Grade 8 – Social Studies – Chapter 19 Flashcards
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Second Industrial Revolution
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A period of rapid growth in US manufacturing in the late 1800's.
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Bessemer Process
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This is a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.
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Thomas Edison
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Invented electricity and holds the patent to over 1000 items including the light bulb.
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patents
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Exclusive rights to make or sell inventions.
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Inventor/patent owner of the telephone.
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Henry Ford
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Invented the Model T and was the first to implement moving assembly line.
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Wilbur and Orville Wright
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Invented the first gas powered airplane
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corporations
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Businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock shares.
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Andrew Carnegie
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Immigrant who rose to wealth with steel making and bought his competitors; he implemented vertical integration.
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vertical integration
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Ownership of businesses involved in each step of the manufacturing process.
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John D. Rockefeller
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Ohio native who started an oil refining company and in only 10 years, his oil company Standard Oil Company was the largest oil refiner. He invented horizontal integration - he bought all of his competition and created a monopoly.
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horizontal integration
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Owning all businesses in a certain field.
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trust
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A legal arrangement grouping together several companies with a single board of directors. These tried to eliminate competition and control production.
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Leland Stanford
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Made his money selling equipment to miners while being the Governor of California. He founded Stanford University.
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social Darwinism
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A view of society based on scientist Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection which is the survival of the fittest.
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monopoly
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Total ownership of product or a service.
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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This made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrains trade.
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Frederick W. Taylor
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An efficiency engineer who published a popular book called the Principles of Scientific Management and he also encouraged managers to be workers as interchangeable parts of the production process.
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Knights of Labor
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The first national labor union. They pushed for an 8 hour work day, equal pay for equal work and the end of child labor.
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Terence V. Powderly
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The leader of the Knights of Labor who ended all secrecy creating the first truly national labor union in the US.
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American Federation of Labor
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Another early labor union was lead by Gompers that organized national individual unions. Today it has more than 10 Million members.
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Samuel Gompers
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A Jewish immigrant from London who was the President of the AFL. He merged the Cigar Makers Union with the AFL.
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collective bargaining
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All workers acting collectively or together workers had a greater chance of success in negotiating with management.
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Mary Harris Jones
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Irish immigrant who worked for better conditions for miners; was a fiery speaker who organized strikes and educate workers.
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Haymarket Riot
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The result of 2 workers being killed by the police lead people to this place in Chicago where a bomb was thrown and killed 8 people; police fired back killing several and wounding 100 people. They were fighting for an 8 hour work day, but didn't get it.
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Homestead Strike
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In 1892, a violent strike that took place in Carnegie's Steel Factory. Union members protested a plan to buy new machinery and cut jobs. The company refused to negotiate with the union and locked workers out. Strike breakers performed their job. 4 months later, the strike ended and the company won. 16 were killed in the strike including workers and Pinkerton Security.
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Pullman Strike
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On May 11, 1894, the workers stopped traffic on many railroad lines until Federal courts ordered the workers to return to their jobs. This led to other strikes such as the California Railroad Strike.
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implement
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to put in place.
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acquire
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to get or attain.
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Describe the Bessemer Process
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It was the process that took the impurities out of steel and it was much less expensive which resulted in an abundance of steel to make railroads.
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Summarize how the improvements to railroad affected the economy and transportation in the US?
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Companies built 1000's of miles of new track, the design of elegant passenger / sleeping cars improved, manufacturers and farmers sent their products faster, refrigerated shipping carts were created which increased business investments and employment opportunities.
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What was the most important effect on the Bessemer Process?
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It took only 10-20 minutes vs more than a day to create the steel and it increased steel production to allow more railroads, etc. to be made.
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What is Kerosene and for what could it be used?
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A way to convert crude or unprocessed oil into a fuel and it used for cooking, heating and lighting.
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What problem did Thomas Edison face regarding the use of electricity and how did he solve it?
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Few homes or businesses could get electricity so his solution was to build a power plant to begin supplying electricity to dozens of NY city buildings.
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What contribution did the Wright Brothers make to transportation?
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They built a lightweight airplane which made it possible to fly. The invention changed the way many Americans would travel in the future.
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How did Alexander Graham Bell's invention improve life in the US?
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It allowed communications across large areas via the phone and connected people to talk that would have to rely on letters or telegraphs.
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Why do you think there was a rush of inventions in the late 1800's?
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Dramatic developments in the use and distribution of oil and electricity inspired people to make inventions that were used to improve communication and transportation and products that use electricity such as light bulbs, electric motors and electricity as an energy source.
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What are horizontal and vertical integration?
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Horizontal is owning all businesses in a certain field and Vertical is ownership of businesses involved in each step of the manufacturing process.
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What are the benefits of investing in corporations?
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As a shareholder, you can receive dividends, stock can be sold with a potential profit.
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Explain the business methods of Carnegie, Rockefeller and Stanford?
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Carnegie used vertical integration - he owned all facets of the steel industry that allowed him to make his products and he owned all the components to allow him to do so. Rockefeller used horizontal integration and bought all of his competition so that he was the primary source for oil refinery. Stanford utilized his political connections to obtain huge state land grants and other benefits for his railroad companies.
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What is Social Darwinism?
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The theory by Charles Darwin of Natural Selection - i.e. Survival of the Fittest - Human Beings would succeed in Business and in life in general.
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What concerns did the critics of big business have regarding trusts?
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Trusts eliminated competition and controlled production.
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Was the Sherman Antitrust Act successful? Why or Why Not?
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The act did not clearly define a trust in legal terms, therefore, it was difficult to enforce.
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Why did the conditions in the factories start to decline?
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Managers influenced by Frederick W. Taylor paid less attention to working conditions; injuries increased. Workers were working 11 hour days, 6 days a week with only a 15 minute lunch break. Laborers were unskilled and some were children. This led people to become resentful and fights, strikes and deaths occurred due to the worker's anger.
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How were workers affected by specialization and scientific management?
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Specialization brought cost down and production to rise it also made the workers tired, bored and more likely to be injured.
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What role did Mary Harris Jones play in the labor movement?
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One of the first women involved in Unions, Harris was a speaker for the workers who organized strikes for miners and helped to educate workers.
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Why did workers demand collective bargaining and why did the owners oppose it?
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Workers demanded it because they felt they were stronger as a group and the companies wouldn't fire everyone. The owners opposed it because they couldn't fire everyone easily and get the work done.
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Do you think the demands made by labor unions were reasonable?
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The demands were reasonable and ethical. Workers deserved limited work hour days and children shouldn't be working as injuries could occur greatly in each case of too much work or unskilled laborers.
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What major labor strikes took place in the late 1800's?
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The Haymarket Riot, The Homestead Strike, The Colorado Miner's Strike, The Pullman Strike and the California Railroad Strike.
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Do you think President Cleveland was right to use federal troops to end the Pullman strike?
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The need for transportation nationally to transport goods and people was a just reason for Cleveland to bring in armed service men.
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What labor organization represented both skilled and unskilled laborers and was the first national labor union in the US?
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The Knights of Labor
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Inventor of the patented telephone in 1876?
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Method for making steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove waste?
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Bessemer Process
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A system of business in which one company owns business in each step of the manufacturing process?
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Vertical Integration
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Powerful business leader who helped find the Central Pacific Railroad?
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Leland Stanford
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Union speaker who worked to better the lives of mine workers?
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Mary Harris Jones
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A method of negotiating for better wages or working conditions in which all workers act together to ensure a better chance of success?
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Collective Bargaining
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What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
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A period of rapid growth in US manufacturing in the late 1800's.
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Why were advances in transportation and communication important to the Second Industrial Revolution?
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It led to the rush of new inventions such as the telephone, the automobile and the airplane.
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Which invention do you think had the greatest effect on people's lives in the late 1800's?
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Electricity and the light bulb.
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What criticisms were made of business leaders and trusts?
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Unfair business practices such as creating monopolies and trusts eliminated competition and gave consumers fewer options for purchasing or using products and services.
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Do you think the growth of big business helped or hurt ordinary Americans?
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Growth of big business helped large business owners but it hurt the small business owners and limited the consumer's option.
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According to the map on page 631, which area provided the petroleum for the oil-refining industry that arose in the United States in the mid-to-late 1800's?
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Ohio/PA/WV
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The person most responsible for making the steel industry a big business in the US?
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Andrew Carnegie
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The exclusive right to make or sell an invention or product is called?
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Patent
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The development of corporations in America was helped by? Suburbs Vertical Integration Sherman Antitrust Act Social Darwinism
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Vertical Integration
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Which of the following was an inventor of the late 1800's? Andrew Carnegie Thomas Edison Leland Stanford John D. Rockefeller
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Thomas Edison
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One cause of labor strikes in the late 1800's was that the workers sought? Shorter Work Days Vertical Integration Social Darwinism Lower Wages
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Shorter Work Days
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Read the following excerpt from the 1889 book Recent Economic Changes and use it to answer the question below: "Machinery is now recognized as essential to cheap production. Nobody can produce effectively and economically without it, and what was formerly known as domestic manufacture is now almost obsolete. But machinery is one of the most expensive of all products, and its extensive purchase and use require an amount of capital far beyond the capacity [ability] of the ordinary individual to furnish." David Wells, quoted in Voices of the American Past Document-Based Question How might the large amounts of money needed for machinery affect the future of business?" How might the large amounts of money needed for machinery affect the future of business?
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If equipment is expensive then companies will pay workers less, will have fewer workers and possibly longer work days.
