World History A CP-Unit 3 – Flashcards
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Simón Bolivar
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A revolutionary leader from Venezuela known as the "George Washington of South America."
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Mulatto
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A person of mixed European and African ancestry.
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Peninsulare
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In Spanish colonial society, a colonist of Spanish ancestry.
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José María Morelos
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He led Mexican rebels against the Spanish after Miguel Hidalgo in 1811.
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Creole
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In Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents.
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Mestizo
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A person of mixed European and Indian ancestry.
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José de San Martin
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The Argentinean revolutionary leader who liberated Argentina, Chile, Peru.
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Miguel Hidalgo
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A priest from Dolores who issued the call for rebellion in Mexico.
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Name the classes of Spanish colonial society.
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Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattos, Africans, and Indians.
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What was distinctive about the Haitian Revolution?
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While the French Revolution was taking place, oppressed people in the French colony of Haiti rose up against their French masters.
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What role did the creoles play in independence movements in Latin America?
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Creoles were the least oppressed of those born in Latin America. They were also the best educated, matter in fact, many wealthy young creoles traveled to Europe for their education.
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How did the American and French Revolution affect the colonists in the Americas?
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The American Revolution allowed the Americans their independence. The French Revolution, the Americans learned that it was best to leave well enough alone.
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Which group led the quest for Mexican Independence?
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Creoles were the group who led the quest for Mexican Independence in the early 19th century.
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What was the "grito de Dolores?"
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On September 16th, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo rang the bells of his village church. When the peasants gathered in the church, he issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish.
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Conservative
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Usually wealthy property owners and nobility.
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Liberal
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Mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants.
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Radical
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Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people.
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Nationalism
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The belief that people's greatest loyalty shouldn't be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
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Nation-State
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When a nation had its own independent government.
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The Balkans
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The countries occupying the Balkan Peninsula: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, & Turkey in Europe.
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Louis-Napoleon
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The nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.
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Alexander ll
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Son and successor of Nicholas l.
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How were liberals different from a conservatives?
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Liberals were a lower class than a conservatives and also less wealthy.
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How were radicals different from a liberals?
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Radicals believed that government should practice liberty, equality, and brotherhood. Liberals wanted to give power elected parliaments.
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Why did Europeans and Americans support the Greek revolutionary movement?
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Europeans and Americans both loved and respected Greek culture and wanted to help them.
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What was the driving force behind Russia's industrial expansion?
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Russia eventually realized their lack of development.
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CAUSE: The Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks.
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The Greeks gained their indepence from the Ottoman Turks.
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CAUSE: Nationist groups in Budapest, Prague, and Vienna demand independence and self-government.
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By the mid-1830s, the old order seemed to have reestablished itself.
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CAUSE: Charles X tries to set up an absolute monarchy in France.
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He was replaced by Louis-Philippe, who long supported liberal reforms in France.
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CAUSE: Paris mobs overthrow the monarchy of Louis-Philippe.
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The new republican government began to fall apart almost immediately
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CAUSE: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte is elected president of France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon lll.
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The French were weary of instability. They welcomed a strong ruler who would bring peace to France.
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CAUSE: In the Crimean War, Czar Nicholas l threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire.
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The Russians lost the war bcause their industries and transportation system failed to provide the country's troops.
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CAUSE: Alexander ll issues the Edict of Emancipation.
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Political and social reforms ground to a halt when terrorists assassinated Alexander ll.
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What is the link between nationalism and the revolution in Europe?
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A wave of nationalism swept the continent of Europe. it motivated many states, at the same time, turned self interest and lust of power led to severe fall of mankind.
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Which of the bonds used to create nation states are found in the united states?
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History, Language, Nationality, Culture, Religion, and Territory.
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Industrial Revolution
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Refers to the greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s.
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Enclosure
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The larger fields.
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Crop Rotation
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One of the best developments by the scientific farmers.
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Industrialization
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The process of developing machine production of goods, required such resources.
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Factors of Production
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The resources needed to produce goods and services that the industrial revolution required.
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Factory
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Machines in large buildings.
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Entrepreneur
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A person who organizes, manages, and takes care on the risks of business.
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Who was Jethro tell? How did he contribute to the Agricultural Revolution?
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he was one of the first scientific farmers. He saw many seeds failed to take root. So, he made an invention called the seed drill.
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How did population growth spur the Industrial Revolution?
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Better standard of life made increased population, which demanded more food and goods to be made more of, and more efficiently.
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What were at least four of the factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain?
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Water power and coal, iron ore, rivers, and harbors.
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What inventions transformed the textile industry?
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Spinning Jenny and water frame
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What american invention helped to increase cotton production?
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Foot treadle.
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What did Whitney do after graduating from college?
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He left New England and headed south.
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What problems did Southern cotton planters face?
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The cotton that grew inland had sticky green seeds that were time consuming to pick out of the fluffy white cotton bolls.
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Who was Catherine Greene?
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She was Whitney's employer who encouraged him to find a solution to this problem.
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What did Whitney and his business partner, Phineas Miller, choose to do to the cotton gin?
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They opted to produce as many gins as possible, so they can install them throughout Georgia and the South, and charge farmers a fee for doing the ginning for them.
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How did Georgia farmers respond to Whitney and Miller's business plan?
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They realized the wrong of what they were doing, so they started to make their own version of cotton gins and called it a "new invention."
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What were the positive effects of the cotton gin?
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After the invention of the cotton gin, the yield of raw cotton doubled each decade after 1800.
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What negative affect did the cotton gin have in America?
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The cotton gin had an increase in slavery.
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How did Whitney finally become rich?
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In 1798 Whitney figured out how to manufacture muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable.
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THE MIDDLE CLASS:
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Neither rich or poor it consisted of government like employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of mines, factories, and shops.
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THE WORKING CLASS:
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They saw little improvement in their living and working conditions.
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What were some advantages and disadvantages of industrialization?
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-Industry created many jobs, standard of living generally rose, factories brought job seekers to the city, the housing; diet, and clothing improved. -Furthermore, Factories were dirty, unsafe, and dangerous. Workers were overworked and underpaid, and cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls.
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Many nations around the world today are trying to industrialize. What do you think they hope to gain from the process?
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To produce goods, so that they can sell to all of the other countries. $$
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What did the US possess that allowed it to mechanize its industries?
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Fast flowing rivers, rich deposits of coal and iron ore, and supply of laborers.
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How did the War of 1812 affect the industrial development of the US?
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Britain blockaded the US, trying to keep it from engaging the international trade. It force the US to use its own resources.
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How did Francis Cabot Lowell and four others investors revolutionize the American textile industry?
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They mechanized every stage in the manufacture of cloth.
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Why did young single women leave their rural homes to work as mill girls in factory towns?
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They could make higher wages and have some independence.
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What factors led to the US' technological boom?
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A wealth of natural resources, among them oil, coal, and iron; A burst of Inventions, such as the electric light bulb and the telephone.
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Describe "big business."
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The giant corporations that controlled entire industries also made big profits by reducing the cost of producing goods.
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Why did Belgium lead Europe in adopting industrialization?
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It had rich deposits of iron ore and coal as well as fine waterways for transportation.
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What factors slowed indusrialization in Germany?
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Economic isolation and scattered resources.
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How did France avoid the great social and economic problems caused by industialization?
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It was more measured and controlled becuase the agriculture economy stayed strong.
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Whydid imperialism grow out of industrialization?
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The need for resources to supply the factories of Europe, and development of new markets around the world.
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Laissez faire
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Abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market.
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Adam Smith
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A Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment.
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Capitalism
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An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
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Utilitarianism
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The doctrine that an action is right insofar as it promotes happiness, and that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct.
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Socialism
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A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
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Karl Marx
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A philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Prussia to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy.
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Communism
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A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
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Union
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The action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.
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Strike
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A refusal to work.
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According to French economic philosophers, how would the economy proper?
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They believed that if government allowed free trade the economy will prosper.
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Why did liassez faire thinkers such as Smith, Malthus, and Ricardo oppose government efforts to help poor workers?
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They all have the same idea of a free economy, or free markets.
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Why did workers join together in unions?
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John Stuart Mill believed it was wrong that workers should lead deprived lives.
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Summrize Britain's Factory Act of 1833, the Mines Act of 1842, and the Ten Hours Act of 1847.
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-The the law made it illegal to nine children under 9 years old. -Prevented women women and children from working underground. -Limited the workday to 10 hours for women and children who worked in factories.
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Who was William Wilberforce?
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An English politician, philanthropist, and leader of the movement to abolish the slaves trade.
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How did the Industrustrial Revolution prove to be a mixed blessing for women?
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Factories workers offered higher wages then work done at home, but women factory workers usually made only 1/3 of what men did.
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What other problems did reformers try to correct in the US and Western Europe?
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They try to give children free education in the US, in Europe, they try to give free public schooling, relating to education.
