PHP: Final Exam – Flashcards
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Used as a standard to compare different applicants' intellectual abilities and thus predict whether they would be successful in medical training
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What did the old version of the MCAT measure?
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Also provides more substantial information about the applicant's ability to manage the issues they will encounter in medical school
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What does the new version of the MCAT measure?
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Biological and biochemical foundations of living systems, chemical and physical foundations of biological systems, psychological social and biological foundations of behavior and critical analysis and reasoning skills
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What are the four sections on the MCAT?
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Biology, chemistry (general and organic), biochemistry, physics, sociology and psychology
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What classes are recommended to take before the MCAT?
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Calculus/statistics
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What classes are not necessary but very helpful to take before the MCAT?
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When you are getting consistently acceptable scores on practice tests
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How do you know you're ready to take the MCAT?
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From January to September
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When is the MCAT offered?
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Spring of 3rd (junior) year
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When is the MCAT typically taken for the first time?
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As many times as you want, but more than 3 is not recommended
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How many times can you take the MCAT?
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All of your past scores
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What MCAT score(s) do schools see?
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500 or better
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What MCAT score do you need to be competitive?
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Take advantage of undergraduate course work
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What is the best way to study for the MCAT?
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Focusing too much on biology (it's only 1/4)
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What common mistake do people make when studying for the MCAT?
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Critical reasoning and reading skills
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What other skills are important for taking the MCAT?
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No specific major is considered "the best"
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What is the best major for applying to medical school?
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So they know more about you than simply your grade in their course
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Why is it important to make a conscious effort to engage with professors you want to write a recommendation or evaluation letter?
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Those in the science department
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Who are the best professors for writing a recommendation or evaluation letter?
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Research, office hours, asking insightful questions, do well on test, dress well and be genuine
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What are some good ways to connect with professors?
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It gives the admissions people more information specific to that school's mission and programs as well as more demographic information
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Why do some schools have a secondary application?
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Individual professors/academic mentors or put together by a pre-health office as a packet with a cover letter
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Who may letters of recommendation or evaluation be from?
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Must be a conservative/professional photo and don't crop others out of a photo, make sure it is a single shot
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What are some guidelines for an application photo?
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Only things after high school; list relevant activities such as health care exposure, community service, research, leadership role and employment
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What should be included on an activities summary?
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Why medicine? What is your motivation?
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What questions should be answered in the personal statement (essay)?
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TMDSAS, AMCAS and AACOMAS
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What are the three application systems for medical school?
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Texas Medical and Dental School Application Service; the application for all public medical schools in Texas; the only Texas school that doesn't use this is Baylor College of Medicine
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What is the TMDSAS?
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American Medical College Application Service; the application for all MD programs outside of Texas; Baylor College of Medicine uses this
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What is the AMCAS?
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American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service; used specifically for DOs
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What is the AACOMAS?
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The last step in the application process
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What is the medical school interview considered?
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A whole day; tour of the facility, student panel, presentation about the school and the interview itself
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What is the typical format of a medical school interview?
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Men: well fitted suit of simply colors like navy, black or grey and a tie; Women: well fitted (but not too tight) pant suit or skirt suit, no plunging necklines, plain colors as listed for men, professional closed toed shoes that are easy to walk in, simple hair make up and jewelry
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What is considered professional attire appropriate for a medical school interview?
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Panal interview (several people at once), one-on-one interview, multiple mini interview (several short separate interviews with different people about different topics/situations)
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What are the different formats for a medical school interview?
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Closed file interview (the interviewer has limited information about the applicant; typically do not know GPA or MCAT score), blind interview (interviewer knows nothing about the applicant except maybe their undergraduate institution), open file interview (interviewer has all parts of the applicants' application)
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What are the three types of interviews for each of the three formats?
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PhD/MD/DO faculty, community physicians, administrators or medical students
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Who may an interview be conducted by?
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ERAS (Electronic Residency Application Service)
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What are residency applications submitted through?
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Residency Directors submit their rank lists to them; the organization then matches based on applicant and director rankings
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What does the National Residency Match Program (NRMP) do?
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The third Friday of March
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When is the national residency match day for MD students?
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SOAP (Supplemental Offer and Acceptance Program)
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What do students do if they are not matched with any residency program?
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Ophthalmology, neurology and military
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What programs do not participate in "match day" for residency?
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AOA
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What do DO programs use for residency?
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At the end of preclinical education
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When is Step 1 of USMLE or COMPLEX taken?
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During the 4th year
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When is Step 2 of USMLE or COMPLEX taken?
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2 parts: clinical knowledge and clinical skills
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What is Step 2 of USMLE or COMPLEX composed of?
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Ability to apply medical knowledge and understanding of clinical science
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How is clinical knowledge assessed?
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Mastery of clinical skills in a standardized patient setting
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How is clinical science assessed?
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2 parts: preclinical and clinical
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How is the medical school curriculum broken up?
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Organ system blocks, topic/subject blocks or case based learning
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How are the first 2 years or 18 months of medical school organized?
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Family medicine, internal medicine, surgery, psychiatry, pediatrics and obstetrics and gynecology (others often included: emergency medicine, radiology, anesthesiology)
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What are the 6 main rotations in the second 2-2.5 years of medical school?
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Do the 6 clinical rotations consecutively and then do electives at the end
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What is the traditional structure for clinical years?
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A "shelf exam"
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What follows each rotation?
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Review symptoms and treatment plans and research unknown diseases and treatments that come up
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What are students expected to study during clinical rotations?
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Faculty who know you particularly well, someone with specific ties to the program, only people who will highly recommend you
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Who should write recommendation letters for applying for residency?
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MSPE (medical student performance evaluation), a compilation of the applicant's clinical evaluations, used to compare the applicant to peers
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What is the dean's letter?
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Why this specialty?
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What question should the personal statement for residency answer?
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A running record of things the student has done
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What is a curriculum vitae (CV)?
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Rotations specific to residency applied for and step grades
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What is most importantly consider in residency admissions?
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The system of medicine which treats diseases by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the diseases under treatment
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What is allopathic medicine?
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The philosophy of holistic medicine focused on treating illnesses within the context of the whole cody; systems of the body were interrelated and impacted one another supporting the idea to treat lines within a broader context and to focus on preventative care
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What is osteopathic medicine?
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Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine (OMM) -- a set of manual manipulation techniques involving the musculoskeletal system
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What do DOs learn that MDs do not?
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Single accreditation system for graduate medical education (GME)
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What matches both MD and Do programs for residency?
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Master of public health, master of science, master of science in clinical and translational science, master of business administration, master of science education for health care professionals, other masters
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What types of master's degrees are commonly pursued with an MD?
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3 to 6 years
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How many years does a Doctoral degree in Philosophy add to an MD?
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2 years
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How many years does a Doctoral degree of Jurisprudence add to an MD?
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1 to 2 years
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How many years does a master's degree add to an MD?
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Hospital vs. clinic, private practice vs. non-private practice and academic vs. non-academic
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What are the types of medical practices?
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Students look for something that they can fully know and feel comfortable practicing, negative perception or stereotype and misconception of primary care training, contrast in compensation between primary care and subspecialties
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Why is there a shortage of general practitioners?
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Conducted in a controlled lab environment, academic fields of biology chemistry and biochemistry
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What is bench research in medicine?
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Biological or chemical processes are applied to a physiological/living system, plant animal cellular or human physiology, confined to a controlled laboratory setting using animals or plants
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What is translational research in medicine?
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Discovering/measuring the effectiveness of new treatments drugs and protocols, conducted in a clinical or hospital setting, outcomes in patient care, ethical issues
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What is clinical research in medicine?
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Academic field, concerned with prevalence of disease overall health outcomes and the general health of a specific population
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What is research in public health?
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Procedure/surgical, non-procedure/clinical or mixed
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What are the types of residency programs?
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Rotations within chosen speciality and some outside
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What do first year residents usually have?
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A resident will take on a leadership role
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What is expected during the second year of residency?
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Research/lunch education sessions/journal club/presentations
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What may be some additional requirements in residency?
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USMLE Step 3 or COMPLEX, in-service, jurisprudence, board exam
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What tests are taken during residency?
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Traditionally a period of sub-specialty training that follows residency or another fellowship
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What is a fellowship program?
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1, 2 or 3 years
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How long are fellowship programs?
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Autonomy, responsibilities of running the practice
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What are the pros/cons of single or small group practice?
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Professional practice administrator, financial stability, favorable terms with insurance, loss of autonomy
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What are the pros/cons of large group practice?
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Cannot employ physicians (Non-profit healthcare corporation)
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What are the pros/cons of hospitals?
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Lower income, opportunity to teach
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What are pros/cons of academic medicine?
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Based upon the RVU system
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How is employed physician compensation usually negotiated?
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Based upon CPT (current procedural terminology) codes
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How are physicians reimbursed?
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Intent to limit physician self-referral and outlaw many financial relationships between hospitals and physicians
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What are Stark laws?
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PPOs (preferred provider organizations) and HMOs (health maintenance organizations)
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What are the two major forms of managed care?
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Preferred provider organizations are insurable products that combine physicians, hospitals and other providers to provide care at a discounted rate
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What are PPOs?
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Health maintenance organizations are insurance entities that typically have a "gatekeeper" primary care physician and drastically limit patient choice of physicians and hospitals, compensate physicians by either discounted fee for service or capitation
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What are HMOs?
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All of the providers for an episode of care are paid a single lump sum and its is up to the providers to determine how the money will be split up
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What does bundled payment mean?
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Accountable care organization, integrated health entities that provide care for a minimum of 5,000 Medicare patients and ultimately will be at risk for the financial aspects of their care
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What is an ACO?
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Pharmaceutical industry, medical device manufactures (technology) and physician compensation
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Why does the U.S. spend an enormous amount on healthcare?
