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#1 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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before the Civil War, the lives of American women were shaped by a set of ideals that historians call "the Cult of True Womanhood."

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#2 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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women in the North and South joined volunteer brigades and signed up to work as nurses.

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#3 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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these experiences had expanded many Americans' definitions of "true womanhood."

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#4 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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women and men alike eagerly volunteered to fight for the cause.

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#5 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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In the Northern states, women organized ladies' aid societies to supply the Union troops with everything they needed, from food to clothing to cash.

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#6 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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many women wanted to take a more active role in the war effort

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#7 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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they tried to find a way to work on the front lines, caring for sick and injured soldiers and keeping the rest of the Union troops healthy and safe.

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#8 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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In June 1861 The federal government agreed to create "a preventive hygienic and sanitary service for the benefit of the army" called the United States Sanitary Commission.

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#9 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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The Sanitary Commission's primary objective was to combat preventable diseases and infections by improving conditions in army camps and hospitals.

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#10 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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By war's end, the Sanitary Commission had provided almost $15 million in supplies-the vast majority of which had been collected by women

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#11 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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Working-class white women and free and enslaved African-American women worked as laundresses, cooks and "matrons".

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#12 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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some 3,000 middle-class white women worked as nurses.

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#13 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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Army nurses traveled from hospital to hospital, providing "humane and efficient care for wounded, sick and dying soldiers."

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#14 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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They also acted as mothers and housekeepers-"havens in a heartless world"-for the soldiers under their care.

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#15 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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White women in the South threw themselves into the war effort with the same zeal as their Northern counterparts

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#16 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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The Confederacy had less money and fewer resources than did the Union, however, so they did much of their work on their own or through local auxiliaries and relief societies.

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#17 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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They provided uniforms, blankets, sandbags and other supplies for entire regiments.

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#18 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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They wrote letters to soldiers and worked as untrained nurses in makeshift hospitals.

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#19 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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Slave women were, of course, not free to contribute to the Union cause.

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#20 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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During the Civil War, women especially faced a host of new duties and responsibilities.

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#21 http://www.historynet.com/women-in-the-civil-war

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There were many women playing important roles in the Civil War, including nurses, spies, soldiers, abolitionists, civil rights advocates and promoters of women's suffrage.

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#22 http://www.historynet.com/women-in-the-civil-war

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Most women were engaged in supplying the troops with food, clothing, medical supplies, and even money through fundraising.

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#23 http://www.historynet.com/women-in-the-civil-war

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Others took to directly caring for the wounded, treating the sick and ensuring the health of the troops.

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#24 http://www.historynet.com/women-in-the-civil-war

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Thousands of women served as volunteer nurses during the Civil War.

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#25 http://www.historynet.com/women-in-the-civil-war

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There is very little written record of their service though a few of the more famous names left accounts, including Louisa May Alcott, Jane Stuart Woolsey, susie King Taylor and Katherine Prescott Wormeley.

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#26 Daring Women of the Civil War

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Many women wished that they were men so that they could fight during the war

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# 27 Daring Women of the Civil War

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Women could not: -vote -own property -serve a jury -be elected to political office

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#28 Daring Women of the Civil War

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When the men left women took on more roles than they anticipated

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#29 Daring Women of the Civil War

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Most women kept diaries during the civil war

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# 30 Daring Women of the Civil War

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As soon as the war began tons of women wanted to become nurses to help the soldiers

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# 31 Daring Women of the Civil War

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In those days it wasn't considered proper for a women to take care of a male stranger.

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#32 Daring Women of the Civil War

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People thought women were too delicate for the shocking sights of death, disease, and crippled bodies.

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#33 Daring Women of the Civil War

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Women were allowed to take part as nurses because there were so many men getting injured

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#34 Daring Women of the Civil War

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Dorothea Dix was the person to assign jobs and train nurses for the Union Army.

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#35 Daring Women of the Civil War

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She has spent more than twenty years working in mental hospitals and prisons.

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#36 Daring Women of the Civil War

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She hired only plain-looking women who were older than thirty.

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#37 Daring Women of the Civil War

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At least 400 women disguised themselves as men to fight in the civil war

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#38 Daring Women of the Civil War

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Women were not allowed to become soldiers so they had to pretend to be men they wore men clothing and cut their hair short

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#39 Daring Women of the Civil War

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Women would avoid medical help if they were injured afraid they would have to take off their shirts.

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#40 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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Many women supported the war effort as nurses and aides, while others took a more upfront approach and secretly enlisted in the army or served as spies and smugglers.

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#41 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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hundreds of women served as spies for the Confederate and Union armies in the Civil War.

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#42 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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Women spies usually gathered valuable military information by flirting with male soldiers at parties, dinners or other social events.

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#43 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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These women also smuggled supplies, ammunition and medicine across enemy lines by hiding them underneath their large hoop skirts.

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#44 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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Emeline Pigott from North Carolina, gathered military information by entertaining Union soldiers at dinner parties in her home.

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#45 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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Between 2,000 to 5,000 women volunteered as nurses during the Civil War. According to the book "Women in the Civil War," so many women eagerly volunteered for the job, they earned a nickname from the press

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#46 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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Many women participated in war relief efforts, such as sewing circles where they made clothing for soldiers or they held charity drives where they gathered food, medical supplies and bedding for local military encampments and hospitals.

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#47 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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Women also raised money through fundraisers and charity events such as the Sanitary Fair in Chicago in 1863.

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#48 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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A handful of these women even fought in the famous battles of Gettysburg and Antietam. In order to enlist, these women disguised themselves as men and adopted masculine names.

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#49 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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Their disguises were so convincing that the women were often only discovered by accident while being treated for injuries or illnesses.

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#50 http://civilwarsaga.com/the-roles-of-women-in-the-civil-war/

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One female soldier, Mary Owens, served under the alias John Evans for 18 months before her identity was discovered during treatment for a wound on her arm.

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#51 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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Women nurses served in both Confederate and Union hospitals during the Civil war.

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#52 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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Besides hospitals they also served near the fighting front and on the battlefield.

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#53 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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These brave acts earned the women the gratitude and respect from the soldiers that they helped.

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#54 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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After the start of the Civil war, on June 10, 1861, Dorothea Lynde was appointed the Superintendent of Women Nurses.

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#55 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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This appointment by the Secretary of War produced a nursing organization for the Union army.

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#56 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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During this war approximately 6,000 women were employed as nurses. Of these women about 181 were black nurses that worked in U.S. government hospitals and convalescent homes.

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#57 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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The women of the war formed groups like the Sick Soldier's Relief Society and the Soldier's Aid Society

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#58 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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In the South and in the North too, women made bandages for the wounded and knit socks to keep the soldiers' feet warm and dry.

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#59 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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Women worked to manufacture arms, ammunition, uniforms, and other supplies for the soldiers.

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#60 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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women in the Fayetteville arsenal made some 900,000 rounds of small arms munitions in 1864.

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#61 http://americancivilwar.com/women/women.html

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People were grateful for the contributions of women in the war, and newspapers reported their accomplishments. Many other services and supplies were also needed for the war effort.

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#62 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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Most women were affected by the war in some way. Some leapt into the war effort working for various organizations, including the Ladies Hospital Aid Society, the Union Volunteer Refreshment Saloon, and the United States Christian Commission.

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#63 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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Others performed activities on a more personal level, such as sewing individual items to be shipped to soldiers they knew.

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#64 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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Such women's efforts certainly attest to the idea that women fought the war in their own ways on the home front and in doing so played a crucial role in helping the war effort.

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#65 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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Those women who did help with the Union cause appear to fit into a general pattern, with few exceptions. For the most part, older women were more likely to participate through local organizations such as their churches or nearby hospitals by donating needed items or volunteering their personal time.

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#66 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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Younger women interested in helping the Union cause seemed more willing to do something a distance from their homes, such as traveling to Washington or the battlefields

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#67 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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It became clear there was typically a distinction between women who had a loved one fighting or working for the government in Washington and those who did not.

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#68 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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The women who wrote of a husband, brother, or son participating in some way were more likely to feel the need to contribute themselves, even if that meant simply sewing garments and sending them to soldiers they knew.

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#69 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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Those who did not mention the war service of a family member, however, had less of a tendency to do something for the war effort

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#70 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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if a woman knew a man involved in the war she would mention him in her letters or diaries.

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#71 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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a woman may have deemed her letters or her journal an inappropriate place for that type of personal information or may have been so deeply concerned for her loved one that she could not write about it.

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#72 https://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war

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these letters and diaries provide an excellent study of the daily lives of women during the 1860s.

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#73 http://userpages.aug.com/captbarb/femvets2.html

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The beliefs and routines each engaged in on a daily basis are often mentioned in great detail and include Christianity, spirituality, visits with friends, weather, children, and gardening.

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#74 http://userpages.aug.com/captbarb/femvets2.html

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Mary Ashhurst, wife of Lewis Ashhurst, a Philadelphia merchant and bank director, wrote daily journals throughout her life (1809-1890), including two during the war years.

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#75 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/women-spies-of-the-civil-war-162202679/

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Tubman became the first woman in the country's history to lead a military expedition when she helped Col. James Montgomery

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#76 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/women-spies-of-the-civil-war-162202679/

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After the war, Tubman tried to collect $1,800 for her service but was unsuccessful. Due to the service of her late husband, she did receive a widow's pension of $8 per month beginning in June 1890

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#77 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/women-spies-of-the-civil-war-162202679/

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Hundreds of women served as spies for both the Union and Confederate army during the Civil War.

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#78 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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Women were perfect for the role of spy because they were easily trusted and viewed as non-threatening by soldiers who, enamored by their beauty, would often let their guard down around them.

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#79 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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Men didn't expect women would get involved in such a dangerous job, so women spies often went undetected during the early phase of the Civil War.

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#80 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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women spies often gathered information about the enemy's plans, troop size, fortifications and supplies on scraps of paper or fabric and sewed them into their blouses and petticoats or rolled them into their hair.

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#81 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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To smuggle goods such as morphine, ammunition or weapons, they often attached them to the frame of their hoop skirts or hid them in baskets, packages and even inside dolls.

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#82 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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Since the Civil War took place during the Victorian-era, dominated by strict societal rules for women, women spies were often caught or aroused suspicion due to the unladylike behavior that went along with being a spy,

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#83 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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such as allowing men into their homes at all hours of the night, arranging meetings with men in various locations and riding on horses and in buggies unaccompanied.

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#84 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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Apprehended women spies were often branded as prostitutes unless their reputations were strong enough to protect them.

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#85 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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As soldiers caught on to the activities of these women spies, it became harder and harder for them to cross enemy lines without getting searched or apprehended.

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#86 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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Punishment for the crime of espionage was stiff. Male spies were often imprisoned or executed, usually by hanging. Women were rarely executed though and were usually imprisoned or deported to Canada or the South.

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#87 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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Confederate spies often gathered information directly from the Union troops who, when occupying southern towns, would invite local women to army-sponsored balls, where they would sometimes talk about their military plans, not realizing the potential for espionage.

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#88 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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These women spies also eavesdropped on soldiers during dinner parties, at boarding houses where the soldiers would stay or gathered information from their friends and connections in southern society.

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#89 http://civilwarsaga.com/women-spies-in-the-civil-war/

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Although it was important for spies to keep a low profile while they were still working, once they were detected or released from prison, some spies, such as Belle Boyd and Pauline Cushman, became instant celebrities after the press published articles about them.

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#90 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-women-who-fought-in-the-civil-war-1402680/

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Some historians believe that somewhere between 3,000 and 8,000 women volunteered their services as nurses throughout the duration of the Civil War, the majority of them being from northern states.

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#91 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-women-who-fought-in-the-civil-war-1402680/

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women weren't legally allowed to fight in the Civil War, it is estimated that somewhere around 400 women disguised themselves as men and went to war

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#92 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-women-who-fought-in-the-civil-war-1402680/

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women weren't perceived as equals by any stretch of the imagination.

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#93 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-women-who-fought-in-the-civil-war-1402680/

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It was the Victorian era and women were mostly confined to the domestic sphere.

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#94 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-women-who-fought-in-the-civil-war-1402680/

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Both the Union and Confederate armies actually forbade the enlistment of women.

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#95 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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women especially faced a host of new duties and responsibilities.

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#96 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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these new roles applied the ideals of Victorian domesticity to "useful and patriotic ends."

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#97 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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However, these wartime contributions did help expand many women's ideas about what their "proper place" should be.

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#98 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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Slave women were, of course, not free to contribute to the Union cause.

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#99 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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The Civil War promised freedom, but it also added to these women's burden.

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#100 http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/women-in-the-civil-war

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White women in the South threw themselves into the war effort with the same zeal as their Northern counterparts

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