question

In the late twelfth century, the Mongols quickly built up a large military force by

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Incorporating the armies of defeated tribes

question

Why did the westward expansion of the Mongol empire end after 1260?

answer

The Mongol empire split up into hostile factions

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For Europeans, the most important consequence of the Mongol conquest was?

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The commercial links it established between Europe and the far east along the Silk Road.

question

The majority of Ottoman slaves where Christians because?

answer

Muslims were not permitted to enslave other Muslims

question

As Europeans made advances in navigation, in maritime technologies in the 15th century, they made efficient use of the quadrant which could

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calculate latitude using the North star

question

The first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa was

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Bartholomeu Dias

question

The Ottomans drew large numbers of slaves from of the following sources EXCEPT

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Africa

question

Marco Polo's accounts were influential in Europe because?

answer

Europeans previously knew little about life and customs in Asia

question

After the 1368 overthrow of the Mongol dynasty that had ruled China

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European traders ceased to travel the Silk Road, but trade continued with Europe through Muslim middleman

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Throughout the 16th century, the principal religious conflicts of the Ottoman Empire came from disagreements with

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Shiite Muslims in neighboring Persia

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From a military stand point, the primary results of the 16th century conflicts between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs was

answer

Greatly in enlarged naval forces on both sides

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Beginning in the 1440's design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to

answer

Sail with two masts and faster, triangular sails

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In their voyages along the west coast of Africa, the Portuguese were initially in search of

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a sea route to India, and gold

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The leader who united the Mongol tribes and began the conquest of China was named

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Temujin, who took the title Chingiz Khan

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The developing westward orientation of European colonial and commercial ambitions during the 15th century was a consequence of

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the growing importance to Europe of the African gold trade

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The main profits from the expeditions organized by Prince Henry the Navigator to Africa came from

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colonization; gold; sugar; slaving

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The leader of the first European expedition to reach Asia by sailing west was

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Renaissance Italy invested heavily in art and culture because

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cities and their rulers competed with each other in constructing public monuments and patronizing artists and authors

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Humanists such as Alberti praised the nuclear family and argued that women should be

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consigned purely to domestic roles

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In contrast to the civic humanists, Castiglione's Courtier stressed as the hallmark of true nobility

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an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court

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After Giotto's death, the next great Florentine painter was

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Masassio

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Leonardo da Vinci's basic approach to painting was to

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imitate nature as closely as possible

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Which of the following renaissance artists was most deeply influenced by the art of classical Greece

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Michelangelo

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One important difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance that followed was the northern

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interest in traditional Christian wisdom over classical virtues

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As a textual scholar, Erasmus's crowning achievement was his

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edition of the New Testament in Greek and in Latin

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The author of Utopia was

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Sir Thomas More

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The Renaissance transformed the ________ aspects of European life

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intellectual and artistic

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Machiavelli admired Cesare Borgia for his

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ruthlessness and shrewdness

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As a young monk, Luther

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was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation

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Luther's Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to the

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idea that people could skip confessing their sins if they bought an indulgence

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Luther's religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT

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denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper

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Luther's confrontation with Charles V at the Diet of Worms demonstrated

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the Holy Roman Emperor's attempt to preserve one of the major unifying institutions of his far-flung empire- the Church

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The term Protestant was first used after

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Lutherans protested the action of the German Imperial Diet of 1528

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For Zwingli, the Eucharist

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was an important commemoration of Christ's historical sacrifice on the cross

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In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists, Anabaptists

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believed that only adults should be baptized, not children

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After 1534, Anabaptists were greatly feared by secular authorities in Europe because they

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were associated with extremist groups that threatened the social order

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Calvin's theology emphasized first and foremost

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the sovereignty and omnipotence of God

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In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism was much more

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authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality

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The main function of the Calvinist Consistory of Geneva was to

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supervise public and private morals

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After 1525, Protestantism was "domesticated" by becoming more politically conservative and by focusing on

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the patriarchal family as the central institution of reformed life

question

Which of the following religious changes generally associated with Protestantism did King Henry VIII enforce in England

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closing monasteries and convents and confiscating their property

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The first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology in the English church was

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King Edward VI

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In attempting to restore Catholicism in England, Queen Mary did all of the following EXCEPT

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force people to wear sweaters with cats on them

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Queen Elizabeth I offered some extreme Protestants by

answer

retaining Church government by bishops

question

At the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church

answer

reaffirmed almost all of the doctrines that Protestants criticized

question

The Counter Reformation brought the most sweeping changes to the Catholic Church's

answer

attitudes toward the religious roles of women

question

Which groups in European society benefited most from the Price Revolution

answer

entrepreneurs and large farmers

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During the revolt of the Netherlands, the Protestant forces of William the Silent were based in the northern part of the country, where the majority of the population was

answer

Catholic

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William of Orange ("William the Silent") fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from

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Catholic rule under the Spanish

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The English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was a decisive moment in Western history because

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Spain conquered England, Catholics would have made major inroads against the Protestants

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The Thirty Years War began when

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a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory

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The Thirty Years War created the greatest devastation in

answer

Germany

question

To promote the economic development of France, Henry IV did all of the following EXCEPT

answer

open up new silver mines within France

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The primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu's government was to

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increase and centralize royal power over France

question

The Stuart dynasty of English kings began with

answer

King James I

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James I mediated the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants by

answer

encouraging Calvinist doctrine generally without modifying the English prayer book

question

What forced Charles I to summon a new parliament, after he had ruled without one for eleven years?

answer

an invasion force from Scotland

question

As a ruler, Charles II

answer

accepted all parliamentary legislation passed before the English civil war

question

The economy of fifteenth century Europe was marked by

answer

decreasing demands for luxury goods from the far east

question

By 1520, which European country dominated the sea borne spice trade with Asia?

answer

Portugal

question

Historians today generally use the term Renaissance to refer to:

answer

a period in intellectual and cultural history, marked by a new interest in the study of classical learning

question

The Renaissance originated in Italy because

answer

it was the center of the roman empire, and the movement was also a revival of roman culture and art

question

According to Machiavelli, the ideal form of government for his native city of Florence was

answer

a republic modeled on the roman example

question

In Botticellii's Birth of Venus, the pagan goddess Venus was interpreted by some contemporary viewers as:

answer

chaste love, a Christian virtue

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