1301 final – Flashcards
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| 85% of Earth's history |
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| Precambrian |
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| When was the "Cambrian Explosion" |
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| 550 mya |
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| When did land plants develop |
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| 400 mya |
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| When was the Silurian Period |
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| 450 mya |
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| When was the Pennsylvanian Period |
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| 300 mya |
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| When was the "Age of Fish" |
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| 400-450 mya |
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| Permian extinction |
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| volcanoes |
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| When was the rise of the Appalachian Mountains |
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| 250 mya |
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| Which geological era includes the Cambrian and Devonian Periods? |
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| Paleozoic |
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| When was the Jurassic Period |
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| 150 mya |
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| When did conifers dominate the landscape |
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| 225 mya |
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| when was the "age of reptiles" |
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| 100-225 mya |
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| When was the laramide oregeny |
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| 100 mya |
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| When was the rise of the rocky mountains |
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| 100 mya |
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| Which geological era includes the Cretaceous period |
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| Mesozoic |
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| Extinction at the K-T Boundary |
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| Asteroid |
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| When did angiosperms dominate the landscape |
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| 5-60 mya |
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| When was the rise of the Cascade Mountains |
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| 10,000 to present |
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| When is the "age of Mammals" |
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| 60 mya to present |
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| Which geological era includes the Tertiary Period |
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| Cenozoic |
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| We are living in the _______ geological period |
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| Quaternary |
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| When was the Mercator Projection "originated" |
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| 1569 |
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| the Mercator Projection is a _____ projection |
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| Cylindrical |
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| What is the RF scale for the verbal "1 inch equals 1 mile" |
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| 1:63,360 |
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| A map that portrays the correct size of continents |
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| equivalent projection |
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| A map that portrays the correct shape of continents |
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| conformal projection |
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| What areas are best portrayed by a conic projection |
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| mid latitudes |
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| Lines on a map that connect points of equal atmospheric pressure |
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| Isobar |
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| Lines on a topographical map used to portray the relief of the land |
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| elevation contour lines |
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| A line on a map joining points of equal quantities of precipitation |
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| Isohyet |
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| The darker contour lines on a topographical map |
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| Index contour lines |
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| A line joining points of equal temperature on a map |
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| Isotherm |
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| How is the emergency network used |
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| monitor residents during evacuations |
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| Who propounded the theory of seafloor spreading in the early 1960's |
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| Harry Hess, Robert Dietz |
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| When were hotspots theorized |
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| 1963 |
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| A _____ boundary is usually represented by a mid ocean ridge |
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| divergent |
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| Who theorized the "Supercontinent Cycle" |
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| J. Tuzo Wilson |
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| When was the "Supercontinent Cycle" proposed |
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| 1966 |
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| Which convergent plate boundary produces volcanic island arcs |
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| ocean-ocean |
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| A _____ is a small to medium sized mass of lithosphere carried a long distance by a drifting plate that eventually converges with another plate |
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| terrane |
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| Which plate boundary is associated with volcanic arcs |
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| ocean-continental |
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| earthquake magnitude |
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| Richter |
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| large earthquake magnitude |
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| Moment |
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| Earthquake intensity |
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| Modified Mercalli |
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| A ____ can travel down a volcano at over 100 mph |
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| pryclastic flow |
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| smallest volcanic mountain |
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| cinder cone |
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| largest type of volcano |
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| shield |
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| Stream deposits are _____ by size |
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| sorted |
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| Size of stream load |
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| competence |
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| The general term for stream deposited debris is ________ |
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| alluvium |
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| The volume of water that is flowing in a stream |
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| discharge |
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| 6th Power Law applies to stream ________ |
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| competence |
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| The most abundant stream load is __________ load |
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| suspended |
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| What is the most common stream drainage pattern |
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| dendritic |
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| Which stream pattern is associated with folding |
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| trellis |
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| What is it called when a wave changes direction as it approaches the shore due to the wave striking the seafloor reducing velocity in a sector of the wave |
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| wave refraction |
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| Where is wave energy usually focused on an emergent coastline |
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| Headlands (point break) |
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| What forms a spit |
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| longshore deposits |
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| What is the function of a jetty |
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| confine the flow of water, keeping sand out of the navigation channel |
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| The simplest and most obvious form of mass wasting is ________ |
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| rock Fall |
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| The slowest and least perceptible form of mass wasting |
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| creep |
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| Which type of bedrock is most commonly associated with Karst Topography |
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| limestone |
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| Which landscape features are associated with Karst Topography |
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| sinkholes |
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| The general term for all material moved by glaciers is __________ |
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| Drift |
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| Glaciers that develop individually high in the mountains |
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| Alpine glaciers |
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| Unsorted glacial deposition |
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| till |
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| A broad amphitheater hollowed out at the head of a glacial valley |
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| cirque |
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| A ______ marks the place where and alpine glacier originated |
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| cirque |
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| Long sinuous ridges of stratified drift associated with continental glaciation are called ______ |
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| eskers |
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| ________ is a ridge of till marks that outermost limit of glacial advance |
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| terminal meraine |
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| What limits the downcutting process of a stream |
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| Base level (sea level) |
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| Rock ________ and rock structure also effect river drainage patterns |
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| type |
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| Which country got slammed by a magnitude 7.2 earthquake |
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| Turkey |
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| What caused the earthquake in Oklahoma |
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| fault line, fracking |
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| How many people were affected by floods in Pakistan |
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| 5.5 million |
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| Which SE Asian country was most adversely affected by flooding |
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| Thailand |
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| A front that forms when a cold front overtakes a warm front |
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| occluded front |
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| What is probably the most significant weather maker in the midlatitudes |
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| Midlatitude cyclone |
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| What is the name for a tropical cyclone in the NW Pacific |
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| typhoon |
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| Where is the highest occurrence of tropical cyclones |
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| North Pacific Basin |
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| When do tropical cyclones occur in the North Atlantic |
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| August-October, peak in September |
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| Peak tornado season in USA |
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| April-June, peak in May |
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| violent convection storm |
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| thunderstorm |
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| Most thunderstorms are in the _______ |
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| tropics, midlatitudes |
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| Cumulonimbus Cloud |
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| thunderstom |
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| Vernal equinox in the northern hemisphere |
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| March |
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| Marks the northernmost location reached by direct vertical rays of the sun |
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| Tropic of Cancer |
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| Where are the vertical rays of the sun striking the Earth during the September equinox |
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| equator |
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| When are the vertical rays of the Sun striking the Earth at the Tropic of Capricorn |
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| December Solstice |
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| When is the summer solstice in the southern hemisphere |
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| December solstice |
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| When are the vertical rays of the Sun striking Earth at the Tropic of Cancer |
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| June solstice |
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| What causes the Coriolis effect |
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| Earth's rotation |
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| What is defined as the horizontal movement of air |
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| wind |
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| The two prominent tropical circulation cells-one north and one south of the equator-that generate the Trade Winds |
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| Hadley cells |
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| Major wind belt located in the tropics |
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| trade winds |
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| Which is the most reliable and consistent of all the major wind belts |
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| trade winds |
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| A zone of low pressure at about 50-60 degrees of latitude in both northern and southern hemispheres that is directly associated with the midlatitude cyclone formation |
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| Polar front-Sub Polar low |
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| Which wind system (belt) is associated with the Ferrel Cells |
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| STH-"Horse latitudes" |
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| The temperature at which atmospheric saturation is reached |
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| dew point temperature |
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| When does atmospheric condensation begin |
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| dew point |
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| The leeward slope is the dry side and the term ______ is applied to both the leeward slope and the area beyond as far as the drying influence extends |
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| rainshadow |
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| What is the name of the cool ocean current in the South Atlantic that is proposed to inhibit cyclogenesis |
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| Benguela |
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| Why do maritime climates have more moderate seasonal temperatures |
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| ocean influence |
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| What is the average lapse rate |
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| 3.6 degrees F per 1000ft |
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| The first version of the Koppen Climate Classification System appeared in ____ |
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| 1918 |
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| What is a type A climate according to the Koppen Climate Classification |
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| tropical |
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| What is a B climate according to Koppen |
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| Dry |
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| Distinguish between the C and D climate according to Koppen |
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| C-mild midlatitude, hot D-severe midlatitude, cold |
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| The Koppen climate classification that is found only in the Northern Hemisphere |
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| D |
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| Why are D climates absent from the southern hemisphere |
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| Southern Hemisphere has limited landmasses of the appropriate latitudes |
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| What is an E climate in the Koppen Climate Classification System |
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| Polar climate |
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| Climographs include temperature and _______ data |
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| precipitation |
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| What has extended the drought in Texas |
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| La Nina |
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| How much has the current drought cost the USA |
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| $10 billion |
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| Which was the first hurricane and the first major hurricane of the Atlantic hurricane season |
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| Irene |
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| Which tropical cyclone whipped-up winds that spread wildfires in Texas |
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| Lee |
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| Which was Japan's worst storm in 20 years |
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| Talas |
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| How many people lost power in the October nor'easter |
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| 3 million |
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| A large recognizable assemblage of plants and animals |
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| biome |
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| What is an Angiosperm |
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| flowering plants |
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| drought resisting plants associated with rootlets and spines |
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| xerophytes |
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| A stable plant association of constant composition that is attained through seral stages |
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| climax vegetation |
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| Distinguish between forests and woodlands |
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| woodlands-trees are more spread out, drier than forests environment |
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| Which climate pattern is associated with the Tropical Deciduous Forest or Monsoon Rainforest |
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| transition between Af & Aw - high temps all year, but more or less seasoned rainfall than in tropical rainforests |
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| Midlatitude grassland characterized by short grasses and bunchgrasses |
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| steppe |
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| Biome closely associated with D climates |
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| Boreal forest |
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| Who is credited with the first classical definition of world zoogeographical regions |
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| Alfred Russell Wallace |
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| What serves as a geographic barrier to separate the Palearctic and Oriental zoogeographic regions |
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| Himalayas |
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| What is the name of the land bridge that connected the Palearctic and Nearctic zoogeographic regions |
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| Beringian |
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| Which zoogeographic regions are separated by Wallace's line |
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| Australian and Oriental |
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| Rainforest fauna is largely _______ |
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| arboreal (tree dwelling) |
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| Which zoogeographic regions are connected by the Panama land bridge |
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| Neotropical and Nearctic |
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| Who sponsored the wolf extermination campaign at the beginning of the 20th century? |
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| the government |
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| Who opposed reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone |
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| ranchers |
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| How long had wolves been missing from the Yellowstone Ecosystem |
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| 70 years |
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| How many species of monkeys live in South America |
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| 70 |
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| what areas of the world are best portrayed by a cylindrical projection |
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| tropics |
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| What are the x and y variables of a hydrograph |
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| x-time, y-discharge |
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| what is the probability of a 10 year flood during any given year |
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| 10% |
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| A flood that has a 1% occurrence in any given year |
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| 100 year flood |
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| What is the yearly probability of flooding on a 25 year flood plain |
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| 4% |
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| Stream drainage pattern associated with regional faulting |
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| rectangular |
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| What is the energizing force of mass movement processes |
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| gravity |
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| What type of mass movement best characterizes an avalanche |
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| flow |
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| Mass movement down a slope as a coherent unit |
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| slide |
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| where would you expect to find tower karst |
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| tropics |
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| Who introduced the theory of continental drift in 1912 |
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| Alfred Wegener |
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| Who proposed subduction zones |
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| Harry Hess |
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| What is the principle research challenge in plate tectonics today |
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| understanding the driving mechanism |
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| The 2 prominent tropical circulation cells-one north and one south of the equator-that generate the Trade Winds |
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| Hadley Cells |
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| The global wind system that occupies most of the area between the polar highs and about 60 degrees of latitude |
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| Polar Easterlies |
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| Major wind belt that contributes to the eastward trek of weather systems in the USA |
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| westerlies |
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| Climate characterized by wide variation in the average annual temperature range due to hot summers and cold winters |
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| continental |
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| What are the adaptive morphological structures that allow a phreatophyte to survive arid climates |
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| tap roots, small leaves |
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| When did the Panama land bridge emerge as a factor in biogeography |
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| 3-6 mya |
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| How was the Yellowstone Grizzly linked to the second hiker's death |
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| DNA |
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| Why is the armadillo's range expanding |
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| climate change |
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| How many acres were burned by the Bastrop County wildfires |
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| 34,000 acres |
