question

What are land grants?

answer

Pieces of land granted to individuals/ companies by the government

question

What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads?

answer

The railroads would often sell the land and make money off the land that was paid for by citizens (their tax money goes to the government, which gave the land grants). They also withheld land from other users until they figured out where their tracks would lay. A benefit was that railroad companies were able to expand further west.

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Union Pacific Railroad

answer

Went westward from Omaha, Nebraska. Part of the Credit Mobilier scandal.

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What were Paddies?

answer

Irishmen who were part of construction companies- forced to do a lot of hard labor during this time period.

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Central Pacific Railroad

answer

Pushed eastward from Sacramento, California. Financial backers comprised of the Big Four. Employed many Chinese laborers.

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Union and Pacific Railroads joined...

answer

...by a golden spike in Ogden, Utah, in 1869 by Lelan Stanford

question

How could railroads help Americans?

answer

Americans would be connected across the country, which would help travel time, the ability to connect with different types of people, and allow people to get produce and meats from different parts of the country (due to the decreased travel time). People could also begin to move west. Trade with Asia increased.

question

How could railroads hurt Americans?

answer

Railroad construction was laced with scandal and corruption, which hurt Americans financially (ex. Credit Mobilier). Also, the work was very dangerous, and many people were killed on the job. In addition, railroads created many millionaires who could control the public and place large taxes on farmers.

question

How did railroads affect time zones?

answer

Because people across the nation would be riding the railroads, a precise time system had to be established, as separate towns ran on separate times. Therefore, national time zones were established to account for the position of the sun during the day, and to set an exact time for each part of the country to reduce confusion (ex. California is always exactly 5 hours ahead of Connecticut).

question

What was the Interstate Commerce Commission?

answer

It prohibited rebates and pools and required for railroads to publish their rates openly. It forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than a ling one over the same line. Set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to administer and enforce this legislation.

question

How did railroads affect America as a whole?

answer

Railroads created a huge domestic market for raw materials and manufactured goods. It also spurred industrialization. Stimulated mining and agriculture, took farmers to land and goods to people, started cities, made a steady stream of immigration, created millionaires, was the drive to make time zones, and gave people a new place to live.

question

Alexander Graham Bell

answer

Invented the telephone

question

Thomas Edison

answer

Invented the phonograph, the mimeograph, the dictaphone, the moving picture, and the light bulb

question

What factors made industrial expansion possible?

answer

There are many natural resources in America, inlcuding coal, iron, and oil There was an increase in immigration and therefore an increase in cheap labor Railroads increased transportation of goods

question

Andrew Carnegie

answer

The steel king Used vertical integration

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John D. Rockefeller

answer

The oil baron Used horizontal integration Created the Standard Oil Company

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J.P. Morgan

answer

The bankers' banker Bought many dying companies to bring them back to life and make millions off of them

question

Vertical integration

answer

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

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Horizontal immigration

answer

Allying with other companies to make a product; a different company every step of the way

question

What is a trust?

answer

A word used to describe any large-scale business combination

question

How did businesses try to organize to maximize profits?

answer

Different types of integration (horizontal or vertical)

question

Heavy Industry

answer

Concentrated on making capital goods rather than consumer goods

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Capital Goods

answer

Goods for industry/ companies

question

Consumer Goods

answer

Goods for everyday consumers, like clothes and shoes

question

Bessemer Process

answer

an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities

question

Why was steel so important for industrialization?

answer

"New steel civilization," used in skyscrapers, coal scuttles, later used for railroads

question

Social Darwinism

answer

Mindset of survival of the fittest; the rich were meant to be rich, and had worked hard to achieve it, so they deserve it

question

Describe the positive effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans

answer

Gave Americans a source of income and a way to buy things for their families. Gave families more money for food

question

Describe the negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans

answer

Child labor Strict schedules, unlike personal clocks on a farm Danger

question

Scabs

answer

Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

question

Yellow-Dog Contracts

answer

A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.

question

Black List

answer

A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses.

question

Company Town

answer

A town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company.

question

What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"?

answer

Job security was low, workers were easily replaced, so people were always searching for and trying to keep their jobs to support themselves and their families

question

National Labor Union

answer

Skilled, unskilled, and farmers Excluded the Chinese Didn't try very hard to get women and blacks Wanted an 8 hour work day

question

Knights of Labor

answer

Originated as a secret society Included everyone but nonproducers Campaigned for social and economic reform Safety and health codes

question

Haymarket Square

answer

A demonstration of striking laborers and anarchists in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

question

What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor?

answer

Became involved in many failing strikes Accidentally involved with anarchists Haymarket Square Bomb when the Knights of Labor were striking, therefore associated with it Included both skilled and unskilled workers who were not equal

question

American Federation of Labor

answer

A union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong. Founded and run by Samuel Gompers.

question

To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in Industrial America?

answer

It was very difficult- often in perpetual debt

question

Lock out

answer

An action where management refuses to let workers who are making demands into the workplace

question

Louis Sullivan

answer

Made/ created the first skyscraper

question

Walking Cities

answer

The way cities used to be, where the size was confined to how far people could walk. Streetcars and subways made cities explode outward.

question

Department Stores

answer

Provided urban working-class jobs and attracted urban middle-class shoppers

question

Tenements

answer

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

question

What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800s?

answer

Need for jobs, lure of the city (lights, nightlife, jobs, transportation, shopping, indoor plumbing, telephones, etc.)

question

How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants?

answer

The New Immigrants were mainly Baltic and Slavic people of southeastern Europe, who were basically the opposite of the Old Immigrants (who were from the British Isles and western Europe, and they were literate and accostomed to representative government).

question

Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?

answer

There was not a lot of room in Europe, nor was there much employment, since industrialization had eliminated many jobs. America seemed like a dream, with food everyday, and having freedom as well as opportunity.

question

Political Bosses

answer

Influential politicians who demanded payoffs from businesses and helped the poor to try to win votes.

question

Social gospel

answer

The idea that churches should address social issues

question

Jane Addams

answer

The founder of the Hull House (est. 1889) to teach children and adults the skills and knowledge they would need to survive and succeed in America.

question

Hull House

answer

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. to provide skills and knowledge necessary to survive in America.

question

Settlement Houses

answer

Institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people (I think)

question

How did political bosses help immigrants?

answer

Provided jobs/shelter/food in return for votes. Gave them a starting point, many didn't care about the votes, many were from unrepresentative governmental countries anyway

question

Nativists

answer

U.S. citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants, especially those who came from countries without a representative government, and feared losing jobs to them.

question

American Protective Association

answer

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration.

question

Statue of Liberty

answer

A gift from the French to America in 1886 that had an inscription of a poem on it describing how America was the place that many immigrants from all over the world washed up.

question

In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the Statue of Liberty?

answer

Just as the Statue of Liberty arrived describing how immigrants were always coming to America (washing up on the shores), the United States closed to all Chinese immigrants.

question

Salvation Army

answer

a charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless

question

YMCA

answer

Young Men Christian's Association, Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities

question

What role did religion play in helping the urban poor?

answer

Religion provided some help to the poor, especially the Salvation Army. Other than that (and in the beginning), they really did nothing.

question

Charles Darwin

answer

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

question

Origin of Species

answer

Written by CHARLES DARWIN, 1859, and outlining his theory of evolution. Had huge impact on more than just the scientific community, but also the religious community

question

Fundamentalists

answer

Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.

question

What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches?

answer

Churches said that this was not true, and that people should follow the ways of the Bible. Modernists believed that the Bible was not completely accurate and true.

question

Normal schools

answer

State colleges established for the training of teachers (I think)

question

What types of schools began to grow in America?

answer

Kindergardes, high schools, public schools, and colleges

question

Morrill Act of 1862

answer

Provided a grant of public lands to states for support of education, This Act was to encourage more settlers into the Great Plains (passed along with the Homestead Act of 1862). The Act set aside land and provided money for agricultural college which allowed, eventually, for agricultural to become industrialized

question

What advances took place in education in the years following the civil war?

answer

Medical schools, more public schools, more colleges, textbooks paid for by the local government, more kindergartens, Ivy leagues, help for adults who couldn't go to school

question

Booker T. Washington

answer

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. From the South.

question

Tuskegee Institute

answer

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

question

W.E.B. Du Bois

answer

Disagreed with Washington, thought that Blacks immediately deserved social, political, and economic equality. From the North.

question

NAACP

answer

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded in 1910 by W.E.B. Du Bois.

question

Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois

answer

Washington believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. W.E.B. Du Bois disagreed with Washington, thought that Blacks immediately deserved social, political, and economic equality. From the North.

question

Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hurst

answer

Helped to create yellow journalism (from the New York World and San Francisco Examiner, respectively)

question

Yellow Journalism

answer

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

question

Linotype

answer

Technology that allowed the mechanical rather than manual setting of print type. Led to cheaper newspapers.

question

How did the ablity to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content?

answer

Now lower class citizens could afford newspapers, and buy them very often, so they did not care about the high class, boring government news. Instead, they were interested in sex, scandal, divorce, and other topics like that, which created yellow journalism.

question

Victoria Woodhull

answer

Radical, publicly proclaimed free love, fought for women's rights, women's suffrage (vote), first female to run for presidency

question

Anthony Comstock

answer

Persuaded Congress in 1873 to pass the "Comstock Law" which prohibited the mailing or transportation of obscene and lewd material and photographs., United States reformer who led moral crusades against art and literature that he considered obscene (1844-1915)

question

Comstock Law

answer

A United States federal law which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information.

question

What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality?

answer

Comstock Law, women on bicycles, women wearing pantaloons, women wearing shorter skirts esp. to play croquet, yellow journalism, Gibson Girl

question

Women's Christian Temperance Union

answer

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

question

Carrie Nation

answer

Muscular and anti deranged woman; she destroyed saloons in her wild anti drinking crusade.

question

Anti-Saloon League

answer

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) to publicize the effects of drinking.

question

What was the 18th Amendment?

answer

The 18th amendment prohibited the sale of alcohol (1919).

question

Clara Barton

answer

Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross

question

What social causes were women (and many men) involved in in the late 1800s?

answer

Women's rights and suffrage, the new morality, prevention of cruelty to animals, prohibition

question

Vaudeville

answer

Stage entertainment made up of various acts, such as dancing, singing, comedy, and magic shows

question

P.T. Barnum

answer

A nineteenth-century American showman known for his circus, "The Greatest Show on Earth."

question

Buffalo Bill Cody

answer

United States showman famous for his Wild West Show (1846-1917)

question

Annie Oakley

answer

United States sharpshooter who was featured in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (1860-1926)

question

James Naismith

answer

Invented basketball in 1891

question

What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900?

answer

Baseball, circuses, wrestling, wild west shows, and basketball

Chapters 24+25 – Flashcards

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