Veterinary Anesthesia PowerPoint Terms – Flashcards
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Anesthesia
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Absence of sensation that affects the whole body or an isolated part or a region of the body
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General anesthesia
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Characterized by unconsciousness and insensibility to feeling a pain induced by administration of anesthetic agents; given alone or in combination
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Anesthetic induction
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Process used to take the patient from a state of consciousness to general anesthesia
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Anesthetic maintenance
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Process used to keep the patient under general anesthesia until recovery
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Local anesthesia
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Loss of sensation in a localized body part or region induced by administration of a drug or other agent without loss of consciousness; can be used for procedures or for adjunct pain control
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Premedication (Preanesthesia)
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Administration of an agent or agents before induction of general anesthesia to calm and relax the patient, ease induction and recovery, minimize adverse effects, reduce the amount of general anesthetic needed, provide muscle relaxation, or provide pain control
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Sedation
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State of calm or drowsiness
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Tranquilization
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State of relaxation and reduced anxiety
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Neuroleptanalgesia
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State of profound sedation and analgesia produced by simultaneous administration of an opioids and a tranquilizer; commonly used to perform minor procedures
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Analgesia
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Inability to feel pain
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Cachexia
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Wasting syndrome
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Agonist
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Anesthetic agents that bind to receptors and exert one or more effects
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Antagonist
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Agent that blocks or reverses the action of the corresponding agonist; often referred to as reversal agents
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MAC
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Percent concentration of an agent required to prevent a response to surgical stimulation in 50% of patients; measure of the potency of an agent
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Isoflurane
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Vapor pressure of 240mm Hg(high); blood has partition coefficient 1.46 (low)
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Sevoflurane
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Vapor pressure of 160 mm Hg(high); blood gas partition coefficient 0.68 (low)
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Halogenated anesthetics
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Induce dose-dependent hypotension, dose dependent respiratory depression that can progress to apnea; can also cause vomiting, nausea, and ileus
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Murphy tubes
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Have a side hole called Murphy eye at the beveled end that allows airflow in the event of blockage of the tip
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Cole tube
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Tapered on end and has no cuff; used in birds and small patients
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Connector
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Part of ET tube that attaches to the breathing circuit of the anesthetic machine or to an ambu bag
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Cuff
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Part of ET tube that is the balloon-like part at the beveled end; when inflated creates a seal between the tube and the tracheal mucosa
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Pilot balloon and valve
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Connects to the cuff via a small tube; used to inflate the cuff
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Miller blades
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Straight laryngoscopes
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McIntosh blades
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Curved laryngoscopes
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Carrier gas supply
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Delivers oxygen and other carrier gasses to the patient
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Scavenging system
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Disposed of waste and excess anesthetic gases
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Oxygen
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Carries the anesthetic, compensates for the diminished RR, tidal volume, and oxygen that patient needs during surgery
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H tank
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Carrier gas supply tank that is much larger and are stored on a movable cart or chained to the wall and are often used to feed centralized oxygen sources
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E tank
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Carrier gas supply tank that is stored on the yoke of the anesthetic machine or in a rack
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Tank pressure gauge
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Indicates the pressure in a compressed gas cylinder; full contains about 2200 pounds per square inch
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Pressure reducing valve
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Reduces the pressure of gas exiting the compressed gas cylinder to 40 to 50 psi; pressure is maintained regardless of the pressure in the cylinder
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Line pressure gauge
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Indicates pressure in the line connecting the pressure-reducing valve and the flow meter; when oxygen is turned on it should read 40 to 50 psi
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Flowmeter
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Controls the rate at which carrier gas is delivered to the patient and reduces the pressure from 40 to 50 psi to 15 psi
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Rebreathing system
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When used higher flow rates are used during induction and recovery, and when changing anesthetic depth; lower rates may be used during maintenance
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Oxygen flush valve
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Delivers pure oxygen at 35 to 75 L/minute directly into the breathing circuit, by passes the flow meter, and the vaporizer
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Vaporizer inlet port
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Point where oxygen and other carrier gases enter the vaporizer from the flowmeters
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Vaporizer outlet port
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Point where oxygen, inhalant anesthetic, and other carrier gases exit the vaporizer
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Fresh gas inlet
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Point at which the gases enter the breathing circuit
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Non-rebreathing system
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Type of breathing circuit that does not resist air movement and are generally used for smaller patients; minimize work required to breathe
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Breathing system
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Type of breathing circuit that resists air movement; impairs the ability of the smaller patient to move gases through the circuit
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Semi closed rebreathing system
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Type of breathing circuit that can be used in patients with body weight of 2.5 kg or more, pop off valve is partially open, the oxygen flow rate is higher than the metabolic needs of the patient and waste gas exits through the pop off valve
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Closed breathing system
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Type of breathing circuit used in equine and bovine anesthesia, require constant monitoring because approximately the same amount of fresh gas is added to the circuit as the patient consumes, pop off valve is nearly or entirely closed
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Unidirectional flow valves
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Keeps the flow of gas going one way
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Inhalation valve
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Inspiratory valve; opens to allow gas to flow through the tube and into the lungs
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Exhalation valve
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During expiration it opens to allow expired gases to flow through the corresponding corrugated breathing tube into the CO2 absorbent canister
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Reservoir or rebreathing bag
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Storage reservoir for anesthetic gases; holds gases that fill the patient's lungs during inspiration and receives gases breathed out by the patient during expiration
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Pressure manometer
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Indicates pressure in the breathing circuit and in the patient's lung; expressed in centimeters of water
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F-air canister (activate charcoal cartridge)
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Can be used with most gases except NO2, is attached to discharge hose of the scavenging system
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Dead space
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Breathing passages and tubes that convey fresh oxygen to the alveoli but in which no gas exchange can occur
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Mechanical dead space
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Produced by Y piece, portion of the ET tube extending beyond the mouth, and anything placed between these spaces; capnograph
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Laryngospasm
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Complication in which the glottis forcibly closes during intubation
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Stage one
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Period of voluntary movement
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Stage two
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Period of involuntary movement also known as the excitement stage
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Stage three
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Period of surgical anesthesia
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Stage 3, plane one
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Light anesthesia
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Stage 3, plane two
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Surgical anesthesia
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Stage 3, plane three
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Deep anesthesia
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Stage four
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Period of anesthetic overdose
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Post induction apnea
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When passing through lighter planes of anesthesia the patient hyperventilated if hyperventilation is extended period of time enough CO2 is expired that you have a decreased level of CO2 in the blood in response the patient stops breathing or hypoventilates until a normal CO2 is established
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Abdominal breathing
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Unique breathing pattern associated with dangerously excessive anesthetic depth; characterized by a rocking motion of the abdomen and chest as a result of paralysis of the respiratory muscles
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Malignant hyperthermia
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Complication of general anesthesia in which the body temperature progressively rises to dangerous levels
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Palpebral reflex
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Induced by gently tapping the skin at the medial or lateral canthus of the eye with your finger; present when the patient is too light
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Swallowing reflex
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Normal reflex that occurs in response to the presence of saliva or food in the pharynx; detected by watching the throat for swallowing reflexes, absent in surgical or deeper stages of anesthesia
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Pedal reflex
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Withdrawal of the limb in response to painful stimulus. Withdrawing of the limb indicates inadequate depth of anesthesia
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Corneal reflex
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Induced by placing a drop of artificial tears on the cornea; of present the eye will retract slightly. Not reliable in small patients
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Muscle tone
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In small animals, determined by assessing jaw tone. Open the jaw and feel for resistance, muscle tone is high when the patient is too light
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Electrocardiographic monitor (ECG)
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Used to monitor HR and heart rhythm, electrical activity of the heart and HR are displayed in real time, possible for the heart to stop beating and for electrical activity to continue for a time after the heart has stopped
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Ultrasonic Doppler monitor
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Device that detects the flow of blood through small arteries and converts this motion into an audible signal; blood flow is converted to a continuous sound similar to that of a heart murmur
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Oscillometric blood pressure monitor
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Used to measure blood pressure and HR
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Pulse oximeter
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Device that is designed to detect changes in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
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Capnograph
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Device that measures the level of CO2 present in inspired and expired air
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To effect
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Means that the drug is administered gradually in increments until the desired stage of anesthesia is reached
