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monarchy

answer

an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority

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aristocracy

answer

an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another

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oligarchy

answer

a form of government in which participation is determined by wealth

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tyrant

answer

an illegal ruler with absolute power

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democracy

answer

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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republic

answer

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

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acropolis

answer

a large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs

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city-state

answer

a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit

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polis

answer

Greek city-state

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nomes

answer

the various provinces of Upper and Lower Egypt

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satrapy

answer

the twenty provinces that Darius divided the empire into; each province was ruled by a governor

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provinces

answer

governmental divisions like states

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empire

answer

a group of countries under a single authority

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pharaoh

answer

a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader

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dynasty

answer

a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family

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archons

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a chief in the democracy of Athens

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consul

answer

one of two elected officials of the Roman Republic who commanded the army and were supreme judges

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proconsul

answer

a provincial governor of consular rank in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire

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praetor

answer

they were second to the consuls; were primarily judicial officials (judges); They had to be at least 39 years old.

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vassals

answer

person granted land by a feudal lord in return for services

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autonomy

answer

immunity from arbitrary exercise of authority: political independence

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collegiality

answer

sharing interrelated duties and responsibilities with others who have similar positions

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rule of law

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principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern

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imperium

answer

command, power, empire

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auspicium

answer

divination by the flight of birds, augury from birds

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helots

answer

Slaves to the Spartans that revolted and nearly destroyed Sparta in 650 B.C.E.

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thetes

answer

Athenian citizens who did not own any land and were used as rowers the Athenian navy and utilized by Pericles to elect him strategos

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barbarians

answer

people belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized

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citizens

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People who had the right to participate in government; official members of a country

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patricians

answer

of the hereditary aristocracy or ruling class of ancient Rome

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plebeians

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the poorer majority of the Roman Empire; the working class; couldn't be part of government; could vote but not hold office; could not participate in the army

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equestrians

answer

In the early Roman Republic, one of the richest classes in the Roman army, those who could afford to maintain a horse. By the late Republic, their role expanded into banking and commerce.

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paterfamilias

answer

the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.

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hierarchical structure

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family functioning based on clear generational boundaries, where the parents maintain control and authority.

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tribes

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a culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from the same ancestor

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patron-client relationship

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In ancient Rome, a fundamental social relationship in which the patron—a wealthy and powerful individual—provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported the political careers and economic interests of their patron.

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agriculture

answer

the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock

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pastoralism

answer

A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.

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trade

answer

exchange or give (something) in exchange for something else

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manufacture

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the organized action of making of goods and services for sale

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subsistence economy

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a type of economy in which human groups live off the land with little or no surplus

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market economy

answer

an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices

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domestication

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The process of taming plants or animals to make them more useful to humans

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barter

answer

To exchange goods or services without the use of money

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agora

answer

a place of assembly for the people in ancient Greece; a marketplace

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census

answer

a periodic and official count of a country's population

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tithe

answer

an offering of a tenth part of some personal income

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hoplite

answer

heavily armored Greek foot soldiers

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phalanx

answer

the tight fighting positions that hoplites fought in; formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears; group of men packed together (for attack or defense)

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strategos

answer

a military general

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mercenaries

answer

foreign soldiers who fought for money; hired

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militia

answer

civilians trained as soldiers but not a part of the regular army

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volunteer army

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a professional army in which all the soldiers are collected if elligible, no matter of rank or status

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tribute

answer

something given or done as an expression of esteem

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indemnity

answer

a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury; usually from warfare

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deportation

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the act of expelling a person from their native land

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polytheism

answer

the worship of many gods

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monotheism

answer

belief in one God

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mystery cult

answer

a cult characterized by rites which were secret except to duly initiated worshippers

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anthropomorphic

answer

suggesting human characteristics for gods; belief that they behaved and looked like humans

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patriarchs

answer

The ancestors of the Israelites, particularly Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob

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prophets

answer

persons who have a close relationship with God and communicate a divine message

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Messiah

answer

the awaited king of the Jews; Jesus Christ

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pontifex maximus

answer

the high priest of Rome, the head of Roman state religion; he appointed and oversaw the vestal virgins.

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oracle

answer

an authoritative person who divines the future

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divination

answer

the art or gift of prophecy (or the pretense of prophecy) by supernatural means

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mummification

answer

embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy

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covenant

answer

(Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return

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salvation

answer

(Christianity) the act of delivering from sin or saving from evil

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ziggurat

answer

a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians

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pyramids

answer

monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.

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scripture

answer

sacred writings or books; passages from sacred writings

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synagogue

answer

Jewish place of worship

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cultural assimilation

answer

changes made by a group to adopt the ways of the dominant culture (larger group)

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syncretism

answer

the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy)

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artifacts

answer

objects made and used by early humans

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cuneiform

answer

an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia

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hieroglyphics

answer

an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

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koine

answer

a common dialect of the Greek language that influenced the speech of all Greeks

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oral tradition

answer

pass down from one generation to another by word of mouth

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myths

answer

Traditional stories about the deeds of gods, goddesses, & heroes that explained their world.

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legends

answer

widely-told stories about the past that may or may not be factual; every culture has its own legends - its familiar, traditional stories

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philosophy

answer

the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics

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Sumerians

answer

People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium B.C. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.

question

Akkadians

answer

this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great

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Old Babylonian Empire

answer

Semetic peoples that settled in central Mesopotamia. They advanced the study of mathematics and astronomy

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Egypt

answer

Society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled the Nile; they used hieroglyphics and they contributed the 365-day calender. They were polythestic and worshipped the dead

question

Phoenicians

answer

Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoenician merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce.

question

Arameans

answer

a semi-nomadic and pastoralism people who originated in what is now modern Syria during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia where they intermingled with the native Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) population.

question

Lydians

answer

early civilization that occupied the western Asia minor and were responsible for the first coinage of money

question

Israelites (Hebrews)

answer

The Jewish people, chosen by God to be his people and named after Israel (Jacob), from whose twelve sons the tribes of Israel descend. God formed Israel into his priestly people in their people in their exodus from the slavery of Egypt, when he made the old covenant.

question

Assyrians

answer

known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt. They used ladders, weapons like: iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire

question

New Babylonian Empire

answer

Empire established by the Caldeans. King Nebuchadezzar ruled from 605 to 562 B.C. Became an empire known for their scientific learning. Attacked the Jews in 587 B.C.

question

Persians

answer

Empire descended from Indo-Europeans Aryan peoples that settled in modern-day Iran and began around 2000 B.C. Founded by their king, Cyrus. They allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple in 535 B.C. Became one of the largest empires in the world. Later on Darius would establish the administative system that tied the empire together.

question

Hellenistic Kingdoms

answer

These kingdoms were a product of the Macedonian generals of Alexander the Great. After his death they individually seized contol of different parts of his empire and continued his policy within their territory. This involved establishing Greek cities and promoting Greek culture. They contested with each other for territory resulting in war and realignment of boundaries and rulership.

question

Minoans

answer

Earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C. and remained until 1400 B.C.

question

Greece

answer

The first established Empire on the European mainland beginning around 1100 B.C. after the invasion of the Dorrians. Restarted writing with the first records of the Olympic Games in 776 B.C. From this stemmed the first European literature such as The Illiad and The Odyssey

question

Mycenaeans

answer

first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy

question

Sparta

answer

Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts

question

Athens

answer

Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture.

question

Alexander's Empire

answer

Alexander succeded his father King Phillip II and established this empire. He ruled from 336 to 323 B.C. He deafeated the Near East and the eastern Mediterranean world to create one of the largest empires at the time. This empire led to the spreading of Greek culture.

question

Rome

answer

This empire is said to have been established by two brothers, Romulus and Remus on April 21, 753 B.C. Through the Italian Alliance this empire was able to unify Italy. The Etruscan Kings were expelled in 509 B.C. and this empire developed a government ruled by two consuls. When the Italian allies revolted agaist this empire it granted them citizenship and unified all of Italy.

question

Sumarians

answer

Said to be the first civilization, they lived on the land that is now Iraq

question

3000 BC

answer

Bronze Age begins

question

Gilgamesh

answer

a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories

question

The epic of Gilgamesh

answer

The story of a legendary Sumerian king.

question

2350 BC

answer

Sargon creates Mesopotamia's first Empire.

question

Sargon

answer

leader of the Akkadians, overran the sumerian city-states and set up the first empire in world history

question

1760 BC

answer

the year that the Code of Hammurabi took place (Babylonia)

question

Hammurabi

answer

King of the Babylonian empire; creator of the Code of Hammurabi, one of the world's oldest codes of law.

question

2600 BC

answer

Indus River Valley Civilization began to rise and pyramids are built (egypt)

question

Hyksos

answer

a group of nomadic invaders from southwest asia who ruled egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C. (egypt)

question

Hatshepsut

answer

First female pharaoh who expanded Egypt through trade (egypt)

question

Ramses II

answer

known as greatest pharaoh ever, ruled for 67 years, created treaty with Hittites (first treaty in history), establish ownership borders of Isreal, largest tomb, ruled while Jews were there (Egypt)

question

814 BC

answer

Carthage came into power (phoenicians)

question

Alphabet

answer

The Phoenicians created the ________ which was the basis for the Greek and Roman ones. 22 consonants

question

650 BC

answer

silver and gold, first coinage, exchange business transactions, Eastern and Mediterranean worlds adopted coinage later (Lydians)

question

966 BC

answer

Solomon founds the first Jerusalem Temple

question

Abraham

answer

the first of the great Biblical patriarchs, father of Isaac, and traditional founder of the ancient Hebrew nation: considered by Muslims an ancestor of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael.

question

Jacob

answer

grandson of Abraham, son of Isaac and Rebekah, brother of Esau, and the traditional ancestor of Israelites. His name was changed to Israel, and his 12 sons became the 12 Tribes of Israel.

question

Moses

answer

(Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus

question

David

answer

(Old Testament) the 2nd and greatest king of the Israelites; he united the tribes into a single nation.

question

Solomon

answer

David's son who was a great king. He built massive project in Israel including the Great Temple. His project cost the people a lot of money in taxes causing a division in Israel.

question

Monotheism

answer

belief in a single God

question

Torah

answer

(Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written

question

Tanakh

answer

A common way of reffering to the Hebrew Bible, derived from the first letters of the Hebrew names of its three sections: Torah (T), Prophets (N), and Writings (K).

question

Ten Commandments

answer

A set of laws for responsible behavior, which, according to the Bible, were given to Moses by God.

question

Exodus

answer

the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses

question

721 BC

answer

Northern ten tribes carried away by the Assyrians.

question

Tiglath-Pilezer III

answer

Assyrian king who annexed Phoenicia, the Arameans, and Babylonia

question

Sennacherib

answer

Assyrian king who burned Babylon and ordered its residents killed

question

Assurbanipal

answer

king of Assyria who built a magnificent palace and library at Nineveh (668-627 BC)

question

587 BC

answer

Babylonian Exile which is when the Israelites rediscovered their faith and most of the scriptures was written down

question

Nebuchadnezzar

answer

(Old Testament) king of Chaldea who captured and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Israelites to Babylonia

question

535 BC

answer

The return from exile under Persia

question

Cyrus

answer

King of Persians; expanded the Persian Empire from Afghanistan to the Aegean Sea

question

Darius

answer

Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. (trying to unify empire)

question

323-30 BC

answer

Hellenistic Era

question

Antigonids

answer

a regional dynasty after the death of Alexander; ruled in Macedon and Greece.

question

Ptolemies

answer

One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Egypt

question

Euclid

answer

Greek Mathematician (Father of Geometry) who taught in Alexandria

question

Seleucids

answer

One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Mesopotamia

question

Hippocrates

answer

Greek physician. He is considered to be the father of medicine and the ethical standard of treating all patients known as the Hippocratic Oath.

question

Archimedes

answer

This man is considered the greatest thinker of his era, a great mathematician and physicist who explained the principle of the lever and other inventions.

question

Revolt of Maccabees

answer

*Judah Maccabee led an army of Jewish rebels to victory against the Seleucids *destroyed all the "pagan" Greek altars *Hanukkah is a celebration of this rededication of the Jewish Temple after the victory

question

2000-1400 bc

answer

Dates of Minoan civilization. Known for ships

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