The Eukaryotic Cell and Cancer WS – Flashcards
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Cell division is the only way single-celled organisms can reproduce.
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Why is cell division important for unicellular organisms?
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Multi-cellular organisms need it to grow and to replace dead or damaged cells.
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Why is cell division important for multicellular organisms?
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It remains important because cells are renewed and wounds are healed in the process.
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Why does cell division remain important to an adult organism even after it is fully developed?
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When cells stop dividing to specialize in structure and function.
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Differentiation
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When cells undergo programmed cell death. It eliminates unnecessary cells during development and removes unhealthy or damaged cells in the mature organism.
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Apoptosis
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Molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, tell cells to differentiate or initiate cell death.
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Cell cycle regulators
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An organism may end up with too few or too many cells.
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What happens if cell cycle regulators don't function properly?
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-Hair loss -Warts -Tumors etc...
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What is are some examples of cell cycle regulators not functioning properly?
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Mitosis
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Cell division occurs during...
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Grows and replicates its DNA.
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The rest of the cell cycle is called interphase, during which a cell...
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The cell increases in size and prepares to replicate its DNA.
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G1 checkpoint
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The cell replicates its DNA. At the end the cell has 2 complete sets of chromosomes.
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S checkpoint
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The cell continues to grow and prepares for division.
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G2 checkpoint
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To make sure the cell's DNA is not damaged, the chromosome set is complete, and there is enough cell components.
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What is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle?
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A resting, or non-dividing stage.
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G0 phase
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the organisms stage in development -the type of cell -the resources available
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What factors determine whether a cell enters G0?
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Yes, such as in the injury of the liver.
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Can cells leave G0?
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Proto-oncogenes. (Ex. Growth factors)
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Stimulatory proteins are encoded by...
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Tumor suppressor genes. (Ex. Retinoblastoma protein {Rb})
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Inhibitory proteins are encoded by...
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1.) Too much cell division 2.) Too little death
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What are two reasons why cells can form tumors?
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Cell cycle.
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Cancer is the result of an improperly regulated...
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APC
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In some types of colon cancer, stem cells have a mutation in the ___ gene.
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The stem cells have trouble making it through the final stage of differentiation = they start to pile up = they form a tumor. (Ex. Colon cancer)
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What happens if the APC gene is mutated?
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The cell cycle.
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Normal proto-oncogenes stimulate...
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Mutated versions of proto-oncogenes.
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What are oncogenes?
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They are known to increase stimulation in the cell cycle.
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How do oncogenes affect the cell cycle?
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Allele
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To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require one ______ to be mutated.
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Dominant
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They are considered ________ because they require only one allele to be mutated.
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Gain
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The mutation results in a ____ of function.
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Cell cycle
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Normally, tumor suppressor genes inhibit the...
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P53 (type of tumor suppressor gene) can stop the cell cycle at many places. Rb (another type of tumor suppressor gene) can stop the cell cycle in G1. Those cells go to G0 = the cell cycle arrested.
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How do mutated tumor suppressor genes affect the cell cycle?
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Alleles
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To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require both _______ to be mutated.
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Recessive
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They are considered _________ because they require both alleles to be mutated.
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Loss
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The mutation results in a ___ of function.
