Western Civilization II- Chapter 20 – Flashcards

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Prior to the advent of the railroad, travel was largely measured
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by the distance a man or horse could cover before becoming exhausted.
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Which of these was an important contribution of railroads to economic growth?
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They dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping goods over land.
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Which of these best captures the most common response of nineteenth-century authors and artists to rail travel?
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Awe at the power and speed of trains
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According to Peel, why was Manchester no longer a source of recruits for the army?
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The ill effects of factory work stunted children's growth.
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Which of these best characterizes Mr. Philips's argument against the Cotton Mills and Factories Act?
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The evil addressed by the bill was actually very small and would, in any case, cure itself.
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With which of these statements might Mr. Payne be most likely to agree?
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Child laborers in the mines are not worked beyond their capacity and suffer no ill effects from their employment
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Which of these was suggested by the testimony of Ann Eggley?
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That child laborers in the mines had no time to acquire an education or religious instruction
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Which of these was suggested by Patience Kershaw's testimony?
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That female miners were subjected to sexual harassment and abuse
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What role did Ellis assign the middle-class wife?
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Helper and assistant to all other family members
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Which of these is never mentioned in the excerpt from Ellis's book?
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The needs and desires of the middle-class wife
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The industrial development in Britain would not have been possible without
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the rapid population growth.
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How did the inventions of Henry Cort in the 1780s affect the iron industry?
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It became possible to produce iron products in every shape and form.
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The first factories of the Industrial Revolution were
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located along fast-running rivers and streams.
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Workers in the early factories found leisure time
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harder to come by as industrialization progressed.
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As a result of reliance on steam power, where were early factories built in the nineteenth century?
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In cities
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In which country did efforts at industrialization falter under the weight of lower-priced European imports during the early nineteenth century?
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Egypt
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Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?
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Factory workers saw modest gains in wages after 1815.
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How was Thomas Malthus's prediction that population growth would outstrip growth of the food supply proven wrong?
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Industrialization improved productivity in all areas, including agriculture.
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What was an unintended consequence of the British Factory Act of 1833?
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It broke the pattern of families working together
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Which statement describes middle-class women in the mid-nineteenth century?
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They were encouraged to concentrate on their roles as wife and mother.
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What did the British social critic Thomas Malthus fear?
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Unrestrained population growth would outpace the food supply and lead to greater poverty.
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Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?
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The wages of cottage workers and rural laborers declined.
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What country tried to launch its own modern textile industry in the early nineteenth century?
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Egypt
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Which of the following contributed to the improvement in the living standards of the British working class from the 1840s onward?
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Workers' wages made substantial gains.
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How did Richard Arkwright's water frame work?
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It took advantage of water currents to power several hundred spindles at once.
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What legal steps did the British take to protect their lead in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century?
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Until 1843 the export of textile machinery and other equipment was forbidden.
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What was a key problem in the preindustrial textile industry that hampered production?
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The demand by weavers for thread was greater than the supply.
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Which statement describes opportunities in industry as factories grew larger during the nineteenth century?
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It became harder for talented workers of modest means to find opportunities for success.
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What was one reason Britain turned to coal as a source of heat and power early in the Industrial Revolution?
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Wood was becoming more scarce.
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What was a major advantage enjoyed by industrialists on the European continent?
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There was a rich tradition of the putting-out system on which to build.
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What was a key demand of a significant share of British industrial workers by the mid-nineteenth century?
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A ten-hour workday
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Compared to their English counterparts, laborers in western Europe
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bitterly resisted the move to factories.
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Which European area, other than Britain, showed a spectacular rise in industrial output?
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German lands
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Which state continued to dominate the market in luxury goods during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution?
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France
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What was one impact of the slave trade on Britain's economy?
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Britain developed finance and credit institutions.
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Who developed the "iron law of wages," the idea that wages would always sink to subsistence level?
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David Ricardo
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How did workers in the early nineteenth century accommodate to the new factory system?
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They entered mills and mines as family units.
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Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?
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Modest wage gains by factory workers were offset by a decline in the labor of children and married women.
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Which list reflects the order, from earliest to latest, in which countries industrialized rapidly?
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Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States
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What was the significance of the development of the railroad?
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It reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land.
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How did Western governments support the growth of domestic industrialization in the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution?
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By adopting high tariffs
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What factors encouraged working-class British women to withdraw from paid labor in the nineteenth century?
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The domestic ideals promoted by middle-class women
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As Britain produced more manufactured goods and its gross national product rose fourfold from 1780 to 1850, who consumed the increased output?
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The British themselves, as a result of rapid population growth
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Which of the following was true in 1750?
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All of the world's major countries had roughly similar levels of industrial production.
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Which statement describes the work available for women and girls in the coal mines during the mid-nineteenth century?
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It was viewed by many to be inappropriate and dangerous.
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What was Matthew Boulton's contribution to the success of the steam engine?
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He provided Watt with capital and salesmanship.
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After 1850, which group of married women was most likely to work for wages outside the home?
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Those from the poorest families
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Why did the British Parliament repeal the Combination Acts in 1824?
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Workers disregarded the acts, and union activity was widespread.
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The Luddites, who emerged in early nineteenth-century Britain, were
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handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England.
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What position did the British government official Edwin Chadwick take after investigating working-class conditions in the early nineteenth century?
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The poor were better able to buy necessities and minor luxuries than ever before.
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Which individual helped advance the industrial revolution in German lands?
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Fritz Harkort
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Which statement describes the Industrial Revolution?
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The Industrial Revolution was a long, unplanned process that transformed economies and societies.
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Which statement describes the newly rich industrialists of the mid-nineteenth century?
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They were proud of their achievements and fully aware of the widening gap between themselves and their workers.
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The Industrial Revolution in the United States, occurring after 1860, has been termed
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the "second industrial revolution."
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What was revolutionary about the Industrial Revolution?
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It inaugurated a period of sustained economic and demographic growth
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How did the development of the railroads change industrial production?
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By creating larger markets that in turn encouraged larger factories
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What was an advantage that cottage workers were reluctant to give up by shifting to factory work?
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Women and children could break up long hours of work with other tasks.
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Why did Latin American countries not industrialize in the early nineteenth century?
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They were caught up in wars of independence.
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How did owners in the iron industry find ways to undermine the rights of their workers after 1850?
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They increased the division of labor and the speed of work.
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Why was Zollverein adopted in the German states from 1818 to 1834?
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It allowed goods to move between member states without tariffs.
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What was revolutionary about the Industrial Revolution?
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It paved the way for a shift in the international balance of political power.
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Which statement characterizes French factory production in the nineteenth century?
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French factory production experienced slow but steady growth.
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Why did the French focus on production of artisanal luxury goods in the nineteenth century make sense?
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The French had a long history of dominance in the luxury goods market.
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Which of the following contributed to the improvement in the living standards of the British working class from the 1840s onward?
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Advances in medicine increased life expectancies.
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By the 1850s, what advice about the new industrial order was being advanced by influential social critics?
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Middle-class wives and daughter should avoid work in offices and factories.
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What was a global impact of cheap British cotton textiles in the nineteenth century?
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It destroyed the pre-existing textile industries in India and Latin America.
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Which of the following was true of British agriculture in the eighteenth century?
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British farmers were among the most productive and efficient in Europe.
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Early cotton mill owners relied heavily on what source of labor?
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Pauper children
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How was the life of a cottage worker transformed by factory work in the nineteenth century?
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Factory workers were more tightly controlled than cottage workers.
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Who invented the spinning jenny in 1765?
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James Hargreaves
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What was the major provision of the British Factory Act of 1833?
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Limiting the workday of child laborers
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During the early phases of the Industrial Revolution, members of ethnic and religious groups
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jumped at new chances to help each other
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The average British family of the eighteenth century could spend more on manufactured goods because
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abundant food and high wages meant that each family could spend more on manufactured goods.
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Which statement describes the experience of Fritz Harkort in bringing industrialization to Germany?
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Harkort's ambitious efforts resulted in the building of steam engines but also large financial losses.
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Why were limited liability banks a key feature of industrial development during the nineteenth century?
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They allowed stockholders to decrease their risk.
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What was Britain's reaction to continental efforts to catch up with its industrial development by "borrowing" its technologies?
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The British created barriers to the departure of machinery and skilled workers.
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To what source of labor did the owners of early cotton factories in Britain turn?
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Young orphans and abandoned children
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What was revolutionary about the Industrial Revolution?
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It transformed the social class structure and the way people thought about class.
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What was one of the major challenges on the continent in terms of trying to catch up with British industrialization?
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Continental industrialists had a hard time finding large sums of money to invest in the new methods of industry.
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Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?
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The wages of cottage workers and rural laborers declined.
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Why did initial efforts at industrialization in Russia not enjoy extensive success?
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Agricultural workers remained mired in servitude.
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What was a major challenge on the continent when trying to catch up with British industrialization?
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British technology had become so complicated that few non-British engineers or skilled technicians understood it.
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Which of the following was true in 1800?
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Britain had already opened up a substantial lead in industrial production.
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Which of the following contributed to the improvement in the living standards of the British working class from the 1840s onward?
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Workers' wages made substantial gains.
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