question

The Reconquista effectively ended Muslim rulers' policy of?

answer

convivencia

question

The first European colonies established geographically outside of Europe were in the:

answer

Atlantic Ocean

question

A key assistant and part to Cortez in his assault on the Aztecs was

answer

la Malinche

question

According to Machiavelli, the idea form of government for his native city of Florence was

answer

a republic modeled on the Roman Example

question

One of Leonardo da Vinci's lasting legacies was his

answer

pioneering use of one-point perspective.

question

Renaissance architects followed the theories and writings of the Roman architect and engineer

answer

Vitruvius.

question

Beginning in the 1440s, design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to

answer

sail with two masts and triangular sails, which promoted faster travel.

question

The industry that most fundamentally shaped the sixteenth-century Spanish colonies in Central and South America was

answer

mining.

question

In contrast to the civic humanists, Castiglione, in his book The Courtier, stressed as the hallmark of true nobility:

answer

an ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court.

question

One of the major ancient authors who was rediscovered and studied by many Renaissance scholars was

answer

Plato.

question

Michelangelo's greatest achievement as a painter was the

answer

Sistine Chapel.

question

Marsilio Ficino taught that human beings are capable of attaining their own salvation:

answer

by understanding the separation of their souls from their bodies.

question

Conceptually having succeeded in the crusade against Granada, through her sponsorship of Columbus' voyages, Isabella

answer

helped export the tradition of crusading to the New World.

question

Although he did manage to discover a world unknown to Europeans, Christopher Columbus did so in spite of

answer

gross miscalculation of the earth's size.

question

The Spanish modeled their Caribbean sugar plantations, worked by enslaved African laborers, on:

answer

Portuguese sugar plantations on the Cape Verde Islands and the island of Saint Thomas.

question

After confederating their kingdoms through marriage, Ferdinand and Isabella devoted their energies to

answer

creating one of Europe's most powerful armies.

question

To promote the unity of Spain and foster its continued development as a nation-state, Ferdinand and Isabella

answer

promoted Castilian Spanish as the single national language.

question

During the Renaissance, sculpture broke with the past in that statuary

answer

epicted freestanding figures ?0Òin the round.?1Ó

question

One of the reasons Raphael's School of Athens is of interest is that

answer

many of Raphael's contemporaries were used as models for the various philosophers.

question

Machiavelli felt that Cesare Borgia

answer

might help make Italy fit for self-governance again.

question

The term Reconquista refers to the

answer

defeat of the final Muslim principality in Spain, Grenada.

question

The leader of the first European expedition to reach Asia by sailing west was

answer

Ferdinand Magellan.

question

Prince Henry the Navigator was motivated to promote voyages of discovery and colonization by

answer

the desire for African gold and to join in the Ottoman slave trade.

question

Within a generation of Columbus's first voyage,

answer

European diseases had spread widely in the Caribbean and along the American coastlines.

question

The larger size and stability of the caravels and subsequent ship designs of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

answer

enabled Europeans to operate from floating artillery platforms.

question

Luther was protected from persecution and harm:

answer

by Frederick the Wise.

question

The "Elizabethan Settlement" included all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

accepting papal authority over the monasteries and convents.

question

Prior to founding the Society of Jesus, Ignatius Loyola was:

answer

a mercenary soldier

question

The central feature of Calvinist worship was:

answer

rebaptism.

question

When peasants in much of Germany revolted against their landlords:

answer

Luther condemned the revolt and urged the ruthless suppression of the rebels.

question

Perhaps the two most influential religious texts of the sixteenth century were Loyola's Spiritual Exercises and:

answer

Calvin's Institutes.

question

In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism was much more:

answer

authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality.

question

Why would Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn?

answer

Because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry's request for a divorce.

question

The "tower experience" refers to:

answer

where Luther received his insights into God's justice.

question

Luther believed that works of piety and charity were:

answer

the natural outgrowth of justification and Christian devotion.

question

Luther's religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper.

question

The Swiss city of Zurich is most often associated with which Protestant reformer?

answer

Zwingli.

question

Martin Luther joined the ___ monastic order.

answer

During the sixteenth century, in both Protestant and Catholic countries, marriage practices changed to encourage:

question

One of the images used to depict both the pope and Luther in a negative light was:

answer

a seven-headed beast.

question

At the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church:

answer

reaffirmed almost all of the doctrines that Protestants criticized.

question

After 1525, Protestantism was ?0Òdomesticated?1Ó by becoming more politically conservative and by focusing on:

answer

the patriarchal family as the central institution of reformed life.

question

The Reformation changed the role of the family in Protestant society by:

answer

arguing that sin could be checked if women married at a young age.

question

The Peace of Augsburg in 1555:

answer

established the principle that the ruler of a territory determined the religion of that territory.

question

Luther's pamphlets became sensations with To the Christian Nobility, which:

answer

sold 4,000 copies in only a few days.

question

By the 1560s the area of Europe that seemed to have the greatest Lutheran confessional affiliation was:

answer

Northern Germany and Scandinavia.

question

Luther received support from German princes for a number of reasons, such as:

answer

all of the possible answers are correct.

question

In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists, Anabaptists:

answer

believed that only adults should be baptized, not children.

question

Luther believed that procreating children:

answer

was a deep-seated urge of human nature.

question

Henry VIII's first wife was:

answer

Catherine of Aragon

question

Most French Protestants were:

answer

Calvinists.

question

Peter Paul Rubens stressed the _________ of the Baroque style.

answer

extravagance

question

The increase in the amount of silver flowing from the Americas to Europe in the sixteenth century is credited with causing or exacerbating:

answer

the Price Revolution. an increase in poverty. the religious wars. a rise in taxes. ****** all of the possible answers are correct

question

During the revolt of the Netherlands, the Protestant forces of William of Orange:

answer

were Calvinist.

question

The main theme of Montaigne's Essays was:

answer

a pervasive skepticism about all human knowledge.

question

From an international perspective, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked:

answer

the emergence of France as the dominant power in Europe, eclipsing Spain.

question

The Spanish government encouraged settlement of its colonial holdings in the Americas:

answer

yet Spanish residents remained largely in the urban, military, and governance centers of the empire.

question

The European explorations beginning in the fifteenth century resulted in:

answer

an increase in slavery in the world.

question

Using the Portuguese "fort and factory" model of colonial expansion, __________ became the most prosperous commercial empire of the seventeenth century.

answer

France

question

The Atlantic world began to be united as a result of the Portuguese and Spanish settlement of:

answer

the Canary Islands.

question

The Elizabethan author of Doctor Faustus was:

answer

Christopher Marlowe.

question

The primary problem caused by the Price Revolution of the late sixteenth century was:

answer

Inflation

question

In economic terms, New World colonization and plunder had the greatest positive effect on:

answer

the Spanish.

question

One of the factors that contributed to the long-term hostilities between England and Spain was:

answer

the fact that Spain secretly supported the Irish rebellion against England that began in 1565.

question

Baroque painting is considered by many to have found its master in Diego Velazquez with such paintings as:

answer

The Maids of Honor.

question

The discovery of new lands and phenomenon not accounted for in the Bible:

answer

exposed the limitations of human knowledge and set in motion quests for better ways to explain the world.

question

One consequence of the contact between Europe and America was that:

answer

the landscapes in Central America were denuded after Spanish ranching operations were instituted.

question

The Thirty Years' War began when:

answer

a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory.

question

The major difference between British and Spanish colonial activities in the Americas is that:

answer

British colonies were private ventures and Spanish colonies were royal enterprises.

question

The primary goal of Cardinal Richelieu's government was:

answer

to increase and centralize royal power over France.

question

William Shakespeare may have revealed the doubts, uncertainty, and search for new sources of certain understanding about the human condition in his play set in the Americas entitled:

answer

The Tempest

question

What forced Charles I to summon a new parliament, after he had ruled without one for eleven years?

answer

an invasion force from Scotland.

question

Oliver Cromwell rose to power in England as:

answer

the leader of the parliamentary army.

question

Both Protestants and Catholics supported the increasingly powerful governments of their time in:

answer

perpetrating an early modern 'witch craze."

question

The social and political crises of the English Civil War:

answer

swelled the ranks of unfree labor in the British colonies in America.

question

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that was strengthened by

answer

claims of divine right.

question

According to the justification given for absolutism, the fundamental basis for order and justice in the world is

answer

obedience.

question

Absolutist rulers such as Louis XIV sought control over the state because

answer

the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were times of great disorder in Europe.

question

After Oliver Cromwell's death,

answer

Charles II was restored as king of England.

question

Guided by the powerful merchant families, the Dutch Republic was able for some time to

answer

establish a highly profitable trading empire.

question

The War of the Spanish Succession was fought when the Spanish king, _________, died without an heir.

answer

Charles II

question

The balance of power in eastern Europe was realigned in 1721 with the Peace of:

answer

Nystad.

question

After obtaining their independence, the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic

answer

established a general assembly known as the States General.

question

French colonies in North America were intended to be trading centers and

answer

military outposts

question

The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to

answer

secure year-round ports for Russia.

question

In Holland, a steward known as the stadtholder assisted the government. This office commonly was held by

answer

the princes of the House of Orange.

question

The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as

answer

highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.

question

During the 1670s, essentially two political parties evolved in England. One was the Tories, who were

answer

political supporters of Charles II and the monarchy.

question

The wars of Louis XIV

answer

were an enormous drain on the treasury of France.

question

In order to strengthen the French navy, Colbert pursued a mercantilist policy that

answer

established a number of industries associated with naval construction within France itself to make sure France would be self-sufficient in naval stores.

question

The relatively peaceful transfer of power to William and Mary and the establishment of a mixed monarchy are often referred to as

answer

the "Glorious Revolution."

question

In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that

answer

legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual.

question

The League of Augsburg originally was intended to

answer

resist the expansionist policies of Louis XIV.

question

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) altered the balance of power in Europe by:

answer

giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World.

question

The power of the Ottomans in Europe declined significantly after

answer

heir failed assault on Vienna in 1683.

question

Which of the following countries developed into an autocracy during the early modern period but also underwent a process of modernization and westernization?

answer

Russia

question

The foundations of the growth of Prussia were laid by

answer

Frederick William, the "Great Elector."

question

One tenet of mercantilism was the

answer

reduction of imports and an increase in exports.

question

Colbert's mercantilist policies were designed to

answer

develop economic power to strengthen royal government.

question

The scientific revolution established new methods of investigating the world, including

answer

the testing of hypotheses.

question

Galileo had made improvements on the lens developed by the Dutch for use in telescopes, but some of the earliest work on the nature of how humans see was done by:

answer

Isaac Newton.

question

According to the Polemic system, all celestial bodies were put in motion by

answer

the prime mover.

question

One of the founders of modern chemistry was the Englishman

answer

Robert Boyle

question

The scientific revolution itself and its results

answer

were slow in being popularly understood and accepted.

question

One of the key ingredients of science is

answer

a body of knowledge.

question

Promoting the evolution of science and sustaining the scientific revolution were

answer

societies and institutions dedicated to science.

question

Johannes Kepler believed that _________ was God's language.

answer

mathematics

question

_________ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe.

answer

Nicholas Copernicus

question

As a result of the scientific revolution,

answer

science became a distinct branch of knowledge unto itself.

question

The Neoplatonists contributed to the progress of the scientific revolution by

answer

searching for the ideal structures in nature that would indicate God's plan and design.

question

The humanists of the late Renaissance disseminated ancient texts that encouraged study and debate. This dispersal was facilitated by:

answer

the widespread use of the printing press.

question

Europeans believed, generally, in the geocentric theory of the universe, even though this model had been contradicted by empirical evidence discovered and proposed several hundred years B.C.E. by

answer

Aristarchus.

question

Renaissance humanists helped lay the foundation for the scientific revolution by recovering the works of Greek philosophers such as ___________, who argued that the world operated according to mechanical forces best understood through mathematics.

answer

Archimedes

question

Renaissance intellectuals often needed tools and machines to enhance their observations. During this period, collaboration between intellectuals and ___________________ flourished.

answer

artisans

question

The Renaissance also gave rise to a vogue for ______, which laid more social and intellectual groundwork for the scientific revolution.

answer

alchemy and astrology

question

It was Isaac Newton's invention of the ___________ that earned him election to the Royal Society in 1672.

answer

reflecting telescope

question

In 1638, Galileo published his book Two New Sciences, which among other things, helped redefine the science of

answer

physics.

question

Francis Bacon was very concerned that

answer

deferring to ancient and accepted knowledge could block innovation and obscure understanding.

question

Tycho Brahe differed from Copernicus in that

answer

he did not believe the earth orbited the sun.

question

To proceed logically from one certainty to another is to practice

answer

deductive reasoning.

question

Johannes Kepler built on the work of his mentor, Tycho Brahe, to

answer

correct two of Copernicus's assumptions concerning planetary motion.

question

The intellectual and research approach that starts with specific observations and then produces general laws is called

answer

inductive reasoning.

question

Renee' Descartes is most known for his work

answer

A Discourse on Method.

question

The primary target of Descartes's philosophical method was

answer

skepticism over the existence of God.

question

Concentrated first in northwestern Europe, an exploding consumer economy developed. The fastest-growing sector of the eighteenth-century economy in Britain was

answer

the service sector.

question

During the eighteenth century, all the economic developments and the development of a much expanded consumer culture contributed to a widely held view that

answer

everyone was living in a time of change.

question

Probably the most famous of the philosophes was Voltaire, whose attitude toward injustice, fanaticism, and intolerance was solidified due to a murder case tried in 1762. The defendant in this case was

answer

Jean Calas.

question

One of the key cultural developments that made the Enlightenment possible was

answer

a certain level of prosperity and literacy.

question

In The Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu argued

answer

in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government.

question

The Enlightenment was not confined to any single area of human endeavor, but was evident in the science, music, and politics of the age. Some scientific thinkers were politically conservative, whereas some political thinkers were truly radical in their views. Among this radical group was

answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

question

A philosophe may be defined as an individual who was a/an

answer

free thinker.

question

With the rise in literacy and the growth of the book business in the eighteenth century, censorship

answer

was uneven in its implementation.

question

The eighteenth-century Enlightenment produced an elite, or high, culture that was typified by

answer

its cosmopolitan nature and an evolving public sphere.

question

The motto of the Enlightenment was "Dare to know." It was coined by

answer

Immanuel Kant.

question

The protoindustrial system known as ____________ contributed to the increased industrial production of a variety of goods ranging from textiles to toys and clocks.

answer

putting out

question

A print culture began to grow significantly during the eighteenth century, which helped usher in the first daily newspapers in ___________ in 1702.

answer

London

question

The increase in the European food supply contributed greatly to the growth and greater health of the population. Two crops from the Americas, __________________, aided this development.

answer

maize and potatoes

question

Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that

answer

women should be raised to please men and be dependent to them.

question

The eighteenth century saw the birth of a new literary genre, the novel, and the growing acceptance of women as authors. The most famous woman from this period, as recognized today, was the English novelist

answer

Jane Austen

question

The French writer Guillaume Thomas Francois Raynal produced one of the most widely read works of the Enlightenment: a history of the colonization of the Atlantic world and India in which he debated whether colonization had

answer

made humanity happier, more peaceful, or better.

question

Mary Wollstonecraft believed that equality laid the basis for virtue and thus argued that society ought to seek ?0Òthe perfection of our nature and capability of

answer

happiness.?1Ó

question

Deism, the "religion" of the Enlightenment, was the belief that

answer

God created the universe, but no longer took any active interest in it.

question

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, people were born into a state of natural freedom, but

answer

private property had profoundly corrupted the ?0Òsocial contract.?1Ó

question

Mary Wollstonecraft maintained that middle-class culture specifically trained women to be

answer

seductive and dependent.

question

Although the philosophes condemned slavery, they did not argue for its immediate abolition and used many different means of avoiding the issue. One of their number, _________, exposed the hypocrisy of this approach by wondering how the Europeans would view slavery if they themselves were being enslaved.

answer

Voltaire

question

Closely following news of the voyages of discovery, one Enlightenment thinker, _______________, believed that the Tahitians best represented humanity in its natural state.

answer

Denis Diderot

question

Although much exploration was carried out by the French and the British, people from many other nations participated in the exploration of the New World. One of these, _________, was hailed by Charles Darwin as "the greatest scientific traveler who ever lived?"

answer

Alexander von Humboldt

question

When Captain James Cook visited Hawaii in January 1779,

answer

he and four royal marines were killed.

question

Various societies and institutions such as coffeehouses arose to break the monopoly of elites over public discussion. Among these institutions were

answer

Masonic lodges.

question

During the summer of 1792,

answer

the French Revolution entered the radical stage of its history.

question

By the summer of 1793, the counterrevolution in the ____________ had become a serious challenge to the government under the Committee of Public Safety.

answer

Vend?3Že

question

Of the Terror, it can be stated that

answer

the majority of its victims were peasants and laborers.

question

The economic system that Napoleon created to starve British trade was known as the:

answer

Continental System.

question

Probably the most profound and longest-lasting legacy of Napoleon's empire was the introduction of a single legal system, called the

answer

Napoleonic Code.

question

Eighteenth-century French society was influenced by a new, emerging group composed of

answer

officeholders, professionals, merchants, and the aristocracy.

question

One group that helped fuel the public discourse and the sphere in which political ideas were debated was the

answer

thinkers of the Enlightenment.

question

Between 1787 and 1780, the unemployment rate in many French cities may have been as high as

answer

50 percent.

question

The event that marked the beginning of the French Revolution was the

answer

Oath of the Tennis Court.

question

Economic reformers, called ______, added to the call for government reforms and changes in the taxation system.

answer

physiocrats

question

Although he was not responsible for initiating the Reign of Terror, __________ was responsible for enlarging its scope.

answer

Maximilien Robespierre

question

After his victories to the east of France, Napoleon granted independence to a collection of German states pressed together as the Confederation of the Rhine and

answer

a section of Poland.

question

Throughout the French empire, the terms of government service and the recruitment of civil servants and members of the judiciary were established according to the concept of

answer

careers open to talent.

question

The leader of the Haitian Revolution, who did not live to see independence, was

answer

Toussaint L'ouverture.

question

One of the factors that contributed to the radicalization of the French Revolution in 1792 was

answer

Louis XIV's attempted escape in June 1791 and his weakness as a leader.

question

In 1803, while trying to recapture Saint-Domingue and reestablish French rule, Napoleon

answer

reestablished slavery by decree.

question

The French financial system was brought to the brink of collapse because of Louis XVI's support of

answer

the English colonists in North America in their war of independence from Great Britain.

question

One of the goals of the early French Revolution was achieved on August 4, 1789, when the French National Assembly

answer

broke with the past completely by abolishing the last remnants of feudalism.

question

The lists of grievances drawn up by the delegates of the three Estates were called the

answer

Cahiers des dol?3Žances.

question

When the Third Estate renamed itself the National Assembly and was locked out of the Estates-General meeting hall at Versailles, it and sympathetic members of the First and Second Estates met at another site at Versailles. They swore what was known as the _________, vowing not to separate until a constitution for France had been drafted.

answer

Tennis Court Oath

question

To reform, regulate, and diminish the role and influence of the French Catholic Church, in July 1789 the National Assembly

answer

enacted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

question

Many of Napoleon's enemies perceived him and his governmental reforms as representing newer and more modern systems. Therefore, they also implemented many changes similar to his. Among the nations that did so were

answer

Austria and Prussia.

question

In 1790, the free people of color of Saint-Domingue sent a delegation of men to join the National Assembly in Paris,

answer

but the Assembly refused to admit them.

question

In the spring of 1792, after a brief and brutally repressed rebellion and the invasion of the island by British and Spanish forces, the French government tried to rally the defenses of Saint-Domingue by

answer

granting French citizenship to free men of color.

question

By 1801, the rebels of Saint-Domingue had

answer

established an authoritarian but constitutional government.

question

Radicals and reformers tended to lump all the issues associated with urban life together and refer to them as

answer

the ?0Òsocial question.?1Ó

question

During the 1830s, women and children in Great Britain may have constituted

answer

two-thirds of the labor force in textile mills.

question

A major precondition of industrialization in Britain was its ____________________, which Britain had developed far earlier and more fully than other countries.

answer

commercialized system of agriculture

question

During the early stages of industrialization, Great Britain's small size

answer

encouraged the development of a well-integrated domestic market.

question

The ?0Òangel in the house?1Ó referred to

answer

middle-class women of Victorian England.

question

Many inventions improved textile manufacturing in the 1700s. The first of these was the ?0Òflying shuttle,?1Ó which was invented by

answer

John Kay.

question

Samuel Smiles is best known for advancing the middle-class ethic of

answer

self-help.

question

Many nineteenth-century doctors and scientists attributed women's supposed moral superiority to their

answer

lack of sexual feeling, or passionlessness.

question

The textile industry in Britain helped initiate and drive the Industrial Revolution through a number of technological innovations. One of these, which was developed in 1799, combined the advantages of the water frame and the spinning jenny. It was known as the

answer

spinning mule.

question

The mining industry in Britain expanded rapidly with industrialization due to the increased demand for

answer

coal

question

The development of the steam engine decisively transformed the nineteenth-century world. The _________ was one of its many applications.

answer

railroad locomotive

question

During the 1820s, British farmers and agricultural workers burned barns and haystacks under the banner of their mythical leader, Captain Swing, to protest

answer

the introduction of threshing machines, a symbol of the new commercial agriculture.

question

Overall pollution in British cities contributed to bronchitis and tuberculosis, which both may have accounted for

answer

25 percent of British deaths.

question

Financial support for British enterprises and new industries came from

answer

Britain's readily available supply of capital from its dominant position in international trade.

question

Working people had an advocate for their plight in the author

answer

Victor Hugo.

question

What did the British poet William Blake describe as ?0Òthese dark satanic mills??1Ó

answer

textile mills.

question

The French writer ___________ was one of many to use prostitution as a metaphor for the corruption, materialism and desperation of urban living in the nineteenth century.

answer

Honor?3Ž de Balzac

question

When it came to transportation issues in Britain,

answer

a constantly improving transportation system facilitated movement of goods and services.

question

Poor living conditions in the cities reached the point that

answer

governments saw the need to use their legislative powers to try to regulate living conditions and provide water and drainage.

question

In political terms, the members of the British Parliament

answer

were businessmen or investors themselves, so they supported legislation favorable to businesses.

question

The rapid growth of European cities, such as Manchester, Birmingham, and Essen, was due to

answer

the expansion of manufacturing and mining in the areas surrounding these places.

question

One consequence of the industrialization of Europe was its detrimental effect on the environment. This was first noted in its effect on air quality, as typified by Coketown, the fictional city in the novel Hard Times, by

answer

Charles Dickens.

question

British middle-class respectability required

answer

hard work, character, and financial independence.

question

The Victorian attitude toward gender roles is best summarized by the lines "Man for the field and woman for the hearth; man for the sword and she for the needle. . . . All else is confusion." The author was

answer

Alfred, Lord Tennyson.

question

Queen Victoria of Great Britain ascended to the throne in 1837 and became one of the country's most successful monarchs, in no small measure because she

answer

embodied the traits important to the middle class, whose habits of mind we now call Victorian.

question

The Congress of Vienna sought to reestablish and reinforce Europe's

answer

monarchial regimes.

question

In 1808,

answer

the British Parliament and the Congress of the United States banned the slave trade.

question

The three core principles of liberals were equality before the law, government based on the consent of the people, and

answer

individual freedom to engage in economic activity without governmental interference.

question

The abolitionist movement gained considerable momentum in England through such leaders as

answer

William Wilberforce.

question

The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 was

answer

initiated by an elite corps of Russian army officers.

question

The French revolution of 1830

answer

favored the propertied classes but brought the common people back into French politics.

question

Between 1839 and 1848, the leading British voice(s) calling for democracy

answer

were the Chartists, who gathered 6 million signatures in support in 1848.

question

The Revolutionary era seems to have used slavery as a metaphor for everything that was bad

answer

except the institution of slavery itself.

question

Slave revolts in the United States and the Caribbean polarized the debate about slavery,

answer

with slaveholders arguing that the emancipation of inferior people would only lead to societal chaos.

question

In fighting for Venezuela's independence, Sim?3—n Bol?7'var utilized

answer

slaves, ex-slaves and troops from Haiti.

question

The Troppau Memorandum, which was signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, called on the signatories to aid each other

answer

in suppressing revolution.

question

The paintings of the British artist _______________ demonstrate Romanticism.

answer

J. M. W. Turner

question

Nationalism was promoted by the nations themselves through various institutions and activities, including

answer

teaching a single national language in the school system.

question

William Blake maintained that imagination

answer

could shatter humanity's ?0Òmind-forged manacles.?1Ó

question

The Romantics' interest in history and the lives of the people can be seen in Rossini's opera ____________, which also promoted Italian nationalism.

answer

William Tell

question

We can draw a distinction between liberals and republicans on the issue of:

answer

the criteria used for determining citizenship.

question

During the early nineteenth century, liberals supported nationalism because they associated it with constitutions, national political institutions, and

answer

political transformation.

question

Conservatives came to be nationalists because their definition of a nation included

answer

the national traditions of dynastic ruling families and hereditary elites.

question

A Romantic would probably argue that human nature is

answer

diverse, and therefore subject to no natural laws.

question

The writings of the seventeenth-century political philosopher John Locke formed the basis of the beliefs British

answer

liberals

question

The basis of nineteenth-century conservatism was a belief in political stability, which conservatives thought would be guaranteed by:

answer

the monarchy.

question

The founder of modern socialism was

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Karl Marx.

question

During the nineteenth century, many European economists, such as _________, sought to develop national economies and national infrastructures in keeping with the general rise of nationalism.

answer

Friedrich List.

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Frankenstein, one of the best-known examples of Romantic fiction and in many ways a critique on the Enlightenment, was written by

answer

Mary Shelley.

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Disagreeing with liberals and republicans who both defined a nation as a body of free citizens, Marxist socialists maintained that

answer

social class was the predominant building block of society and that class identity was universal, not national, in nature.

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The reformers and revolutionaries of 1848 had several goals, ranging from the creation of more representative governments to, in many places,

answer

nation building.

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Contributing to the unrest that fueled the revolutions of 1848 were economic problems, including a famine from __________, which was perhaps the worst Europe suffered in the entire nineteenth century.

answer

1846 to 1847

question

Italian unification was achieved both on the battlefield and through diplomacy: the diplomatic fight was led by

answer

Count Camillo di Cavour.

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During the nineteenth century, both the United States and Russia had a similar problem in building their respective nations, which was

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slavery and serfdom.

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In response to the conservative restoration movements after 1815, the liberal reformers and revolutionaries of the mid-nineteenth century had as one of their goals

answer

representative government.

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The term Manifest Destiny expressed the desire of many Americans to see

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the United States overspread the continent.

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After the failed revolutions of 1848, the hopes of moderates working for Italian unification no longer centered on popular movements but rather on political moves by

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Piedmont-Sardinia.

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The 1848 revolution in Germany entered its second stage with

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the election of the all-German Assembly in Frankfurt.

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One consequence of the Crimean War was that

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Moldavia and Walachia became independent and united in the new nation Romania.

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Russia's defeat in the Crimean War actually helped force another long-standing issue, when Alexander II

answer

ended serfdom by decree in 1861.

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The revolutionaries made many demands of the Austrian Empire during the 1848 revolt; one concession that the government made was

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the abolition of serfdom.

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The government and leaders of the early republic of the United States supported a political system based on the aristocracy of

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Virtue and Talent

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Bismarck's policies can best be understood as

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an illustration of his desire for power and influence for Prussia.

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The "Eastern Question" refers to

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the question of who would benefit as the Ottoman Empire lost its grip in southeastern Europe.

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After other smaller German states had instituted liberal reforms in their territories, a confrontation occurred between revolutionaries and the Prussian army in Berlin. As a result, King Frederick William of Prussia

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fled prussia and took refuge

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In 1831, Giuseppe Mazzini founded a nationalist group, _________, dedicated to Italian unification.

answer

Young Italy

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The Franco-Prussian War was waged

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as the final stage in German unification.

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The decree emancipating 22 million Russian serfs in 1861

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produced limited change and was difficult to enforce.

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The American Civil War transformed the nation in multiple ways besides eliminating slavery, such as

answer

the preeminence of ?0Òdue process?1Ó as defined by the national government, not by state or territorial governments.

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The Crimean War prompted dramatic changes in the British

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army's administrative and logistical systems.

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The Frankfurt Assembly was plagued by

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the problem of nationality.

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In Austria, the Habsburg emperor referred to the revolution of 1848 as

answer

?0Òa holy struggle against anarchy.?1Ó

Western Civ Chapter 12-21 – Flashcards

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