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Socialization

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cultural process of learning to participate in group life

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How does socialization take place

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through cultural transmision

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Without socialzation

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don't develop many human characteristics or set of attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors associated with individuality

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Socialization timeline

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begins at birth and ends at death

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Socialization enables people to fit into

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different social groups

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Socialization is most important in

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early life

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Animals and humans deprived of prolonged social contact are

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stunted in emotional and social growth

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Nearly all aspects of human social behavior as well as social life is learned through

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socialization because at birth we are helpless with no knowledge of how to think, behave or feel

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How do we know socialization is important?

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Non-experimental evidence from studies on socially isolated children and monkeys

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Who did the monkey experiments?

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Harry Harlow

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What was Harry Harlow's experiment?

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infant monkeys separated from mothers at birth, 2 artificial mothers same size and shape, one had exposed wire body, other covered with soft terry cloth and they were free to choose

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How did the rhesus monkeys react with the 2 mothers?

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they spent more time with the soft mother, even when the wire dummy was the only source of food, when frightened ran to cloth

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What was the result of Harry Harlow's experiments?

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infant monkeys need intimacy, warmth, physical contact, and comfort, if not they become distressed, apathetic, withdrawn, hostile adult animals, not normal sexual patterns, as mothers they rejected or ignored their babies or even physically abused them

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Lawrence Casler

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1965, developmental growth rate of institutionalized children receiving less physical contact than normal can be improved with only 20 minutes of extra touching a day

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Anna

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mother kept in confined room, 5 years only had milk, barely alive, rarely moved, bed filthy, didn't know what it was like to be held or comforted, not talk or walk and showed few signs of intelligence

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Anna first year and half

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in country home for children, learned to walk, understand simple commands, feed herself, recall people she had seen, speech of a 1 year old

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Anna was transferred to a school for learning disabled children and at 7 her mental age was only

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19 months and social maturity was 2 years old

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1 year later in Anna's life

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could bounce and catch a ball, participate as a follower in group activities, eat normally with spoon only, attend toilet needs, dress herself, 2 year old speech

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Anna died at age 10 and was able to

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carry out instructions, identify some colors, build with blocks, wash hands, brush teeth, try to help others, emotional attachment to her doll

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Isabelle

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Mother deaf since age 2 and didn't speak, stayed with child in dark room, found at 6.5 and was ill from inadequate diet and lack of sunshine, legs bowed, communicated by gestures, reacted with fear and hostility to strangers

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Although many though Isabelle was severely learning disabled

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she progressed quickly and in two years acquired skills mastered by normal 6 year old, at 8.5 at same level as age, 14 participated in all activities normal for her age, may have been due to mother who was comforting company

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The personal and social development associated with being human is acquired through

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intensive and prolonged social contact with others

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All three perspectives agree that socialization is

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needed if cultural and societal values are to be learned

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Of the perspectives the most developed is

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symbolic interactionism

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Symbolic interactionism and Socialization

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using other people as a mirror for learning about ourselves, human nature is a product of society, uses key concepts to explain socialization

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Functionalism and socialization

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stresses the ways a group works together to create stable society, schools and families socialize children by teaching same basic norms, beliefs, and values, if not society would be fragmented and chaotic

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Conflict and socialization

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Way of perpetuating the status quo, preserves class system, don't challenge position or upset existing class structure, maintains social, political, and economic advantages of higher social class

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Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead

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Early 20th centruy, challenged belief that human nature is biologically determined, they thought human nature is a product of society

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Key concepts to explain socialization (symbolic interactionism)

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self-concept, looking-glass self, significant others, role taking (imitation stage, play stage, game stage), generalized other

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Where did the self-concept idea come from?

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from watching own children play

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Self-concept

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your image of yourself as having an identity separate from other people

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Children interpreted how others reacted to them in many ways

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Ex. causing disturbance with visitors turns attention to themselves, judge in terms of how they imagine others will react to them

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Other people are

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mirrors for self-development

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Looking glass self

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a self-concept based on our idea of others' judgement of us or an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you

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How does the looking-glass process work?

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we imagine what they think of us in a three stage process that is constantly taking place

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Stages of looking-glass process

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1. imagine how we appear to others, 2. we imagine the reaction of others to our imagined appearance, 3. evaluate ourselves based on how we imagine others have judged us

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The looking-glass process is

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unconscious, very rapid, and can result in positive or negative results

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Can the looking glass be distorted?

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Yes, from our imagination, works even if we are wrong, consequences are as real as if we were right

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Do we use some people as mirrors more than others?

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George Herbert Mead, yes, significant others

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Significant others

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those people whose reactions are most important to your self-concept, Child = parents, teachers, grandparents, playmates, Teens = peers, Adults = spouses, parents, friends, ministers, employers

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Functionalism view and media view

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stresses how socialization contributes to a stable society, network tv encourages social integration by exposing the entire society to shared beliefs, values, and norms

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Conflict and media view

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views socialization as a way for the powerful to keep things the same, newspaper owners and editors exercise power by setting the political agenda for a community

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Symbolic interactionism and media view

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holds that socialization is a major determinant of human nature, through words and pictures, children's books expose the meaning of love, manners, and motherhood

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Role taking is

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assuming the viewpoint of another person and using that to shape the self-concept

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During role taking

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humans have silent conversations which allows us to imagine thoughts, emotions, and behavior from tohers, ex. teacher and wanting an A

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How does the ability for role taking develop?

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Mead, product of a 3 stage process

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Stages of role taking

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imitation, play, and game

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Imitation Stage

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1.5-2 years old, imitates without understanding the behavior of a significant other, first step in developing a capacity for role playing

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Play stage

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3-4, playing at being mother, father, police, teacher, astronaut, acting and thinking as a child imagines the other person would, children take on roles of others one at a time

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Game stage

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more sophisticated role taking, consider the roles of several people simultaneously, games involve several people and rules are specific, must know what they are supposed to do and what is expected of others, ex. boy playing baseball wrong pulled off team, children learn to gear their behavior to the norms of the group

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When do we start acting out of principle?

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during game stage, child's self-concept, attitudes, beliefs, and values gradually come to depend less on individuals and more on general concepts, ex. being honest is wrong more than just to please parents, as this change occurs a generalized other emerges

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Generalized other

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an integrated conception of the norms, values, and beliefs of one's community or society

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What is the self?

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Mead says it is composed to 2 parts including I and Me

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Me

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Part created through socialization, accounts for predictability and conformity, yet much of human behavior is spontaneous and unpredictable

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I

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Does not operate only in extreme situations of rage or excitement, interacts constantly with me as we conduct ourselves in social situations

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The first reaction of self comes from

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I

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Before we react the reaction is directed into the socialized

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me

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I takes into account the

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me before acting

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Major agents of socialization during childhood and adolescence are

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family, school, peer group, and mass media

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Family role in socialization is

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critical for basic values

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School introduces life

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beyond family

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peer groups teach to relate as

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equals

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Mass media provides role models for

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full integration to modern society

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Child's first exposure to the world is with

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family, the primary agent of socialization

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With family the child learns to

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think, speak, internalize norms, beliefs, values, form basic attitudes, develop a capacity for intimate and personal relationships, acquire a self image, social class shapes what we think of ourselves and how others treat us

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Schools socialize through

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impersonal relationships, rewards and punishments based on performance, evaluates by objective standards, taught to be less dependent emotionally on parents, feelings of loyalty and allegiance beyond family, hidden curriculum

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Hidden curriculum

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Informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught at school in preparation for life, teach discipline, order, cooperation, and conformity needed for adult success

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Schools also teach

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how to experience time in real world, get through preset number of activities within a given time period, rules and regulations for most activities

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Since students are isolated from the working adult society

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they depend on each other for much of social life

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Peer group

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a set of individuals of roughly the same age and interests not primarily controlled by adults

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People usually belong to

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several peer groups

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Socialization in peer groups by

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engaging in give and take relationships, conflict, competition, and cooperation, experience in self direction, make own decisions, experiment with new thinking, feeling, and behaving, engage in activities that involve self expression

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what promotes peer groups

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independence from parents

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Norms of peers conflict often with

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those of the adult world

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Peer groups also teach to be

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different from parents helping develop self-sufficiency, develop close ties out of family, to get along with large groups different from themselves, develop social flexibility needed in a mobile, rapidly changing society

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Do friends or family have more influence?

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once in upper grade levels peers do, judith harris

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Mass media is

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a means of communication designed to reach the general population, ex. tv, radio, newspaper, magazines, movies, books, internet, tapes, discs

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Media often makes things seem more

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glamorous

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Media first introduces children to

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numerous aspects of their culture and provide role models to imitate

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the media socializes by

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helping integrate the young into society, offers ideas about values in society, images of achievement and success, activity and work, equality and democracy

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Violence in the mass media

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by 16, average person seen 20,000 homicides on tv, watching aggressive behavior increases aggression in society

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Symbolic interactionism views socialization as

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lifelong

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desocialization is

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process of giving up old norms

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Resocialization begins as

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people adopt new norms and values

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Anticipatory socialization and reference groups are concerned with

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voluntary change as moving from one life stage to another

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When change occurs you learn

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new behaviors and skills

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Learning is

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important to socialization

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4 processes with socialization after childhood

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desocialization, resocialization, anticipatory socialization, reference groups

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Total institutions

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places where residents are separated from the rest of society, not free to manage their own lives, controlled and manipulated by hose in charge, end purpose is to permanently change the residents

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Desocialization

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first step, process of giving up old norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors, destruction of old self concepts and personal identity

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Desocialization is done by

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replacing personal possessions with standard issue promoting sameness, deprives them of what they used to represent themselves, use of serial numbers ex.

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Resocialization

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process in which people adopt new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors, begins after desocialization

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Resocialization is done through

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A system of rewards and punishments to give residents new self concepts, rewards can be extra food, periods of privacy, or special responsibilities, punishments can be shaming, loss of privileges, physical punishment, and social isolation

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Occur in normal life on a smaller scale to

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child becoming teen, adults beginning career, elderly becoming retired, also marine corps

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Anticipatory socialization

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voluntary process of preparing to accept new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors, doesn't generally occur in mental hospitals or prisons

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Anticipatory socialization occurs when

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people are moving from one stage of life to another, generally begins in preteen years

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Reference groups

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group whose norms and values are used to guide behavior, with whom you identify, used to evaluate themselves and from which they acquire attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms

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New group is a

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tool for anticipatory socialization ex. college students dressing in suits due to business reference group

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