accumulated through time, beginning with simple organisms and later adding complex macroscopic forms. The geologic record shows the same pattern. For nearly 3 billion years of Earth history, microorganisms dominate the fossil record, with the earliest animals appearing about 600 million years ago, the earliest vertebrate animals 520 million years ago, the earliest tetrapod vertebrates about 360 million years ago, the first mammals 210 million years ago, the first primates perhaps 55 million years ago, the oldest fossils of our own species a mere 200,000 years ago. Similarly, if we focus on photosynthetic organisms, we find a record of photosynthetic bacteria beginning at least 3500 million years ago, algae 1200 million years ago, simple land plants 470 million years ago, seed plants 370 million years ago, flowering plants about 140 million years ago, and the earliest grasses 70 million years ago. In Part 2, we explore the evolutionary history of life in some detail. Here, it is sufficient to draw the key general conclusion: The fact that comparative biology and fossils, two complementary but independent approaches to reconstructing the evolutionary past, yield the same history is powerful evidence of evolution.
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23.1 A PHYLOGENETIC TREE IS A REASONED HYPOTHESIS OF THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF ORGANISMS.
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The nested pattern of similarities seen among organisms is a result of descent with modification and can be represented as a phylogenetic tree. The order of branches on a phylogenetic tree indicates the sequence of events in time. Sister groups are more closely related to one another than they are to any other group. A node is a branching point on a tree, and it can be rotated without changing evolutionary relationships. A monophyletic group includes all the descendants of a common ancestor, and it is considered a natural grouping of organisms based on shared ancestry. A paraphyletic group includes some, but not all, of the descendants of a common ancestor. A polyphyletic group includes organisms from distinct lineages based on shared characters, but it does not include a common ancestor. Organisms are classified into domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
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23.2 A PHYLOGENETIC TREE IS BUILT ON THE BASIS OF SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERS.
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Characters, or traits, existing in different states are used to build phylogenetic trees. Homologies are similarities based on shared ancestry, while analogies are similarities based on independent adaptations. Homologies can be ancestral, unique to a particular group, or present in some, but not all, of the descendants of a common ancestor (shared derived characters). Only shared derived characters, or synapomorphies, are useful in constructing a phylogenetic tree. Molecular data provide a wealth of characters that complement other types of characters in building phylogenetic trees. Phylogenetic trees can be used to understand evolutionary relationships of organisms and solve practical problems, such as how viruses evolve over time.
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23.3 THE FOSSIL RECORD PROVIDES A DIRECT GLIMPSE OF EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY.
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Fossils are the remains of organisms preserved in sedimentary rocks. The fossil record is imperfect because fossilization requires burial in sediment, sediments accumulate episodically and discontinuously, and fossils typically preserve only the hard parts of organisms. Radioactive decay provides a means of dating rocks. Archaeopteryx and Tiktaalik are two fossil organisms that document, respectively, the bird-dinosaur transition and the fish-tetrapod transition. The history of life is characterized by rare mass extinctions, including the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period 65 million years ago in which the dinosaurs (other than birds) became extinct, and the extinction at the end of the Permian Period 252 million years ago, the largest documented mass extinction in the history of Earth.
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23.4 PHYLOGENY AND FOSSILS PROVIDE INDEPENDENT AND CORROBORATING EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION.
answer
Phylogeny makes use of living organisms, and the fossil record supplies a record of species that no longer exist, absolute dates, and environmental context. Data from phylogeny and fossils are often in agreement, providing strong evidence for evolution.
question
Give two examples of a nested pattern of similarity among organisms.
answer
Two examples of a nested pattern of similarity among organisms are (1) a dog and a wolf are more similar to each other than either is to a cat, and (2) a dog, a wolf, and a cat are more similar to each other than they are to a turtle.
question
Distinguish among monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups, and give an example of each.
answer
monophyletic groups are groups in which all members share a single common ancestor not shared with any other species or group of species, like amphibians. Paraphyletic groups include some, but not all, of the descendants of a common ancestor, like birds being excluded from the "reptile" group even though there is evidence that they share a common ancestor. A polyphyletic group does not include the last common ancestor of all members, like putting bats and birds in a single "flying vertebrates" group.
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List the levels of classification, from the least inclusive (species) to the most inclusive (domain).
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The levels of classification are as follows: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain.
question
Describe two traits that are homologous and two that are analogous.
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A homologous trait is one that results from shared ancestry, such as an amniotic egg and lungs. An analogous trait is a similarity that results from convergent evolution, such as bird and bat wings or echolocation.
question
Name a type of homology that is useful in building phylogenetic trees and explain why this kind of homology, and not others, is useful.
answer
Synapomorphies, or shared derived characters between some members of a group, are useful in building phylogenetic trees because the homologies are shared by some but not all of the members of the group. If an entire group shared the same homologous trait, we would not be able to construct a meaningful phylogenetic tree.
question
Name three types of fossil.
answer
Three types of fossils are skeletal fossils, where the hard parts of the organism such as the skeleton are fossilized, trace fossils, where the tracks or trails of an animal are fossilized, and molecular fossils, where an organism's DNA or proteins are left.
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explain why there are gaps in the fossil record
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For an organism to be fossilized it must be buried and have features that resist decay after death. Not all organisms meet these two criteria, so they do not become fossils and lead to gaps in the fossil record.
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Explain how the fossil record can be used to determine both the relative and the absolute timescales of past events.
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The relative timescale of past events can be determined by the location of the fossil in the Earth's surface since a fossil's age is related to how deep into the Earth's layers the fossil is found. The absolute timescale can be determined by measuring isotope decay, since unstable isotopes decay at a particular, known rate. Carbon, uranium, and lead are all used to date fossils.
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Describe the significance of Archeopteryx and Tiktaalik.
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Archeopteryx is a fossil organism that shows the transition from bird to dinosaur, and Tiktaalik is a fossil organism that shows the transition from fish to tetrapod in the fossil record. Transition fossils are significant because they give us evolutionary clues of morphological and physiological phylogenetic shifts through time.
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Describe how mass extinctions have shaped the ecological landscape.
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Mass extinctions have shaped the ecological landscape by removing the dominant species in an ecosystem and thereby changing the competitive landscape of the remaining organisms. The survivors of this altered ecosystem live and reproduce, thus introducing new mutations into the population.
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What information does the tree contain?
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-Phylogenetics trees contain a lot of information about the inferred evolutionary relationships between a set of viruses. Decoding that information is not always straightforward and requires some understanding of the elements of a phylogeny and what they represent. Here is an example (fictional) phylogeny as it may be presented in a journal article: We can start with the dimensions of the figure. In this figure the horizonal dimension gives the amount of genetic change. The horizonal lines are branches and represent evolutionary lineages changing over time. The longer the branch in the horizonal dimension, the larger the amount of change.
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Monophyletic taxon
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A group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms and all the descendants of that most recent common ancestor. A monophyletic taxon is also called a clade. Examples : Mammalia, Aves (birds), angiosperms, insects, etc.
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Paraphyletic taxon
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A group composed of a collection of organisms, including the most recent common ancestor of all those organisms. Unlike a monophyletic group, a paraphyletic taxon does not include all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor. Examples : Traditionally defined Dinosauria, fish, gymnosperms, invertebrates, protists, etc.
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Polyphyletic taxon
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A group composed of a collection of organisms in which the most recent common ancestor of all the included organisms is not included, usually because the common ancestor lacks the characteristics of the group. Polyphyletic taxa are considered "unnatural", and usually are reclassified once they are discovered to be polyphyletic. Examples : marine mammals, bipedal mammals, flying vertebrates, trees, algae, etc.
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what is the difference between homologous and analogous
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In everyday life, people look like one another for different reasons. Two sisters, for example, might look alike because they both inherited brown eyes and black hair from their father. On the other hand, two people attending an Elvis impersonators' convention may look alike because they are both wearing rhinestone studded suits and long sideburns. The similarity between the sisters is inherited, but the similarity between the Elvis impersonators is not. -Biological similarity It works the same way in biology. Some traits shared by two living things were inherited from their ancestor, and some similarities evolved in other ways. These are called homologies and analogies
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homology
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traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor -Ancestral organism shared by two or more descendent lineages — in other words, an ancestor that they have in common. For example, the common ancestors of two biological siblings include their parents and grandparents; the common ancestors of a coyote and a wolf include the first canine and the first mammal.
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analogy
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similarity due to convergent evolution, not common ancestry -Process in which two distinct lineages evolve a similar characteristic independently of one another. This often occurs because both lineages face similar environmental challenges and selective pressures.
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Synapomorphies
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Derived character state shared by different lineages. - allow us to identify monophyletic groups, because if a character is shared by two lineages, we assume that it was inherited from their most recent common ancestor
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What can fossils tell us?
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Fossils give us information about how animals and plants lived in the past. -by studying the fossil record we can tell how long life has existed on Earth, and how different plants and animals are related to each other. Often we can work out how and where they lived, and use this information to find out about ancient environments.
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What is radioactive dating
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If an isotope (forms of chemical elements that differ in the number of neutrons in their atomic nuclei) is radioacitve, it will break down naturally into a lighter element called a decay product. This process occurs at a predictable rate and can be used to determine how old an object is. - is a technique used to find how old an object is.
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Phylogenetic Data Types
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1. Morphological Data: - Number of spines in the fins of various fish species - Size or shape of a bony projection on the femur 2. Behavioral Data: - Pitch or duration of frog or bird calls 3. Molecular Data: - LDH isoenzyme patterns discerned from starch gel electrophoresis - DNA or protein sequences
200 000 Years Ago
Anthropology
AP United States History
AP World History
Biological Anthropology
Geology
Modern Homo Sapiens
Paleontology
American History Ch. 1-3 – Flashcards 104 terms

Daniel Hardy
104 terms
Preview
American History Ch. 1-3 – Flashcards
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Prior to the find @Folsom, NM, in the 1920s, many archaeologists believed that the people of North America
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arrived relatively recently, prob no more than 3 or 4,000 yrs. ago
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Which statement does not accurately describe the work of a historian?
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historians seek artifacts over written doc. to determine the attitude of a people
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Though ancient Americans lacked writing skills, they
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used many other kinds of symbolic rep.
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Modern arch. study ancient peoples by
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combining a variety of approaches that include the study of artifacts and attention to environmental factors
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These artifacts found in the 1920s among the bones of giant bison, provided new archaeological evidence that human beings had inhabited N. America at least 16,000 yrs ago
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Folsom Points
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An archaeological term referring to the 1st people and their descendants who migrated into N. America about 15,00 yrs ago
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Paleo Indians
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The gigantic common landmass that was fractured about 240 million yrs ago by the process of continental drift
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Pangea
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A distinctively shaped spearhead used by Paleo Indians to kill big mammals that was found in excavations throughout North and Central America and that provided evidence of a shared common ancestry and way of life among nomadic hunters between 11,500 BP and 11,000 BP
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Clovis Points
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A 1,000 mile wide region often called a "land bridge" existing between Asia Siberia and American Alaska during most of the last great global cold spell
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Berengia
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Scientific term applied to the last great global old spell in which the sea level dropped as much as 350 ft. below its current level, between 80,000 BP and 10,000 BP
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Wisconsin glaciation
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The basic reason for the early prolonged absence of humans in the Western Hemisphere is that
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Pangea broke apart; N and S America had become detached from the gigantic continent of Pangea
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The Wisconsin glaciation created conditions that permitted
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the creation of Beringia, which supported herds of mammoth, bison
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Most of the artifacts that have survived from the Paleo Indian era suggest that the first American's
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hunted big mammals
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About 11,00 yrs ago, the Paleo Indians faced a major crisis b/c
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large animals they hunted had difficulty adapting to warmer climate
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The gov of which country sponsored Columbus' 1492 exploration?
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Spain
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While it was catastrophic that the bubonic plague killed about a third of Europe's pop, it was beneficial in that it
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eased pressure on food resources and created greater opportunities fir advancement
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Factors that encouraged exploration and territorial expansion included
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technological advances in navigational instru. and monarchs who hoped to enlarge their realms, enrich their dynasties, and magnify their power and prestige
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Some of the scientific and technological advances that aided European explorers by 1400 included the
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astrolabe and compass
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1st European nation to attempt to break the Italian monopoly on trade with the Far East in the 15th c. was
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Portugal
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Portugal was an unlikely nation to lead Europe into the Age of Exploration b/c
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it was a small nation with less than 2% of the pop. of Christian Europe
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Portugal's easy interest in exploration and expansion stemmed from its desire to
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expel Muslim's from the Iberian Peninsula and gain access to African trade posts
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In order adapt to the demands of longer ocean voyages, the Portuguese
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developed a vessel known as the caravel
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By the 1460s, the Portuguese used the African slaves to work sugar plantations on the Cape Verde Islands and became the first nation to
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associate plantation labor with African slavery
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Which country first navigated the sea route from Europe to Asia?
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Portugal
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A sea route to Asia impacted Europe in important ways, greatly influencing exploration and
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destroying the monopoly that Mediterranean merchants had on Asia marketplaces
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When Columbus first arrived in the New World, he believed he was in
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the East Indies
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When Columbus 1st sighted land in 1492, he believed he had discovered a new route to
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India and China
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The Tainos shared what traits with the Europeans?
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they farmed, knew how to build boats, and held religious beliefs
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The Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal in 1494
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drew an imaginary line down the Atlantic O. and that which was west side=Spain east side=Portugal
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John Cabot was sponsored by the English monarch to search for a "Northwest Passage" to the Indies. Which area did he manage to reach and claim for England?
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Newfoundland
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In the early 1500s, Martin Waldseemuller was among the very first to understand that
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the discoveries of Columbus, Balboa, and Vespucci proved there was a continent that existed separate from Europe and Asia
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Megallan's circumnavigation of the globe left no doubt that America was separated from Asia by an enormous ocean. His voyage
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convinced Europeans that a westward passage to the East was not a feasible route
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The transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas between the New World and Europe is referred as the
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Columbian Exchange
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Contact and trade between the peoples of the Old and New Worlds
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exposed Indians to devastating old World diseases
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The story of Pocahontas saving Captain John Smith from her father's death sentence was told to inform the reader
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of how inadequately Englishmen understood Indian rituals
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When Pocahontas intervened to save John Smith, she was most likely participating in an Algonquian ceremony that
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expressed Powhatan's supremacy and his ritualistic adoption of a subordinate chief
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King James's land grant to the VA Co. of 6 million acres and everything they might contain was in essence an
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royal license to poach on Spanish claims and on Indian lands
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Only 38/144 Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown, VA, survived the first year. This high mortality rate is explained primarily by
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malnutrition, disease, and the failure to let go of traditional notions of class and labor
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The majority of the original settlers who came to Jamestown and the VA colony were
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gentlemen and their servants
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Compared to the Spanish colonists in the New world in the 16th c., the English of VA Co
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expressed less concern for the conversion of the Indians to Christianity
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The VA colony in 1607 could have better survived had the colonists
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been willing to learn how to farm
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King James revoked the VA Co charter and made VA a royal colony in 1624. Factors contributing to this decision included
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Powhatan's uprising and an investigative reports showing that disease and mismanagement were responsible for high mortality rates among colonists
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Under royal gov in VA, the colony's inhabitants could vote for
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local business
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Crop that turned Virginia into a stable colony
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tobacco
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If you wanted to become highly profitable tobacco farmer in the 1600s in VA, biggest obstacle you were most likely to face was
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lack of workers
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Most hired workers
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earned in one year in Chesapeake tobacco fields what they earned in 2 or 3 yrs of labor in England
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Headrights were initiated by the VA Co. and cont. by the royal gov. as an incentive to encourage settlement in the VA colony. A headright
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granted 50 acres of land to every settler who paid his own transportation to Chesapeake
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A servant labor system in the British colonies was created by
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the New World's labor shortage and the poverty of Englishmen who were willing to work
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17th c. Chesapeake society was essentially a society of
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servants and ex-servants
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After a servant served his or her indenture, an employer was required to give him or her
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freedom dues
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Indentured servants tended to be
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poor young men born in England
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Some planters viewed indentured servants as
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property they sometimes sold
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Indentured women
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were not permitted to marry until their servitude was complete
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Indentured servants could have their servitude extended by years if they
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stole, became pregnant, or ran away
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Indentured servants saw themselves as
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free people who were servants temporary
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Masters in the Chesapeake were so hungry for labor that they
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did not hesitate to devise legal ways to extend the time their servants owed them
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The term yeoman planter refers to a
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farmer who owned a small plot of land sufficient to support a family
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The decline in the price of tobacco in the 3rd quarter of the 17th c. contributed to the
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Tobacco prices declining, mortality rates declined, and the elite can consolidate more land and wealth
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By the 1670s, the Chesapeake social structure was polarized. This social structure was based on?
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...
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Mercantilism was a
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economic policy that places the welfare of the mother country about the welfare of the colonies
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Bacon's Rebellion erupted in 1676 as a dispute over Indian policy and ended as a conflict between
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threatened to transfer power from the traditional est. to newcomers and small farmers
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After Bacon's death
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royal officials removed Berkeley and nullified Bacon's laws
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The social and political distance that existed between planters and small farmers decreased between 1660-1700. Factors involved in this change include the
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decline in # of indentured servants in the colony and a greater dependency on slave labor
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The Spanish colonial outposts in New Mexico and Florida
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stagnated and primarily attracted missionaries
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Spanish missionaries considered European ideas about civilization to be
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necessary for full conversion of Indians to Christianity
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The order to "break up and burn the images of the holy Christ, the Virgin Mary and the other saints, the crossers, and everything pertaining to Christianity was issued by
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Pope
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The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was "exported" from
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Barbados
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Which British colony brought in the greatest profit in 1700?
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Barbados
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By 1700, the British Caribbean annually exported nearly 50 million pounds of
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sugar
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It is important to study the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands b/c it helps us better understand
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West Indies had direct influence on the development of slavery and plantations in Carolina
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The only 17th c. English colony to be settles principally by colonists from other colonies rather than from England was
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Carolina
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The profitable export crop that depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina was
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rice
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Until the 1670s almost all Chesapeake colonists were English. By 1700, one out of
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8 persons in the region was African
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The shift from an indentured servant labor force to a slave labor force occurred for many reasons; one was that
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slavery provided a perpetual labor force
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For planters, a slave labor system had important advantages over a servant labor system b/c slaves
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could be controlled politically
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Compared to slavery in Barbados, slavery in Chesapeake
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was more confining b/c slaves often worked alongside while servants, in general, were subjected to more constant surveillance by white people
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Supreme chief of the Algonquian people when the Virginia Company first arrived in America.
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Powhatan
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Chief of the Algonquian people who organized a major assault on English settlers in 1622.
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Opechancanough
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A crop grown by Native Americans for centuries that created a profitable export economy for the Chesapeake area settlers in the 1600s.
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tobacco
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These were designed to favor the interests of common farmers in the Chesapeake region in order to lessen tensions between small farmers and grandees.
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Bacon's Laws
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The person who symbolically saved John Smith and later married John Rolfe and moved to England.
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Pocahontas
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Name of the legislative body in the Virginia colony.
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House of Burgesses
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This was a private venture that succeeded in establishing a permanent settlement in the Americas, after several royal ventures had failed.
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Virginia Company
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This term refers to fifty acres of free land granted by the Virginia Company to each settler who arrived in the Chesapeake.
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headright
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About 80 percent of immigrants to the Chesapeake during the seventeenth century belonged to this socioeconomic group.
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indentured servants
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This was the first successful English colony.
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Jamestown
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These were designed to increase tax revenue generated from colonial trade.
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Navigational Acts
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This person attempted to create a colony that would be a refuge for Catholics.
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Lord Baltimore
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He was the Chesapeake governor who called for new elections to the House of Burgesses that resulted in the passing of Bacon's Laws.
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William Berkley
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This term categorizes the settlement of Europeans in the Americas and the extraction of American resources to augment the wealth of invading countries.
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mercantilism
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He decided that England could have North American colonies supplying profits similar to those the Spanish colonies sent Spain.
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James I
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The most profitable British colony in the West Indies during the seventeenth century.
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Barbados
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In 1680, he led an uprising that was an Indian response to Spanish rule in New Mexico.
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Pope
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He granted a charter to establish a colony south of the Chesapeake and north of the Spanish territories in Florida, what eventually became South Carolina.
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Charles II
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This group inhabited the region first settled by the Virginia colonists.
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Algonquian Indians
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Why do historians rely on the work of arch to write the history of ancient America?
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1. Ancient Americans lacked a writing system 2. Distinction between methods of historians and arch
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Why were humans able to migrate into N. America after 15,000 BP?
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1. Human origins and dispersal 2. Adaption to cold climates and emergence of the land bridge
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Why did the European exploration expand dramatically in the 15th c.?
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1. Bubonic Plague 2. European ambitions 3. Scientific and technological advances 4. The Reconquest
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How did Columbus' landfall in the Caribbean help revolutionize Europeans' understanding of world geography?
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1. 15th c. conceptions of geography 2. Landfall and a route to Asia 3. Cartographic innovations
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Why did Powhatan pursue mostly peaceful relations with the Jamestown settlement?
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1. Powhatan's wariness 2. Desire for English goods 3. Powhatan's diplomacy
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Why did the vast majority of European immigrants to the Chesapeake come as indentured servants?
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1. Economic circumstances in England 2. High cost of travel
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Why did Chesapeake colonial society become increasingly polarized between 1650 and 1670?
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1. Circumstances during 1607-1650 2. Increased supply of tobacco 3. Improved settler survival rate
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Why did the Pueblo Indians revolt against Spanish missionaries in 1680?
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1, Spanish missionaries in N. America 2. Pueblo Indians
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Why had slave labor largely displaced indentured servant labor by 1700 in Chesapeake tobacco production?
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1. Permanent servitude 2. Improved mortality rate 3. Political advantages