Western Civ Test 4 – Flashcards
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In the late twelfth century, the Mongols quickly built up a large military force by
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Incorporating the armies of defeated tribes
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Why did the westward expansion of the Mongol empire end after 1260?
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The Mongol empire split up into hostile factions
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For Europeans, the most important consequence of the Mongol conquest was?
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The commercial links it established between Europe and the far east along the Silk Road.
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The majority of Ottoman slaves where Christians because?
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Muslims were not permitted to enslave other Muslims
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As Europeans made advances in navigation, in maritime technologies in the 15th century, they made efficient use of the quadrant which could
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calculate latitude using the North star
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The first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa was
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Bartholomeu Dias
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The Ottomans drew large numbers of slaves from of the following sources EXCEPT
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Africa
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Marco Polo's accounts were influential in Europe because?
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Europeans previously knew little about life and customs in Asia
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After the 1368 overthrow of the Mongol dynasty that had ruled China
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European traders ceased to travel the Silk Road, but trade continued with Europe through Muslim middleman
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Throughout the 16th century, the principal religious conflicts of the Ottoman Empire came from disagreements with
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Shiite Muslims in neighboring Persia
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From a military stand point, the primary results of the 16th century conflicts between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs was
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Greatly in enlarged naval forces on both sides
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Beginning in the 1440's design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to
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Sail with two masts and faster, triangular sails
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In their voyages along the west coast of Africa, the Portuguese were initially in search of
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a sea route to India, and gold
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The leader who united the Mongol tribes and began the conquest of China was named
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Temujin, who took the title Chingiz Khan
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The developing westward orientation of European colonial and commercial ambitions during the 15th century was a consequence of
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the growing importance to Europe of the African gold trade
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The main profits from the expeditions organized by Prince Henry the Navigator to Africa came from
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colonization; gold; sugar; slaving
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The leader of the first European expedition to reach Asia by sailing west was
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Renaissance Italy invested heavily in art and culture because
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cities and their rulers competed with each other in constructing public monuments and patronizing artists and authors
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Humanists such as Alberti praised the nuclear family and argued that women should be
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consigned purely to domestic roles
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In contrast to the civic humanists, Castiglione's Courtier stressed as the hallmark of true nobility
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an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court
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After Giotto's death, the next great Florentine painter was
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Masassio
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Leonardo da Vinci's basic approach to painting was to
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imitate nature as closely as possible
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Which of the following renaissance artists was most deeply influenced by the art of classical Greece
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Michelangelo
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One important difference between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance that followed was the northern
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interest in traditional Christian wisdom over classical virtues
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As a textual scholar, Erasmus's crowning achievement was his
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edition of the New Testament in Greek and in Latin
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The author of Utopia was
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Sir Thomas More
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The Renaissance transformed the ________ aspects of European life
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intellectual and artistic
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Machiavelli admired Cesare Borgia for his
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ruthlessness and shrewdness
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As a young monk, Luther
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was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation
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Luther's Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to the
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idea that people could skip confessing their sins if they bought an indulgence
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Luther's religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT
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denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper
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Luther's confrontation with Charles V at the Diet of Worms demonstrated
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the Holy Roman Emperor's attempt to preserve one of the major unifying institutions of his far-flung empire- the Church
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The term Protestant was first used after
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Lutherans protested the action of the German Imperial Diet of 1528
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For Zwingli, the Eucharist
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was an important commemoration of Christ's historical sacrifice on the cross
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In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists, Anabaptists
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believed that only adults should be baptized, not children
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After 1534, Anabaptists were greatly feared by secular authorities in Europe because they
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were associated with extremist groups that threatened the social order
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Calvin's theology emphasized first and foremost
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the sovereignty and omnipotence of God
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In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism was much more
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authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality
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The main function of the Calvinist Consistory of Geneva was to
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supervise public and private morals
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After 1525, Protestantism was "domesticated" by becoming more politically conservative and by focusing on
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the patriarchal family as the central institution of reformed life
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Which of the following religious changes generally associated with Protestantism did King Henry VIII enforce in England
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closing monasteries and convents and confiscating their property
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The first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology in the English church was
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King Edward VI
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In attempting to restore Catholicism in England, Queen Mary did all of the following EXCEPT
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force people to wear sweaters with cats on them
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Queen Elizabeth I offered some extreme Protestants by
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retaining Church government by bishops
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At the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church
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reaffirmed almost all of the doctrines that Protestants criticized
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The Counter Reformation brought the most sweeping changes to the Catholic Church's
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attitudes toward the religious roles of women
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Which groups in European society benefited most from the Price Revolution
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entrepreneurs and large farmers
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During the revolt of the Netherlands, the Protestant forces of William the Silent were based in the northern part of the country, where the majority of the population was
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Catholic
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William of Orange ("William the Silent") fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from
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Catholic rule under the Spanish
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The English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was a decisive moment in Western history because
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Spain conquered England, Catholics would have made major inroads against the Protestants
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The Thirty Years War began when
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a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory
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The Thirty Years War created the greatest devastation in
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Germany
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To promote the economic development of France, Henry IV did all of the following EXCEPT
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open up new silver mines within France
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The primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu's government was to
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increase and centralize royal power over France
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The Stuart dynasty of English kings began with
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King James I
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James I mediated the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants by
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encouraging Calvinist doctrine generally without modifying the English prayer book
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What forced Charles I to summon a new parliament, after he had ruled without one for eleven years?
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an invasion force from Scotland
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As a ruler, Charles II
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accepted all parliamentary legislation passed before the English civil war
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The economy of fifteenth century Europe was marked by
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decreasing demands for luxury goods from the far east
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By 1520, which European country dominated the sea borne spice trade with Asia?
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Portugal
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Historians today generally use the term Renaissance to refer to:
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a period in intellectual and cultural history, marked by a new interest in the study of classical learning
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The Renaissance originated in Italy because
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it was the center of the roman empire, and the movement was also a revival of roman culture and art
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According to Machiavelli, the ideal form of government for his native city of Florence was
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a republic modeled on the roman example
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In Botticellii's Birth of Venus, the pagan goddess Venus was interpreted by some contemporary viewers as:
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chaste love, a Christian virtue