World History Exam Review – Flashcards
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democracy
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a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
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republic
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A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.
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acropolis
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a large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs
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city-state
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a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit
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polis
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Greek city-state
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nomes
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the various provinces of Upper and Lower Egypt
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satrapy
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the twenty provinces that Darius divided the empire into; each province was ruled by a governor
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provinces
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governmental divisions like states
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empire
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a group of countries under a single authority
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pharaoh
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a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader
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dynasty
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a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family
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archons
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a chief in the democracy of Athens
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consul
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one of two elected officials of the Roman Republic who commanded the army and were supreme judges
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proconsul
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a provincial governor of consular rank in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire
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praetor
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they were second to the consuls; were primarily judicial officials (judges); They had to be at least 39 years old.
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vassals
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person granted land by a feudal lord in return for services
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autonomy
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immunity from arbitrary exercise of authority: political independence
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collegiality
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sharing interrelated duties and responsibilities with others who have similar positions
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rule of law
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principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern
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imperium
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command, power, empire
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auspicium
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divination by the flight of birds, augury from birds
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helots
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Slaves to the Spartans that revolted and nearly destroyed Sparta in 650 B.C.E.
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thetes
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Athenian citizens who did not own any land and were used as rowers the Athenian navy and utilized by Pericles to elect him strategos
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barbarians
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people belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized
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citizens
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People who had the right to participate in government; official members of a country
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patricians
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of the hereditary aristocracy or ruling class of ancient Rome
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plebeians
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the poorer majority of the Roman Empire; the working class; couldn't be part of government; could vote but not hold office; could not participate in the army
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equestrians
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In the early Roman Republic, one of the richest classes in the Roman army, those who could afford to maintain a horse. By the late Republic, their role expanded into banking and commerce.
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paterfamilias
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the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.
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hierarchical structure
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family functioning based on clear generational boundaries, where the parents maintain control and authority.
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tribes
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a culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from the same ancestor
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patron-client relationship
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In ancient Rome, a fundamental social relationship in which the patron—a wealthy and powerful individual—provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported the political careers and economic interests of their patron.
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agriculture
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the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
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pastoralism
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A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.
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trade
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exchange or give (something) in exchange for something else
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manufacture
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the organized action of making of goods and services for sale
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subsistence economy
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a type of economy in which human groups live off the land with little or no surplus
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market economy
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an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices
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domestication
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The process of taming plants or animals to make them more useful to humans
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barter
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To exchange goods or services without the use of money
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agora
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a place of assembly for the people in ancient Greece; a marketplace
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census
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a periodic and official count of a country's population
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tithe
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an offering of a tenth part of some personal income
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hoplite
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heavily armored Greek foot soldiers
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phalanx
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the tight fighting positions that hoplites fought in; formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears; group of men packed together (for attack or defense)
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strategos
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a military general
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mercenaries
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foreign soldiers who fought for money; hired
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militia
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civilians trained as soldiers but not a part of the regular army
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volunteer army
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a professional army in which all the soldiers are collected if elligible, no matter of rank or status
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tribute
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something given or done as an expression of esteem
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indemnity
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a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury; usually from warfare
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deportation
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the act of expelling a person from their native land
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polytheism
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the worship of many gods
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monotheism
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belief in one God
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mystery cult
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a cult characterized by rites which were secret except to duly initiated worshippers
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anthropomorphic
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suggesting human characteristics for gods; belief that they behaved and looked like humans
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patriarchs
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The ancestors of the Israelites, particularly Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
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prophets
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persons who have a close relationship with God and communicate a divine message
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Messiah
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the awaited king of the Jews; Jesus Christ
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pontifex maximus
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the high priest of Rome, the head of Roman state religion; he appointed and oversaw the vestal virgins.
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oracle
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an authoritative person who divines the future
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divination
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the art or gift of prophecy (or the pretense of prophecy) by supernatural means
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mummification
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embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy
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covenant
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(Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return
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salvation
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(Christianity) the act of delivering from sin or saving from evil
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ziggurat
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a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians
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pyramids
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monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs.
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scripture
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sacred writings or books; passages from sacred writings
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synagogue
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Jewish place of worship
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cultural assimilation
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changes made by a group to adopt the ways of the dominant culture (larger group)
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syncretism
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the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy)
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artifacts
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objects made and used by early humans
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cuneiform
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an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia
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hieroglyphics
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an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
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koine
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a common dialect of the Greek language that influenced the speech of all Greeks
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oral tradition
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pass down from one generation to another by word of mouth
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myths
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Traditional stories about the deeds of gods, goddesses, & heroes that explained their world.
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legends
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widely-told stories about the past that may or may not be factual; every culture has its own legends - its familiar, traditional stories
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philosophy
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the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
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Sumerians
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People who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium B.C. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions.
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Akkadians
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this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great
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Old Babylonian Empire
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Semetic peoples that settled in central Mesopotamia. They advanced the study of mathematics and astronomy
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Egypt
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Society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled the Nile; they used hieroglyphics and they contributed the 365-day calender. They were polythestic and worshipped the dead
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Phoenicians
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Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoenician merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce.
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Arameans
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a semi-nomadic and pastoralism people who originated in what is now modern Syria during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia where they intermingled with the native Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) population.
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Lydians
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early civilization that occupied the western Asia minor and were responsible for the first coinage of money
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Israelites (Hebrews)
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The Jewish people, chosen by God to be his people and named after Israel (Jacob), from whose twelve sons the tribes of Israel descend. God formed Israel into his priestly people in their people in their exodus from the slavery of Egypt, when he made the old covenant.
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Assyrians
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known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt. They used ladders, weapons like: iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire
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New Babylonian Empire
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Empire established by the Caldeans. King Nebuchadezzar ruled from 605 to 562 B.C. Became an empire known for their scientific learning. Attacked the Jews in 587 B.C.
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Persians
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Empire descended from Indo-Europeans Aryan peoples that settled in modern-day Iran and began around 2000 B.C. Founded by their king, Cyrus. They allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their temple in 535 B.C. Became one of the largest empires in the world. Later on Darius would establish the administative system that tied the empire together.
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Hellenistic Kingdoms
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These kingdoms were a product of the Macedonian generals of Alexander the Great. After his death they individually seized contol of different parts of his empire and continued his policy within their territory. This involved establishing Greek cities and promoting Greek culture. They contested with each other for territory resulting in war and realignment of boundaries and rulership.
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Minoans
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Earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C. and remained until 1400 B.C.
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Greece
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The first established Empire on the European mainland beginning around 1100 B.C. after the invasion of the Dorrians. Restarted writing with the first records of the Olympic Games in 776 B.C. From this stemmed the first European literature such as The Illiad and The Odyssey
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Mycenaeans
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first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy
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Sparta
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Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts
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Athens
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Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture.
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Alexander's Empire
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Alexander succeded his father King Phillip II and established this empire. He ruled from 336 to 323 B.C. He deafeated the Near East and the eastern Mediterranean world to create one of the largest empires at the time. This empire led to the spreading of Greek culture.
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Rome
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This empire is said to have been established by two brothers, Romulus and Remus on April 21, 753 B.C. Through the Italian Alliance this empire was able to unify Italy. The Etruscan Kings were expelled in 509 B.C. and this empire developed a government ruled by two consuls. When the Italian allies revolted agaist this empire it granted them citizenship and unified all of Italy.
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Sumarians
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Said to be the first civilization, they lived on the land that is now Iraq
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3000 BC
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Bronze Age begins
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Gilgamesh
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a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories
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The epic of Gilgamesh
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The story of a legendary Sumerian king.
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2350 BC
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Sargon creates Mesopotamia's first Empire.
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Sargon
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leader of the Akkadians, overran the sumerian city-states and set up the first empire in world history
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1760 BC
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the year that the Code of Hammurabi took place (Babylonia)
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Hammurabi
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King of the Babylonian empire; creator of the Code of Hammurabi, one of the world's oldest codes of law.
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2600 BC
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Indus River Valley Civilization began to rise and pyramids are built (egypt)
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Hyksos
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a group of nomadic invaders from southwest asia who ruled egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C. (egypt)
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Hatshepsut
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First female pharaoh who expanded Egypt through trade (egypt)
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Ramses II
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known as greatest pharaoh ever, ruled for 67 years, created treaty with Hittites (first treaty in history), establish ownership borders of Isreal, largest tomb, ruled while Jews were there (Egypt)
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814 BC
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Carthage came into power (phoenicians)
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Alphabet
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The Phoenicians created the ________ which was the basis for the Greek and Roman ones. 22 consonants
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650 BC
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silver and gold, first coinage, exchange business transactions, Eastern and Mediterranean worlds adopted coinage later (Lydians)
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966 BC
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Solomon founds the first Jerusalem Temple
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Abraham
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the first of the great Biblical patriarchs, father of Isaac, and traditional founder of the ancient Hebrew nation: considered by Muslims an ancestor of the Arab peoples through his son Ishmael.
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Jacob
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grandson of Abraham, son of Isaac and Rebekah, brother of Esau, and the traditional ancestor of Israelites. His name was changed to Israel, and his 12 sons became the 12 Tribes of Israel.
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Moses
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(Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus
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David
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(Old Testament) the 2nd and greatest king of the Israelites; he united the tribes into a single nation.
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Solomon
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David's son who was a great king. He built massive project in Israel including the Great Temple. His project cost the people a lot of money in taxes causing a division in Israel.
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Monotheism
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belief in a single God
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Torah
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(Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written
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Tanakh
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A common way of reffering to the Hebrew Bible, derived from the first letters of the Hebrew names of its three sections: Torah (T), Prophets (N), and Writings (K).
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Ten Commandments
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A set of laws for responsible behavior, which, according to the Bible, were given to Moses by God.
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Exodus
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the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses
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721 BC
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Northern ten tribes carried away by the Assyrians.
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Tiglath-Pilezer III
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Assyrian king who annexed Phoenicia, the Arameans, and Babylonia
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Sennacherib
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Assyrian king who burned Babylon and ordered its residents killed
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Assurbanipal
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king of Assyria who built a magnificent palace and library at Nineveh (668-627 BC)
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587 BC
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Babylonian Exile which is when the Israelites rediscovered their faith and most of the scriptures was written down
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Nebuchadnezzar
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(Old Testament) king of Chaldea who captured and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Israelites to Babylonia
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535 BC
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The return from exile under Persia
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Cyrus
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King of Persians; expanded the Persian Empire from Afghanistan to the Aegean Sea
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Darius
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Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. (trying to unify empire)
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323-30 BC
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Hellenistic Era
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Antigonids
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a regional dynasty after the death of Alexander; ruled in Macedon and Greece.
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Ptolemies
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One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Egypt
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Euclid
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Greek Mathematician (Father of Geometry) who taught in Alexandria
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Seleucids
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One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Mesopotamia
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Hippocrates
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Greek physician. He is considered to be the father of medicine and the ethical standard of treating all patients known as the Hippocratic Oath.
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Archimedes
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This man is considered the greatest thinker of his era, a great mathematician and physicist who explained the principle of the lever and other inventions.
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Revolt of Maccabees
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*Judah Maccabee led an army of Jewish rebels to victory against the Seleucids *destroyed all the "pagan" Greek altars *Hanukkah is a celebration of this rededication of the Jewish Temple after the victory
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2000-1400 bc
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Dates of Minoan civilization. Known for ships
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