HD Test 1 – Flashcard
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Puberty
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A flood of biological events leading to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity.
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causes of Puberty
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diet, weight, exercise, etc..
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Adolescence
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The transition between childhood and adulthood.
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What factors are taken into consideration into describing adolescence?
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biological (puberty) , environmental, social environment, cognitive development
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Physical growth of adolescent males
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-muscle growth, body and facial hair, shoulders broaden -growth complete by 17.5 -larger skeletal muscles
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testes release what?
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androgen testosterone
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Physical growth of adolescent females.
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-Estrogen released by girls' ovaries -the breasts, uterus, and vagina to mature -hips broaden -fat is gained -regulation of the menstrual cycle. -Growth complete by age 16
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Only ___ percent of North American girls and __ percent of boys are active enough for good health.
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40, 50
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A sharp raise in body weight can trigger?
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sexual maturation
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Identical Twins reach puberty?
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around the same time
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Triggers of early and late puberty
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Athletic training, malnutrition, eating too little, family life,
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Average age of menarche for females in North America?
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12.5
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Average age of menarche for females in Western Europe?
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13
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Average age of spermarche?
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13.5
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Average age of onset of puberty for females?
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10
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Average age of onset of puberty for males?
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11.5
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Adolescents react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely.
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True
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Females or males tell more about pubertal changes?
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females
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How much sleep do adolescents need?
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8-9 hours
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adolescents perform poorly on ____ in the morning
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cognitive tasks
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Which culture better prepares girls for menarche, treat it as an important milestone, and express less conflict over girls reaching sexual maturity
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African American
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Advice for sexual talk
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-be open -non judgmental -answer all the questions -use appropriate terminology
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4 Different Parental Styles
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Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved
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high damandingness, high responsiveness
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Authoritative
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high damandingness, low responsiveness
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Authoritarian
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low damandingness, high responsiveness
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Permissive
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low damandingness, low responsiveness
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Uninvolved
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Issues of parent-child conflicts?
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everyday matters. curfew, driving, dating
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Characteristics of early and late maturers.
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-Early-maturing girls and late-maturing boys have difficulty b/c of extremes of physical development -feel out of place with their peers -Early-maturing adolescents seek out older companions -encouraged into activities they are not ready to handle emotionally" -sexual activity, drug and alcohol use, and minor delinquent acts.
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Adolescents feel most comfortable with peers who . . .
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Match their own level of pubertal maturity.
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The most common nutritional problem of adolescence is____ deficiency.
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iron
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Characteristics of those with eating disorders
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Not eating, eating a lot at once, extra trips to the bathroom, taking laxatives, underweight, obsessively exercising, high expectations of physical appearances, eroding of teeth enamel, other risky behaviors
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treatment of eating disorders?
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family therapy, medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances
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males account for _____ of people with eating disorders
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5-15%
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What type of intervention is the most affective for eating disorders?
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family therapy
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North American attitudes towards sexual activity.
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-Sexual attitude is restrictive -parents avoid having meaningful talks with their children.
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Percent of U.S. adolescents report having had sexual intercourse.
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over 50%
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early sexual activity predicts what?
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delinquency, drug and alcohol use, lower academic achievement
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Adolescents have highest rates of what?
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STDs
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x/x sexually active teenagers contracts one of these illnesses each year
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1/6
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_____ as easy for a male to infect a female with any STD
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twice
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Characteristics of teenage mothers?
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-Less likely to graduate high school or to go on to college -know less about child development -low parental involvement -domestic violence -parental divorce -unmarried parenthood
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Today's Challenge for teenage mothers versus past
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single mothers
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Which substance do American adolescents experiment with most during high school?
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alcohol- 63%
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Characteristics of a minimal drug experimenter?
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intelligent, curious, sociable
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In adolescence, the speed of what increases?
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the speed of thinking and processing capacity increase
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Adolescences will also see increase in ?
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knowledge and self regulation
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Females do well academically in math and science but what decreases?
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self-confidence to perform in those subjects
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High School dropout rate for US.
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10%
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the Dropout rate is higher for what type of people?
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-minorities -poor -males
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Piaget's Formal Operational Stage suggests that adolescents . .
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-can work with general logical rules and think hypothetically and abstractly
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When does Piaget's Formal Operational Stage begin?
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11
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Erikson's stage for adolescence
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Identity versus role confusion
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Teenagers whose parents value achievement generally choose friends who share those values
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Teenagers whose parents value achievement generally choose friends who share those values
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Identity Development stages
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Identity achievement, Identity moratorium, Identity foreclosure, Identity diffusion
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committed to values and goals, sense of well-being, know where they are going
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Identity achievement
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haven't made commitments, process of exploring, gathering info and trying activies with desire to find values and goals
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Identity moratorium
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committed to values and goals without exploring. Accept a ready-made identity chosen for them by authority
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Identity foreclosure
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lack direction, not committed and not trying to reach goals. Find tasks overwhelming
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Identity diffusion
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Biculturally identified adolescents tend to have favorable relations with members of other ethnic groups.
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Biculturally identified adolescents tend to have favorable relations with members of other ethnic groups.
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What introduces young people to social issues that broaden their perspective-taking opportunities?
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College
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Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning.
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Preconventional, Conventional, Post conventional
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children accept rules, morals are controlled by parents
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Preconventional
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listen to social rules but don't view them for reasons for self-interest. Obeying the rules will keep positive relationships
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Conventional
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understand morality based on their experiences
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Post conventional
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Teenagers from which country are the most likely to report being religious?
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United States
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The quality of the parent-child relationship is a predictor of what?
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mental health
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Sibling rivalry ____ in high school years b/c trying to form own identities
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decrease
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_____ provide foundation for future intimate relationships
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friendships
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increased gender stereotyping of attitudes, behaviors
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Gender intensification
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Gender intensification is stronger for _____ who feel less free to experiment with "other-gender"
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females
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______ are psychologically healthier, more self-confident, willing to speak their own mind, better-liked by peers, and identity-achieved
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females
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Those at risk for suicide
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gay and lesbian
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Boys more likely to commit suicide by what ratio compared to girls
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3 or 4 to 1
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Suicide is what number leading cause of death?
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third
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Prevention of suicide?
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medication, gun control
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Why are boys more likely than girls to be targets of delinquency?
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more active and impulsive, harder to control.
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Prevention of delinquency?
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Authoritative parenting style
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Androgynous gender identity
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straight, gay, transgender
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linked to higher grades
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Authoritative parenting style
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Autonomy
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sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual, not reliant on parents
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Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
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start with hypothesis, isolate and combine variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world
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able to think about possibilities of real world
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Idealism
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focus of everyone's attention
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Imaginary audience
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Certain that others are observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated opinion of their own importance - a feeling that they are special and unique.
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Personal fable
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predicament in which people feel themselves at risk of confirming negative stereotyped about their social group
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Stereotype threat-
