Educational Psychology – Chap 5, 6, 7 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Individual Differences
answer
Diversity in abilities and characteristics (intellegence, personality, etc.) among students at a particular gender or cultural group.
question
Differentiated Instruction
answer
Practice of individualizing instructional methods-and possibly also individualizing specific content and instructional goals-to align with each student's existing knowledge, skills, and needs.
question
Intellegence
answer
Ability to apply prior knowledge and experiences flexibly to accomplish challenging new tasks.
question
fluid intellegence
answer
Ability to acquire knowledge quickly and adapt effectively to new situations.
question
crystalized intellegence
answer
Knowledge and skills accumulated from prior experience, schooling, and culture.
question
Distributive intellegence
answer
Enhancement of thinking through the use of physical objects and technology, concepts, and symbols of one's culture, and/or social collaboration and support.
question
Intellegence Test
answer
General measure of current level of cognitive functioning; often used to predict academic achievement in the short run.
question
IQ score
answer
Score on an intellegence test, determined by comparingg a person's performance with that of others in the same age group.
question
Cognitive Style
answer
Characteristic way in which a learner tends to think about a task and process new information; typically comes into play automatically rather than by choice.
question
Disposition
answer
General inclination and desire to approach and think about learning and problem-solving tasks in a particular way; typically has a motivational component in addition to cognitive components.
question
Gardner's Multiple Intellegences
answer
There are 8. Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist.
question
Cognitive Processes
answer
Particular way of thinking about and mentally responding to a certain event or piece of information.
question
Neuropsychology
answer
Study of how various brain structures and functions are related to human learning and behaviors.
question
Cognitive load
answer
Cognitive burden that a particular learning activity places in the working memory at any one time; includes both the amount of information students must simultaneously think about and the specific cognitive processes students must engage in to understand what they're studying.
question
astrocyte
answer
Star-shaped brain cell hypothesized to be involved in learning and memory; has chemically mediated connections with many other astrocytes and neurons.
question
learning
answer
long-term change in mental representations or associations as result of experience
question
cognitive psychology
answer
general theoretical perspective that focuses on the mental processes underlying learning and behavior
question
cognitive process
answer
particular way of thinking about and mentally responding to a certain event or piece of information
question
information processing theory
answer
theoretical perspective that focuses on the specific ways in which learners mentally think about, or process, new information and events
question
sensation
answer
one's ability to detect stimuli in the environment
question
perception
answer
one's interpretation of stimuli
question
constructivism
answer
theoretical perspective proposing that learners construct, rather than absorb, knowledge from their experiences
question
memory
answer
ability to mentally save something that has been previously learned; also, the mental "location" where such information is saved
question
storage
answer
process of putting new information into memory
question
encoding
answer
changing the format of new information as it is being stored in memory
question
retrieval
answer
process of finding information previously stored in memory
question
sensory register
answer
component of memory that holds incoming information in an unanalyzed form for a very brief period of time (two or three seconds at most, depending on the modality)
question
attention
answer
focusing of mental processing on particular stimuli
question
working memory
answer
component of memory that holds and actively thinks about and processes a limited amount of information for a short time
question
central executive
answer
component of the human memory system that oversees the flow of information throughout the system
question
maintenance rehearsal
answer
rapid repetition of a small amount of information to keep it fresh in working memory
question
long-term memory
answer
component of memory that holds knowledge and skills for a relatively long time
question
activation
answer
degree to which something in memory is being actively attended to and mentally processed
question
declarative knowledge
answer
knowledge concerning the nature of how things are, were, or will be
question
procedural knowledge
answer
knowledge concerning how to do something (e.g. a skill)
question
conditional knowledge
answer
knowledge concerning appropriate ways to respond (physically or mentally) under different circumstances
question
explicit knowledge
answer
knowledge that a person is consciously aware of and can verbally describe
question
implicit knowledge
answer
knowledge that a person cannot consciously recall or explain but that nevertheless affects the person's thinking or behavior
question
rote learning
answer
learning information in a relatively uninterpreted form, without making sense of it or attaching much meaning to it
question
rehearsal
answer
cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over within a short timeframe (typically a few minutes or less) as a possible way of learning and remembering it
question
meaningful learning
answer
cognitive process in which learners relate new information to things they already know
question
elaboration
answer
cognitive process in which learners embellish on new information based on what they already know
question
organization
answer
cognitive process in which learners make connections among various pieces of information they need to learn (e.g. by forming categories, identifying hierarchies, determining cause-effect relationships)
question
concept map
answer
diagram of concepts and their interrelationships; used to enhance learning and memory of a topic
question
visual imagery
answer
process of forming mental pictures of objects or ideas
question
knowledge base
answer
one's existing knowledge about specific topics and the world in general
question
prior knowledge activation
answer
process of reminding learners of things they already know relative to a new topic
question
meaningful learning set
answer
attitude that one can make sense of the information one is studying
question
mnemonic
answer
memory aid or trick designed to help learn and remember one or more specific pieces of information
question
verbal mediator
answer
word or phrase that forms a logical connection, or bridge, between two pieces of information
question
keyword method
answer
mnemonic technique in which an association is made between two ideas by forming a visual image of one or more concrete objects (keywords) that either sound similar to or symbolically represent those ideas
question
superimposed meaningful structure
answer
familiar shape, word, sentence, poem, or story imposed on information to facilitate recall
question
situated learning and cognition
answer
knowledge, behaviors, and thinking skills acquired and used primarily within certain contexts, with limited or no retrieval and use in other contexts
question
hot cognition
answer
learning or cognitive processing that is emotionally charged
question
automaticity
answer
ability to respond quickly and efficiently while mentally processing or physically performing a task
question
retrieval cue
answer
stimulus that provides guidance about where to look for a piece of information in long-term memory
question
recognition task
answer
memory task in which one must identify correct information among incorrect statements or irrelevant information
question
recall task
answer
memory task in which one must retrieve information from long-term memory with only minimal retrieval cues
question
wait time
answer
length of time a teacher pauses, either after asking a question or hearing a student's comment, before saying something further
question
consolidation
answer
neurological process in which newly acquired knowledge is firmed up in the brain; often takes several hours, sometimes even longer
question
decay
answer
gradual weakening of information stored in long-term memory, especially if the information is used infrequently
question
interference
answer
phenomenon whereby something stored in long-term memory inhibits one's ability to remember something else correctly
question
construction
answer
mental process in which a learner takes many separate pieces of information and uses them to build an overall understanding or interpretation
question
reconstruction error
answer
construction of a logical but incorrect memory by combining information retrieved from one's long-term memory with one's general knowledge and beliefs about the world
question
individual constructivism
answer
theoretical perspective that focuses on how individuals construct meaning from their experiences
question
social constructivism
answer
theoretical perspective that focuses on people's collective efforts to impose meaning on the world
question
distributed cognition
answer
process whereby learners think about an issue or problem together, sharing ideas and working collaboratively to draw conclusions or develop solutions
question
concept
answer
mental grouping of objects or events that have something in common
question
undergeneralization
answer
overly narrow view of the objects or events that a concept includes
question
overgeneralization
answer
overly broad view of the objects or events that a concept includes
question
schema
answer
tightly organized set of facts about a specific topic
question
script
answer
schema that involves a predictable sequence of events related to a common activity
question
theory
answer
integrated set of concepts and principles developed to explain a particular phenomenon
question
worldview
answer
general, culturally based set of assumptions about reality that influence understandings of a wide variety of phenomena
question
conceptual understanding
answer
meaningfully learned and well-integrated knowledge about a topic, including many logical connections among specific concepts and ideas
question
authentic activity
answer
classroom activity similar to an activity that students are apt to encounter in the outside world
question
problem-based learning
answer
classroom activity in which students acquire new knowledge and skills while working on a complex problem similar to one that might exist in the outside world
question
project-based learning
answer
claassroom activity in which students acquire new knowledge and skills while working on a complex, multifaceted project that yields a concrete end product
question
service learning
answer
activity that promotes learning and development through contributing to the betterment of others and the outside community
question
model
answer
a physical or symbolic representation of a phenomenon that depicts its key components and important interrelationship
question
community of learners
answer
class in which teachers and students actively and collaboratively work to create a body of knowledge and help one another learn
question
misconception
answer
belief that is inconsistent with commonly accepted and well-validated explanations of phenomena or events
question
conceptual change
answer
significant revision of an existing theory or belief system, enabling new and discrepant information to be better understood and explained
question
confirmation bias
answer
tendency to seek information that confirms, rather than discredits, current beliefs
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New