question

Prior to the advent of the railroad, travel was largely measured

answer

by the distance a man or horse could cover before becoming exhausted.

question

Which of these was an important contribution of railroads to economic growth?

answer

They dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping goods over land.

question

Which of these best captures the most common response of nineteenth-century authors and artists to rail travel?

answer

Awe at the power and speed of trains

question

According to Peel, why was Manchester no longer a source of recruits for the army?

answer

The ill effects of factory work stunted children's growth.

question

Which of these best characterizes Mr. Philips's argument against the Cotton Mills and Factories Act?

answer

The evil addressed by the bill was actually very small and would, in any case, cure itself.

question

With which of these statements might Mr. Payne be most likely to agree?

answer

Child laborers in the mines are not worked beyond their capacity and suffer no ill effects from their employment

question

Which of these was suggested by the testimony of Ann Eggley?

answer

That child laborers in the mines had no time to acquire an education or religious instruction

question

Which of these was suggested by Patience Kershaw's testimony?

answer

That female miners were subjected to sexual harassment and abuse

question

What role did Ellis assign the middle-class wife?

answer

Helper and assistant to all other family members

question

Which of these is never mentioned in the excerpt from Ellis's book?

answer

The needs and desires of the middle-class wife

question

The industrial development in Britain would not have been possible without

answer

the rapid population growth.

question

How did the inventions of Henry Cort in the 1780s affect the iron industry?

answer

It became possible to produce iron products in every shape and form.

question

The first factories of the Industrial Revolution were

answer

located along fast-running rivers and streams.

question

Workers in the early factories found leisure time

answer

harder to come by as industrialization progressed.

question

As a result of reliance on steam power, where were early factories built in the nineteenth century?

answer

In cities

question

In which country did efforts at industrialization falter under the weight of lower-priced European imports during the early nineteenth century?

answer

Egypt

question

Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?

answer

Factory workers saw modest gains in wages after 1815.

question

How was Thomas Malthus's prediction that population growth would outstrip growth of the food supply proven wrong?

answer

Industrialization improved productivity in all areas, including agriculture.

question

What was an unintended consequence of the British Factory Act of 1833?

answer

It broke the pattern of families working together

question

Which statement describes middle-class women in the mid-nineteenth century?

answer

They were encouraged to concentrate on their roles as wife and mother.

question

What did the British social critic Thomas Malthus fear?

answer

Unrestrained population growth would outpace the food supply and lead to greater poverty.

question

Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?

answer

The wages of cottage workers and rural laborers declined.

question

What country tried to launch its own modern textile industry in the early nineteenth century?

answer

Egypt

question

Which of the following contributed to the improvement in the living standards of the British working class from the 1840s onward?

answer

Workers' wages made substantial gains.

question

How did Richard Arkwright's water frame work?

answer

It took advantage of water currents to power several hundred spindles at once.

question

What legal steps did the British take to protect their lead in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century?

answer

Until 1843 the export of textile machinery and other equipment was forbidden.

question

What was a key problem in the preindustrial textile industry that hampered production?

answer

The demand by weavers for thread was greater than the supply.

question

Which statement describes opportunities in industry as factories grew larger during the nineteenth century?

answer

It became harder for talented workers of modest means to find opportunities for success.

question

What was one reason Britain turned to coal as a source of heat and power early in the Industrial Revolution?

answer

Wood was becoming more scarce.

question

What was a major advantage enjoyed by industrialists on the European continent?

answer

There was a rich tradition of the putting-out system on which to build.

question

What was a key demand of a significant share of British industrial workers by the mid-nineteenth century?

answer

A ten-hour workday

question

Compared to their English counterparts, laborers in western Europe

answer

bitterly resisted the move to factories.

question

Which European area, other than Britain, showed a spectacular rise in industrial output?

answer

German lands

question

Which state continued to dominate the market in luxury goods during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution?

answer

France

question

What was one impact of the slave trade on Britain's economy?

answer

Britain developed finance and credit institutions.

question

Who developed the "iron law of wages," the idea that wages would always sink to subsistence level?

answer

David Ricardo

question

How did workers in the early nineteenth century accommodate to the new factory system?

answer

They entered mills and mines as family units.

question

Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?

answer

Modest wage gains by factory workers were offset by a decline in the labor of children and married women.

question

Which list reflects the order, from earliest to latest, in which countries industrialized rapidly?

answer

Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States

question

What was the significance of the development of the railroad?

answer

It reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land.

question

How did Western governments support the growth of domestic industrialization in the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution?

answer

By adopting high tariffs

question

What factors encouraged working-class British women to withdraw from paid labor in the nineteenth century?

answer

The domestic ideals promoted by middle-class women

question

As Britain produced more manufactured goods and its gross national product rose fourfold from 1780 to 1850, who consumed the increased output?

answer

The British themselves, as a result of rapid population growth

question

Which of the following was true in 1750?

answer

All of the world's major countries had roughly similar levels of industrial production.

question

Which statement describes the work available for women and girls in the coal mines during the mid-nineteenth century?

answer

It was viewed by many to be inappropriate and dangerous.

question

What was Matthew Boulton's contribution to the success of the steam engine?

answer

He provided Watt with capital and salesmanship.

question

After 1850, which group of married women was most likely to work for wages outside the home?

answer

Those from the poorest families

question

Why did the British Parliament repeal the Combination Acts in 1824?

answer

Workers disregarded the acts, and union activity was widespread.

question

The Luddites, who emerged in early nineteenth-century Britain, were

answer

handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England.

question

What position did the British government official Edwin Chadwick take after investigating working-class conditions in the early nineteenth century?

answer

The poor were better able to buy necessities and minor luxuries than ever before.

question

Which individual helped advance the industrial revolution in German lands?

answer

Fritz Harkort

question

Which statement describes the Industrial Revolution?

answer

The Industrial Revolution was a long, unplanned process that transformed economies and societies.

question

Which statement describes the newly rich industrialists of the mid-nineteenth century?

answer

They were proud of their achievements and fully aware of the widening gap between themselves and their workers.

question

The Industrial Revolution in the United States, occurring after 1860, has been termed

answer

the "second industrial revolution."

question

What was revolutionary about the Industrial Revolution?

answer

It inaugurated a period of sustained economic and demographic growth

question

How did the development of the railroads change industrial production?

answer

By creating larger markets that in turn encouraged larger factories

question

What was an advantage that cottage workers were reluctant to give up by shifting to factory work?

answer

Women and children could break up long hours of work with other tasks.

question

Why did Latin American countries not industrialize in the early nineteenth century?

answer

They were caught up in wars of independence.

question

How did owners in the iron industry find ways to undermine the rights of their workers after 1850?

answer

They increased the division of labor and the speed of work.

question

Why was Zollverein adopted in the German states from 1818 to 1834?

answer

It allowed goods to move between member states without tariffs.

question

What was revolutionary about the Industrial Revolution?

answer

It paved the way for a shift in the international balance of political power.

question

Which statement characterizes French factory production in the nineteenth century?

answer

French factory production experienced slow but steady growth.

question

Why did the French focus on production of artisanal luxury goods in the nineteenth century make sense?

answer

The French had a long history of dominance in the luxury goods market.

question

Which of the following contributed to the improvement in the living standards of the British working class from the 1840s onward?

answer

Advances in medicine increased life expectancies.

question

By the 1850s, what advice about the new industrial order was being advanced by influential social critics?

answer

Middle-class wives and daughter should avoid work in offices and factories.

question

What was a global impact of cheap British cotton textiles in the nineteenth century?

answer

It destroyed the pre-existing textile industries in India and Latin America.

question

Which of the following was true of British agriculture in the eighteenth century?

answer

British farmers were among the most productive and efficient in Europe.

question

Early cotton mill owners relied heavily on what source of labor?

answer

Pauper children

question

How was the life of a cottage worker transformed by factory work in the nineteenth century?

answer

Factory workers were more tightly controlled than cottage workers.

question

Who invented the spinning jenny in 1765?

answer

James Hargreaves

question

What was the major provision of the British Factory Act of 1833?

answer

Limiting the workday of child laborers

question

During the early phases of the Industrial Revolution, members of ethnic and religious groups

answer

jumped at new chances to help each other

question

The average British family of the eighteenth century could spend more on manufactured goods because

answer

abundant food and high wages meant that each family could spend more on manufactured goods.

question

Which statement describes the experience of Fritz Harkort in bringing industrialization to Germany?

answer

Harkort's ambitious efforts resulted in the building of steam engines but also large financial losses.

question

Why were limited liability banks a key feature of industrial development during the nineteenth century?

answer

They allowed stockholders to decrease their risk.

question

What was Britain's reaction to continental efforts to catch up with its industrial development by "borrowing" its technologies?

answer

The British created barriers to the departure of machinery and skilled workers.

question

To what source of labor did the owners of early cotton factories in Britain turn?

answer

Young orphans and abandoned children

question

What was revolutionary about the Industrial Revolution?

answer

It transformed the social class structure and the way people thought about class.

question

What was one of the major challenges on the continent in terms of trying to catch up with British industrialization?

answer

Continental industrialists had a hard time finding large sums of money to invest in the new methods of industry.

question

Which of the following was true of economic conditions in Britain between 1792 and 1830?

answer

The wages of cottage workers and rural laborers declined.

question

Why did initial efforts at industrialization in Russia not enjoy extensive success?

answer

Agricultural workers remained mired in servitude.

question

What was a major challenge on the continent when trying to catch up with British industrialization?

answer

British technology had become so complicated that few non-British engineers or skilled technicians understood it.

question

Which of the following was true in 1800?

answer

Britain had already opened up a substantial lead in industrial production.

question

Which of the following contributed to the improvement in the living standards of the British working class from the 1840s onward?

answer

Workers' wages made substantial gains.

Western Civilization II- Chapter 20 – Flashcards

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