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The cell cycle includes

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the events that take place in going from a parent cell to daughter cells during cell division

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The first step of the cell cycle is

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interphase

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Interphase

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The normal functioning of the cell, which is then followed by division of the nucleus and then division of the cytoplasm. A cell spends most of its time in this phase. Preparations are made for the cell to divide. Three sections: G1, S, and G2

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Frequently dividing cells (skin) spend ____ time in interphase than those that divide infrequently (neurons)

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less

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G1 Stage

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Most of the cell's organelles duplicate and the cell grows larger

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S Stage

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The chromosomal DNA replicates

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G2 Stage

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Proteins necessary for mitosis are synthesized

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Mitosis

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The division of the cell nucleus. Sister chromatids are pulled apart and one copy of each ends up in the nuclei of the two daughter cells. Has four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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Prophase

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First phase in Mitosis. The replicated chromosomes condense. Microtubules form and grow and are anchored by centrioles (help the chromosome move). The nuclear envelope breaks down

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Metaphase

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2nd phase in Mitosis. The replicated chromosomes line up on the equator. The microtubules that are attached to each chromosomes at the centromere line the chromosomes up single file

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Anaphase

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3rd phase in Mitosis. The centromere splits and the microtubules shorten, pulling each of the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

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Telophase

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4th phase in the Mitosis. The nuclear envelope reforms around the daughter nuclei and the chromosomes uncondense

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The second step of the cell cycle is

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cytokinesis

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Cytokinesis

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Divides the cytoplasm and the daughter cells are produced. An equatorial protein band encircles the cell and contracts to pinch the cell in two. Each daughter cell is genetically identical and contains its fair share of cytoplasm and cellular organelles. After cytokinesis, the cell reenters interphase

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Cell division is a

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tightly controlled process

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Normal cells stop the cell division process at

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a series of checkpoints to ensure favorable conditions have been met for the process to continue

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There are three checkpoints, during

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G1, G2, and metaphase

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G1 Checkpoint

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Proteins determine whether the cell should divide. Adequate growth factors are checked for. If present, then cell size is checked for adequacy, as is an available nutrient supply

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G2 Checkpoint

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Other proteins make sure the DNA has replicated properly and again check cell size to be sure it's large enough to divide

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Metaphase Checkpoint

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Verify that all the chromosomes are attached to microtubules

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Any problems found at any of the checkpoints stops the process and

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the cell then dies via apoptosis

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Apoptosis

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Programmed cell death

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Mutations in proteins responsible for cell cycle controls (checkpoints) may lead to

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cancer

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When cell cycle regulatory proteins are unable to do their jobs,

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unregulated cell division leads to large masses of cells called tumors

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Mistakes in cell cycle regulation come about when

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the genes that regulate the cycle mutate

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Mutations maybe inherited or they can arise spontaneously when

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mistakes in DNA replication occur

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Mutations can also be causes by exposure to

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carcinogens that damage DNA and chromosomes

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Some mutations that allow damaged DNA to undergo mitosis may allow a benign tumor to

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progress to malignancy and to metastasis

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Cancer

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begins when a single cell divides when it should not

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Cell Division

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The process used by a cell to copy itself, is regulated so that a cell divides only when necessary and under the right conditions

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Unregulated cell division leads to

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tumor formation

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A tumor is

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a mass of cells with no apparent function

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Slow growing tumors that do not invade surrounding structures are

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benign

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Benign tumors can

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stay harmless or become cancerous

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Tumors that invade surrounding tissues are

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cancerous or malignant

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Metastasis

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The process of cells of a malignant tumor can break away and start new cancers elsewhere

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Cancer cells can travel throughout the boyd in

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the circulatory and lymphatic systems

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A test to see is a tumor has metastasized is to see if any cancer cells are in the

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lymph nodes

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Cancer cells differ from normal cells in four ways:

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They divide when they shouldn't, they invade surrounding tissue, they move to other locations in the body, and any tissue that undergoes cell division could become cancerous

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Cancer risk factors:

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Exposures and behaviors that increase the risk of getting cancer including tobacco use, high fat/low fiber diet, lack of exercise, obesity, old age

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Smoking in any form is the cause of

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90% of lung cancers, and the cause of 1/3 of all cancer deaths

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Tobacco smoke contains more than __ known carcinogens

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20

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Carcinogens in cigarette smoke

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increase cell division, inhibit DNA repair, and prevent cells from dying when they should

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A diet ____ in fat and ___ in fiber is associated with cancer risk

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high, low

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Fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants that help neutralize

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free radicals

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Regular exercise decreases cancer risk because

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it promotes immune system function

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Obesity is associated with

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increased risk for many cancers

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Fatty tissue may increase the odds of

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hormone sensitive cancers

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Cancer risks increase with

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age

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Cancers originate from

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defects in cells division controls

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Tumors attract

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blood vessels

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Angiogenesis

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A process where cancer cells stimulate the growth of surrounding blood vessels

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Tumor cells can grow

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rapidly and fill up body organs, leading to organ failure

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Contact Inhibition

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Prevents normal cells from dividing when they would pile up on each other

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Anchorage Dependence

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Normal cells need contact with and underlay of cells to stay in place

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Immortality of cancer cells is achieved by activating the gene for

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telomerase

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Cancer progression requires multiple

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mutations

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Multiple Hit Model

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How scientists describe the process of cancer development

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Biopsy

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The surgical removal of some cells, tissues, or fluids for analysis

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Laparoscope

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Used for a more invasive procedure requiring a small incision and a tiny light and scalpel

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Chemotherapy

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Involves injecting chemicals that kill dividing cells into the bloodstream

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Resistant cells produce daughter cells with the same resistance, so

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more than one chemotherapeutic agent should be used

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Radiation Therapy

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Uses high energy particles to destroy cells by damaging their DNA

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