Ch 28: Female reproductive system – Flashcards
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What happens when the oocyte is released?
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Once it is released, the secondary oocyte enters the uterine (fallopian) tube, or oviduct, through the enlarged end called the infundibulum.
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Define ampulla
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The largest part of the oviduct
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Define infundibulum
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enlarged end
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
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the ampulla
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Define ectopic pregnancy
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a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo implants outside the uterine cavity
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What is the most important part of the uterine wall?
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stratum functionalis
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what occurs in the uterus?
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site of sperm passage, implantation of fertilized ovum, development of fetus, labor also the source of menstrual flow when there is no pregnancy
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What does the uterus consist of?
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a fundus, body, and cervix
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what is the nourishing layer of the vagina?
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stratum functionalis
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Give another name for the vagina
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"birth canal"
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define fornix
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AKA "upper chamber", a small recess, surrounds the cervix of the uterus
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define hymen
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thin vascularized membrane,partially covers the vaginal opening
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what does the labia majora contain?
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folds of skin covered by pubic hair; contain adipose tissue and sweat glands
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what is medial to the labia majora?
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labia minora
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what does the labia minora contain?
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are smaller folds of skin, no pubic hair; contain sebaceous glands
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the clitoris is like what structure on the male? What does it contain?
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penis, small cylindrical structure composed of erectile tissue; partially covered by a prepuce; exposed portion is the glans clitoris
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where is the vestibule?
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region between labia minora
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what can be found in the vestibule?
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contains hymen, vaginal orifice, external urethral orifice, and several duct openings paraurethral (Skene's) glands secrete mucus greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands produce mucus during sexual arousal and provide lubrication
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give another name for the skenes glands
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paraurethral (Skene's) glands secrete mucus
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what are the greater vestibular glands?
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(Bartholin's) glands produce mucus during sexual arousal and provide lubrication
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what are the mammary glands? What do they secrete?
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modified sweat glands that produce milk, located within the breasts
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where is milk produced?
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milk is produced in glands called alveoli, which are clustered together in lobules
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How does milk ejection occur?
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is stimulated by prolactin; milk ejection occurs in the presence of oxytocin, which is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to suckling
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GnRH (hypothalamus)- what does it release?
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release of FSH and LH
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FSH/LH do what?
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growth and development of follicles, estrogen secretion
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What are estrogen responsible for?
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development of reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics
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What does progesterone prepare?
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prepare endometrium for implantation...
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What is the function of relaxin?
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inhibits uterine contractions...
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what is the function of inhibin?
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- inhibits release of FSH and LH
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List the stages of the reproduction cycle.
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Menstrual - roughly the first 5 days Preovulatory - most variable in length Ovulation - usually day 14 Postovulatory - most constant in length
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what is happening in the ovaries during the menstrual phase?
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FSH initiates development of ~20 primordial follicles
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What happens to the stratum functionalis during the menstrual phase?
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endometrium is sloughed off as estrogen and progesterone levels decline
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what are the functions of the female reproductive system?
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1. make ova 2. receive sperm 3. transport sperm 4. maintenance of developing fetus 5. birth 6. nourishment
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what is the preovulatory phase?
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From the developing follicles, a dominant follicle emerges and becomes a graafian follicle.
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what does the graafian follicle secrete?
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secretes estrogens and inhibin, which inhibit FSH, causing other follicles to degrade.
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when does the stratum functionalis start rebuilding? (preovulatory)
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AFTER Graafian follicle secretes estrogens and inhibin, which inhibit FSH, causing other follicles to degrade.
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What is another name for the preovulatory phase?
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follicular phase
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What is a another name to describe the post ovulatory phase?
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leutial phase
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How is ovulation triggered?
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Signaled by an LH surge, the graafian follicle ruptures, ejecting the oocyte
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Ovulation: what happens to the remaining follicle? what does it secrete?
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follicle cells become a corpus luteum, which secretes estrogens and progesterone to maintain the endometrium.
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Postovulatory: what happens to the unfertilized ovum?
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the corpus luteum degrades into a corpus albicans.
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Postovulatory: what "starves" the stratum functionalis? what is it the end of?
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Lack of estrogens and progesterone starve the stratum functionalis (menstruation begins).
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Postovulatory: what inhibits the release of FSH?
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Lack of estrogens and progesterone cause FSH to rise, initiating a new cycle
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Postovulatory: what does the chorion release?
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human chorionic gonadotropin, which maintains the corpus luteum for several months.
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Postovulatory: what keeps a new cycle from starting in pregnancy?
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Maintained levels of estrogen and progesterone keep FSH and LH levels down
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what portion of the placenta does the chorion belong to?
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fetal portion
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Hormonal Monitoring and Manipulation: what can detect an LH surge?
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Ovulation test kits - detect the LH surge, giving ~1 day advance notice
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Hormonal Monitoring and Manipulation: how do birth control hormones work?
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Birth control pill - estrogens and progesterone keep FSH and LH levels down, preventing ovulation
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Hormonal Monitoring and Manipulation: what detects HCG?
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Pregnancy kits - detect hCG in the blood
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Hormonal Monitoring and Manipulation: how do fertility drugs work?
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Fertility drugs - large doses of FSH, stimulating many primordial follicles to reach ovulation
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Give the stages of sexual response.
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Arousal Plateau Orgasm Resolution
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Arousal: what is it triggered by?
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physical and psychological stimuli
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Arousal: what are the effects?
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include vasocongestion of erectile tissue (erection), secretion of lubricating fluids (transudation)
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Arousal: what is transduction?
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secretion of lubricating fluids
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Arousal: what changes occur?
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include increase in heart rate and blood pressure, increased skeletal muscle tone, hyperventilation
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Plateau:what is a sex flush?
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a rash-like redness of the face and chest
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Orgasm: what is is described to be?
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the briefest stage
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Orgasm: what is stimulated by sympathetic nerve impulses?
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male ejaculates; both sexes experience rhythmic muscle contractions, accompanied by intense pleasurable sensations
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REsolution: give another name for this.
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"sense of profound relaxation"
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Birth Control Methods: list methods
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Surgical sterilization vasectomy - interruption of the vas deferens tubal ligation - pinching off of the uterine tubes Hormonal interfere with gamete production or zygote implantation oral contraceptives, Ortho Evra®, NuvaRing®, Depo-provera®... Barriers condoms, diaphragm, IUDs
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Testicular Cancer: what is the common age group?
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20-35
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Testicular Cancer: how does it occur?
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spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules Early signs include a mass in the testis and a sensation of heaviness a dull ache in the lower abdomen, but usually no testicular pain
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Prostate Disorders: what is BPH?
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Benign prostatic hyperplas is an enlargement of the prostate to two to four times its normal size
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Prostate Disorders: what is prostatitis? How does it occur?
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acute or chronic, is inflammation of the prostate due to infection
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Prostate Disorders:what is the leading cause of cancer in the US?
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Prostate cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in U.S. males
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Erectile Dysfunction: list common cause.
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the consistent inability of an adult male to ejaculate or to attain or hold an erection long enough for intercourse. *A common cause is insufficient release of nitric oxide, which relaxes smooth muscle of the penile arterioles.
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Erectile Dysfunction: how does viagra work?
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enhances the effect of nitric oxide in the penis.
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Premenstrual Syndrome: what are the characteristics?
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It appears during the postovulatory (luteal) phase of the cycle, and disappears when menstruation begins
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Premenstrual Syndrome: what is PMS?
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cyclical disorder of severe physical and emotional distress
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Premenstrual Syndrome: What are the symptoms?
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edema, weight gain, abdominal distension, breast swelling and tenderness, joint pain, constipation, fatigue, depression, anxiety, mood swings
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Endometriosis: what is it?
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Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus
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Endometriosis: where can it be found?
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May be found on the ovaries, sigmoid colon, lymph nodes, kidneys, urinary bladder
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Endometriosis: how does it respond to tissue?
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tissue responds to hormonal fluctuations no matter where it is, proliferating and then breaking down
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Cervical Cancer: what causes it?
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cervical dysplasia, a change in the shape, growth, and number of cervical cells
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Cervical Cancer: what are the risk factors?
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a large number of sexual partners, first intercourse at a young age, cigarette smoking
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Endometriosis: Can be cause what?
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Outside the uterus, this can cause inflammation, pain, scarring and infertility
