USH Final – History – Flashcards
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Which of the following factors contributed to John F. Kennedy's win in the presidential election of 1960? A) His willingness to speak out against McCarthyism and his record in Congress B) The African American vote and Lyndon Johnson's strength in the South C) Kennedy's religion and his impressive political experience D) His record in Congress and Lyndon Johnson's strength in the South
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B: The African American vote and Lyndon Johnson's strength in the south.
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To eradicate poverty and solve most social problems, President Kennedy believed the United States needed to A) grow the economy. B) control runaway inflation. C) have a strong military presence. D) redistribute wealth through its tax policy.
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A) grow the economy.
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In the months before his death, President Kennedy had been pursuing initiatives such as A) tax increases on the wealthy and an increase in munitions development. B) programs to expand welfare, health care benefits, and federal education loans. C) programs to attack poverty, grow the economy, and promote civil rights. D) legislation to reverse policies previously established by the New Deal and Fair Deal.
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C) programs to attack poverty, grow the economy, and promote civil rights.
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What did the Warren Commission conclude about the assassination of President Kennedy? There had been a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy. B) Both Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby had acted alone. There was not enough evidence to determine the facts underlying the assassination. The assassination by Lee Harvey Oswald was a Communist plot.
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B) Both Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby had acted alone.
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President Lyndon Baines Johnson brought to the White House little experience in the political arena. enormous skill in persuading and threatening legislators. insufficient political power to pass Kennedy's legislation. a strong commitment to avoiding further involvement in Vietnam.
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B) enormous skill in persuading and threatening legislators.
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6. What made the Community Action Program the most controversial part of the War on Poverty programs? A) The CAP's beneficiaries were given no voice in its direction. B) It promised to be an extremely expensive program that might not work. C) Few believed its key element, the Job Corps, had any chance of success. D) It required the maximum feasible participation of the poor it proposed to help.
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D) It required the maximum feasible participation of the poor it proposed to help.
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In the election of 1964, Hubert Humphrey came close to winning the electoral college vote. Barry Goldwater ran a close race against Lyndon Johnson in the popular vote. Lyndon Johnson was elected president in a record-breaking landslide. the Republicans increased their majorities in Congress.
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C) Lyndon Johnson was elected president in a record-breaking landslide.
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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 mandated that funds for education be distributed A) proportionally to the states by population. B) based on the number of poor children enrolled in each public school district. C) equally to public and private schools in poor urban and rural areas. D) based on the number of talented poor children admitted by private schools.
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B) based on the number of poor children enrolled in each public school district.
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The Medicare program provided A) universal compulsory insurance for the elderly. B) health insurance coverage for all people on welfare. C) hospital insurance only for those in need. D) free prescription drug coverage for the elderly.
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A) universal compulsory insurance for the elderly.
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10. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 changed U.S. immigration policy by A) stopping all immigration from China. B) extending the national-origins quota system. C) removing all restrictions on immigration. D) abolishing the national-origins quota system.
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D) abolishing the national-origins quota system.
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In 1965, President Johnson became the first president to send Congress a special message on political conditions in Southeast Asia. the national security threat posed by terrorism. the dawning of the computer age. the condition of the environment.
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D) the condition of the environment.
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What was the outcome of the National Housing Act of 1968? A) A mandate for subsidized housing for all people living in poverty B) A requirement that adults in subsidized housing prove that they had jobs C) The decision to keep construction and ownership of low-income housing in the private sector D) The national government's denial that it was responsible for providing low-cost housing
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C) The decision to keep construction and ownership of low-income housing in the private sector
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What was the end result of Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty? A) There was not any significant redistribution of total national income. B) It led to the rich getting richer and the poor getting even poorer. C) There was not any significant change or reduction in national rates of poverty. D) It led to the complete elimination of poverty for select individuals.
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A) There was not any significant redistribution of total national income.
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Following the enactment of the Medicare and Medicaid programs in the United States, A) preventive medicine became the norm in the United States. B) the call for a national health system became stronger. C) physicians' fees and hospital costs escalated dramatically. D) people on welfare began flooding doctors' offices unnecessarily.
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C) physicians' fees and hospital costs escalated dramatically.
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15. The Warren Court expanded the Constitution's promise of equality and individual rights by A) strictly limiting government activism. B) supporting an activist government. C) denying accused criminals state-appointed lawyers. D) allowing Bible reading and prayer in public schools.
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B) supporting an activist government.
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16. In its 1963 decision in Baker v. Carr, the Supreme Court established the A) principle of one person, one vote for state and national legislatures. B) states' duty to provide counsel to indigent people accused of crimes. C) unconstitutionality of Bible-reading and prayer in public schools. D) requirement that police officers inform criminal suspects of their rights.
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A) principle of one person, one vote for state and national legislatures.
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17. All in all, major decisions from the Warren Court A) have almost all been overturned. B) were accepted by most Americans. C) reinforced conservative views on civil rights. D) have withstood the test of time.
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D) have withstood the test of time.
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The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee A) initially rejected the principles of Martin Luther King Jr. B) initially organized peaceful demonstrations using civil disobedience. C) staged nonviolent strategies that met with almost immediate success. D) was founded as a centralized and hierarchical organization.
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B) initially organized peaceful demonstrations using civil disobedience....
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The Congress of Racial Equality organized the Freedom Rides in 1961 to A) transport African American voters to the polls. B) commemorate the emancipation of slaves in the United States. C) provide free transportation to poor people of all races in the South. D) integrate interstate transportation in the South.
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D) integrate interstate transportation in the South.
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The civil rights demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 A) ended with the police attacking the peaceful demonstrators. B) remained peaceful and set the tone for further demonstrations by African Americans. C) ended with the police protecting the demonstrators from an attack by white supremacists. D) turned violent when members of the Ku Klux Klan attacked the demonstrators.
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A) ended with the police attacking the peaceful demonstrators
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At a massive civil rights demonstration in the nation's capital in August 1963, A) fighting broke out between white and black participants. B) Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I have a dream" speech. C) the Washington, D.C., riot police randomly clubbed hundreds of protesters and dispersed crowds with tear gas. D) Martin Luther King Jr. alienated the media and most white Americans with an inflammatory speech.
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B) Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I have a dream" speech.
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The Mississippi Freedom Summer Project of 1964 A) successfully registered half of the adult blacks in Mississippi to vote. B) was a stellar example of the effectiveness of nonviolent protest. C) put northern college students to work helping blacks register to vote. D) met with little resistance because it was organized and staffed primarily by whites.
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C) put northern college students to work helping blacks register to vote.
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How did President Kennedy respond to James H. Meredith's attempt to enroll at the University of Mississippi? A) He dispatched federal troops to protect Meredith and allow his enrollment. B) He did not take any action at all. C) He allowed Governor George Wallace to close the university. D) He jailed Governor Ross Barnett for violating Meredith's rights.
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A) He dispatched federal troops to protect Meredith and allow his enrollment.
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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was an extension of voting rights in the South. a ban on discrimination, including gender discrimination, in employment. a law that prohibited discrimination in restaurants and hotels. a law that mandated the integration of public education.
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B) a ban on discrimination, including gender discrimination, in employment.
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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 transformed southern politics by authorizing the use of federal agents to enforce African Americans' right to register and vote. recalling every legislator and state and local official that had been elected by a white electorate. giving the Supreme Court the power to nullify state elections in which blacks were deprived of their voting rights. mandating a basic literacy test for voters of all races.
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A) authorizing the use of federal agents to enforce African Americans' right to register and vote.
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Why did President Lyndon Johnson's affirmative action program provoke more controversy than any other civil rights measures? A) Americans were weary of civil rights legislation. B) Critics argued that it promoted reverse discrimination. C) It ordered employers to hire more blacks than whites. D) It required absolute quotas for hiring minorities.
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B) Critics argued that it promoted reverse discrimination.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1968 addressed racial equality A) by mandating a system of busing for all public school students. B) through a ban on discrimination in housing and jury selection. C) through the prohibition of literacy requirements for black voters. D) by forbidding the FBI to investigate civil rights leaders.
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B) through a ban on discrimination in housing and jury selection.
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By 1966, the civil rights movement in the United States A) had reconfirmed its commitment to nonviolence. B) had achieved most of its major goals. C) was no longer committed to nonviolence. D) had been forced underground by continuing violence.
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B) had achieved most of its major goals.
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29. Which of the following describes the Nation of Islam in the United States in the early 1960s? A) It encouraged blacks to use peaceful tactics to gain equal rights. B) The organization was founded and led by Stokely Carmichael. C) Malcolm X founded the group to promote black and white unity. D) The organization called for black nationalism and separatism.
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D) The organization called for black nationalism and separatism.
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By 1966, the principles espoused by Malcolm X had given rise to A) the "black is beautiful" movement. B) the vote black movement. C) the assimilate today movement. D) the black power movement.
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D) the black power movement.
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As the radical chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Stokely Carmichael A) called for blacks to form their own political organizations. B) called whites devils who are inherently evil. C) advocated extreme violence as a way to achieve racial equality. D) started the back-to-Africa movement.
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A) called for blacks to form their own political organizations.
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When Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968, he was A) leading a march in Atlanta B) demonstrating on Chicago's South Side C) supporting a municipal garbage workers' strike in Memphis D) giving a speech to support fair housing in Tallahassee
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C) supporting a municipal garbage workers' strike in Memphis
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What 1969 event became the most dramatic action taken by militant Indians in the United States? A) A hostile take-over of a federal building in Washington, D.C. for two weeks B) Local Indian activists' seizure and occupation of Alcatraz Island C) Apaches damming of the Colorado River, causing flooding in Colorado D) Sioux Indians holding South Dakota legislators hostage for 21 days
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B) Local Indian activists' seizure and occupation of Alcatraz Island
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One important goal of the American Indian Movement in the 1960s was A) the establishment of survival schools to teach Indian history and values. B) a return to the policies of relocation and termination. C) full acceptance and assimilation into mainstream America. D) an end to traditional Native American religious practices.
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A) the establishment of survival schools to teach Indian history and values.
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Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta organized the Chicanos primarily to achieve A) improved conditions of migrant farmworkers in California. B) coursework on Mexican history in public schools. C) fewer and less strict restrictions on immigration from Mexico. D) higher wages for Mexican-American factory workers in California canneries.
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A) improved conditions of migrant farmworkers in California.
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Like black nationalist organizations, La Raza Unida A) rejected appeals to cultural pride and brotherhood. B) paid little attention to economic justice and police brutality. C) made cultural pride and brotherhood a central part of its agenda. D) placed the concerns of women at the top of its agenda.
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C) made cultural pride and brotherhood a central part of its agenda.
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In the 1960s, the members of Students for a Democratic Society A) were young, politically naïve, middle-class rebels who raised a lot of trouble but had few concrete goals. B) were idealistic young people with too much time on their hands and too little commitment to change. C) wanted to mobilize a New Left around the goals of civil rights, peace, and universal economic security. D) hoped to convince more radical organizations to work within the system, which they saw as more effective.
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C) wanted to mobilize a New Left around the goals of civil rights, peace, and universal economic security.
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38. In 1964, students at the University of California, Berkeley, held a large-scale protest in support of A) free speech. B) a ban on nuclear weapons. C) an end to the Vietnam War. D) freedom of thought.
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A) free speech.
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Drawing on the example of the Beats, the counterculture of the 1960s A) revered the writings of the Brontë sisters. B) focused on personal rather than political change. C) insisted that the ends justified their violent means. D) believed that a citizen's first responsibility was to society.
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B) focused on personal rather than political change.
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What was the event that sparked a larger movement to end discrimination against gay men and lesbians in 1969? A) A police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City B) A protest outside the Miss America pageant C) The occupation of the national American Psychiatric Association Convention D) The assassination of New York's first openly gay city councilor
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A) A police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York City
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What factor helped to spark the new wave of feminism in the late 1960s and early 1970s? A) The wholesale abandonment of the workplace by women after World War II B) The declining number of women attending institutions of higher education C) The federal government's efforts to challenge women's traditional domestic roles D) An escalating number of women performing paid jobs in the workplace
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D) An escalating number of women performing paid jobs in the workplace
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In 1966, feminists led by Betty Friedan and others founded A) the Organization for Women's Rights B) the National Organization for Women C) Women for a Feminist Society D) the Women's Liberation Forum
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B) the National Organization for Women
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The radical feminist movement differed from the National Organization for Women and other mainstream feminist organizations in that A) it ignored women's subordination in the family and in other personal relationships. B) radical women focused on equal treatment of women in the public sphere. C) it focused primarily on equal treatment for women in the workplace. D) radical feminists sought fundamental changes in the nation's institutions.
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D) radical feminists sought fundamental changes in the nation's institutions.
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Why were women of color critical of white women's feminist organizations? A) White feminists ignored the poverty faced by many minority women. B) White feminist groups only focused on achieving voting rights for women. C) White feminists seemed indifferent to the problems of women in the workplace. D) White feminist organizations failed to support women who were running for office.
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A) White feminists ignored the poverty faced by many minority women.
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Phyllis Schlafly is most closely associated with A) the effort to liberalize of abortion laws. B) the conservative challenge to feminism in the 1970s. C) the effort to gain equal access to medical and law schools for women. D) the protest of the Miss America Pageant in 1968.
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B) the conservative challenge to feminism in the 1970s.
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Which of the following is an example of the sweeping change forged by feminists in the 1960s and 1970s? A) Woman suffrage B) The adoption of the Equal Rights Amendment C) Passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 D) The end of gender discrimination in most workplaces
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C) Passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972
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During the Nixon administration, the number of government assistance programs A) was reduced drastically. B) did not change. C) actually grew. D) fluctuated throughout the course of the term.
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C) actually grew.
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Stagflation describes an economy that combines A) unemployment with inflation. B) low interest rates with deflation. C) rapid growth with inflation. D) rapid growth with recession.
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A) unemployment with inflation.
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The new environmentalists of the 1970s broadened the agenda of the Progressive-era conservation movement by A) focusing attention on the ravaging effects of industrial development on human life and health. B) shifting attention away from land preservation toward the preservation of threatened species. C) focusing attention on preserving the natural world for recreational and aesthetic purposes. D) supporting limited oil drilling in the already developed regions of Alaska.
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A) focusing attention on the ravaging effects of industrial development on human life and health.
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Out of all protest groups, President Nixon gave the most public support for justice to A) Latinos. B) Native Americans. C) blacks. D) Asian Americans.
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B) Native Americans.
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President Kennedy criticized the Eisenhower administration's foreign policy because it A) was soft on communism. B) included limited defense spending and heavy reliance on nuclear weapons. C) advocated levels of defense spending that were too high. D) budgeted too much money for conventional means of waging war.
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B) included limited defense spending and heavy reliance on nuclear weapons.
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What occurred in 1961 that heightened fears and provided a rationalization for President Kennedy's military buildup? A) The People's Republic of China invaded the small country of Vietnam. B) Nikita Khrushchev publicly encouraged wars of national liberation in the third world. C) The Soviet Union's military and nuclear capacities surpassed those of the United States. D) The People's Republic of China obtained nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union and began installing them in Southeast Asia.
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B) Nikita Khrushchev publicly encouraged wars of national liberation in the third world.
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The objective of the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 was to A) remove Communist insurgents from southern Florida. B) eradicate a Communist training camp in the Dominican Republic. C) shut down major ports in unstable Latin American dictatorships. D) overthrow Cuban nationalist Fidel Castro's socialist government .
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D) overthrow Cuban nationalist Fidel Castro's socialist government .
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Which of the following describes the Bay of Pigs invasion? A) The mission was incredibly successful. B) The invasion was an unmitigated disaster. C) It canceled when the United Nations intervened. D) It was supported by most Latin American nations.
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B) The invasion was an unmitigated disaster.
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East Germany erected a wall between East and West Berlin in 1961 to A) stop the mass exodus of East Germans to West Berlin. B) stop large numbers of West Germans going to East Berlin. C) halt the flow of overpriced goods from West Berlin to East Berlin. D) protect East Berliners from U.S. troops stationed in the western part of the city.
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A) stop the mass exodus of East Germans to West Berlin.
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President Kennedy's flexible-response strategy A) allowed him to choose between sending the National Guard and sending the regular army into situations requiring military force. B) gave Congress the option to choose between raising and lowering defense spending. C) met his demand for a wider choice than humiliation or all-out nuclear action. D) pertained to the number of missiles the United States would launch in response to a Soviet attack.
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C) met his demand for a wider choice than humiliation or all-out nuclear action.
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Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was created in 1961 to A) funnel funds into Asia so that the people there would be able to purchase U.S. products. B) thwart communism by fostering economic growth in developing nations. C) reverse urban blight in the United States through grants to large cities. D) reduce government spending by increasing cooperation between the federal and state governments.
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B) thwart communism by fostering economic growth in developing nations.
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The Peace Corps was launched by the Kennedy administration in 1961 to A) quell domestic violence in America's major cities. B) teach third world countries' leaders about democracy. C) allow young Americans to work directly with the people in third world countries. D) establish a job program for the growing number of unemployed in the United States.
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C) allow young Americans to work directly with the people in third world countries.
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In response to increased U.S. production of ICBMs and the American nuclear buildup in Europe, the Soviet Union A) backed down, pledging to limit its ICBM program. B) stepped up its own ICBM program. C) declared war on the United States. D) relinquished control of its Eastern European satellite countries.
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B) stepped up its own ICBM program.
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Which of the following describes the thirteen-day Cuban missile crisis of 1962? A) The incident brought the world's two superpowers perilously close to nuclear war. B) It followed the accidental firing of a missile at the U.S. naval base in Guantanamo Bay. C) The crisis severely weakened President Kennedy's international standing. D) It ended with Fidel Castro's promise to hold democratic elections in Cuba.
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A) The incident brought the world's two superpowers perilously close to nuclear war.
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Why, despite $1 billion in aid and seven hundred U.S. military advisers committed by the Eisenhower administration, was the situation in South Vietnam still so unstable when President Kennedy took office? A) The South Vietnamese government and army were ineffective, and their corruption and repression alienated their own countrymen. B) The U.S. Congress was not behind the effort and refused to commit combat troops to the region to finish the job. C) The Green Berets in South Vietnam had not been trained in guerrilla warfare and could not respond to it. D) Leaders of the South Vietnamese army were Communist sympathizers who had no desire to oust the Vietcong.
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A) The South Vietnamese government and army were ineffective, and their corruption and repression alienated their own countrymen.
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The National Liberation Front in Vietnam was composed of A) North Vietnamese soldiers under the direction of Hanoi. B) South Vietnamese under the direction of the North Vietnamese army. C) Chinese Communists operating covertly in the villages of South Vietnam. D) Propagandists operating in South Vietnam.
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B) South Vietnamese under the direction of the North Vietnamese army.
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What was the flaw in American officials' assumption that the U.S. military's superior technology and power would defeat the Communist forces in South Vietnam? A) Their advanced weapons were ill suited to the guerrilla warfare practiced by those forces. B) The Communist forces actually had military technology equal to that of the U.S. military. C) American military commanders did not yet understand their own technology. D) The fighting took place in urban areas of South Vietnam and made the technology useless.
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A) Their advanced weapons were ill suited to the guerrilla warfare practiced by those forces.
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The purpose of the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was to A) authorize the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. B) empower the House of Representatives to pass all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States. C) permit the Senate to pass all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States. D) acknowledge the president's authority to issue a declaration of war without the consent of Congress in an emergency situation.
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A) authorize the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.
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What led Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964? A) Reliable information that North Vietnamese gunboats had fired on two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin B) Unconfirmed information that North Vietnamese gunboats had fired on two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin C) The destruction of two U.S. ships by the Chinese in the Gulf of Tonkin D) A fabricated story about an attack on U.S. naval vessels by the North Vietnamese in the Gulf of Tonkin
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B) Unconfirmed information that North Vietnamese gunboats had fired on two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin
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The initiation of Operation Rolling Thunder in February 1965 indicated that A) the war in Vietnam had become America's war. B) the war in Vietnam would soon end. C) the French would increase their role in the Vietnam conflict. D) no additional U.S. troops would be needed in Vietnam.
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A) the war in Vietnam had become America's war.
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Why did President Johnson's Latin American policy generate a new surge of anti-Americanism in that region in 1965? A) Higher tariffs made it difficult for Latin American nations to profit from the goods they exported to the United States. B) The United States seemed to be relinquishing its oversight in the region. C) The United States suppressed an uprising that sought to oust the military dictator of the Dominican Republic. D) The United States turned away thousands of desperate Haitian refugees seeking asylum in Florida that year.
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C) The United States suppressed an uprising that sought to oust the military dictator of the Dominican Republic.
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American military officials began calculating their progress in body counts and kill ratios in Vietnam in 1965 because A) a delegation of American soldiers had asked for concrete measures that they could readily understand. B) it was impossible to measure military success based on territory seized. C) they did not want to reveal the unprecedented number of soldiers they were losing. D) it was the only way they could distinguish between military and civilian deaths.
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B) it was impossible to measure military success based on territory seized.
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The single largest group of U.S. soldiers in Vietnam was made up of A) middle-class Americans. B) upper-class Americans. C) poor and working-class Americans. D) African Americans.
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C) poor and working-class Americans.
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Of the more than 7,500 American women who served in the Vietnam War, A) most served as foot soldiers. B) most served as nurses. C) more than half lost their lives. D) most served as army cooks.
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B) most served as nurses.
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Why did the U.S. military adjust its personnel assignments in Vietnam in 1966? A) A high number of North Vietnamese soldiers were being killed in battle. B) There was a disproportionately high death rate among white soldiers who were serving in Vietnam. C) There was a disproportionately high death rate among black soldiers who were serving in Vietnam. D) More officers than enlisted men were being killed in combat in Vietnam.
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C) There was a disproportionately high death rate among black soldiers who were serving in Vietnam.
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By 1968, the Vietnam War had A) made refugees of nearly 30 percent of the South Vietnamese people. B) infused billions of American dollars into South Vietnamese industries. C) reduced the South Vietnamese government's dependence on foreign aid. D) resulted in the death of nearly 60 percent of the population of South Vietnam.
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A) made refugees of nearly 30 percent of the South Vietnamese people.
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In 1965, the first major protest in the United States against the Vietnam War was organized by A) the NAACP. B) Students for a Democratic Society. C) the National Organization for Women. D) the Communist Party.
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B) Students for a Democratic Society.
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What was the impact of the American movement to stop the Vietnam War? A) The antiwar movement got most American adults involved in politics for the first time. B) The movement created domestic problems that distracted the Johnson administration and prolonged the war. C) It brought the war to the center of media attention and severely limited the Johnson administration's options. D) It upset the majority of Americans and spurred massive protests to show widespread support for Cold War objectives.
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C) It brought the war to the center of media attention and severely limited the Johnson administration's options.
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Which of the following was one of the practical arguments made by protesters against the Vietnam War? A) The war could not be won at a bearable cost. B) No country has the right to interfere in the government of another. C) The Vietnamese people had suffered unfairly. D) The logic driving the Cold War was fundamentally unsound.
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A) The war could not be won at a bearable cost.
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In the peace movement during the Vietnam War, the FBI A) trained protesters in nonviolent forms of civil disobedience. B) warned antiwar advocates about possible police raids. C) disrupted antiwar work and spread false information about activists. D) assassinated two major leaders of the movement and blamed their murders on the Communist Party.
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C) disrupted antiwar work and spread false information about activists.
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What position did America's hawks take during the Vietnam War? A) They called for the Johnson administration to apply more force and win the war. B) They insisted that the United States should either reduce its presence in Southeast Asia or get out altogether. C) They pressed Johnson to abandon the ground war and bomb the Vietnamese into submission. D) They advocated attacks on North Vietnamese civilians to break their morale.
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A) They called for the Johnson administration to apply more force and win the war.
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By 1967, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara A) suggested that ground war had been the wrong approach and that the United States should drop a nuclear bomb on North Vietnam. B) left the Johnson Administration because he did not think intensified bombings would ever convince the North Vietnamese to give up. C) blamed troop losses in the Vietnam War on the military's reluctance to fight aggressively, and advocated more punitive treatment of POWs and civilians. D) announced in a press conference that President Johnson had been waging the Vietnam War to garner the votes of conservatives.
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B) left the Johnson Administration because he did not think intensified bombings would ever convince the North Vietnamese to give up.
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As a result of the Tet Offensive of January 1968, A) the Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces attacked key cities and every major American base in South Vietnam. B) Americans discovered that many of the troops fighting in South Vietnam were actually Chinese. C) much of Saigon was destroyed in massive bombing raids. D) American bombs destroyed much of Hanoi and killed thousands of civilians.
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A) the Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces attacked key cities and every major American base in South Vietnam.
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What made the Tet Offensive an important turning point for President Lyndon Johnson? A) It revealed that the president had ignored intelligence that warned the attack was imminent. B) The surprise attack revealed Johnson's inexperience with military matters and lost him support in the Pentagon. C) It underscored the credibility gap between official statements and the war's actual progress. D) It forced the president to cancel a planned visit to South Vietnam to discuss a cease fire.
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C) It underscored the credibility gap between official statements and the war's actual progress.
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What did the "Vietnamization" of the Vietnam War in 1968 demonstrate about the United States? A) The United States had abandoned its goal of a democratic South Vietnam. B) Johnson had decided not to oppose the new communist leader in North Vietnam. C) The president had decided to allow North and South Vietnam to begin peace talks without a U.S. representative at the conference. D) The United States now hoped to achieve its objective of a non-Communist South Vietnam by relying more heavily on the South Vietnamese.
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D) The United States now hoped to achieve its objective of a non-Communist South Vietnam by relying more heavily on the South Vietnamese.
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Shortly after peace negotiations for the war in Southeast Asia began in Paris in May 1968, A) Malcolm X was assassinated. B) Senator Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated. C) violence and protest began to wane in the United States. D) European antiwar protests came to an end.
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B) Senator Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated.
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Which group instigated a violent demonstration during the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968? A) The Youth International Party B) The Weather Underground C) The Young Americans for Freedom D) The Communist Party
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B) The Weather Underground
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The 1968 presidential candidacy of George C. Wallace attracted A) both civil rights and antiwar activists. B) New Englanders in particular. C) those that were outraged by assaults on traditional values by students and others. D) black southerners who believed that the War on Poverty had stigmatized them.
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C) those that were outraged by assaults on traditional values by students and others.
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How did candidates Hubert Humphrey and Richard Nixon differ on the central issue of the war in Vietnam in 1968? A) Humphrey supported Johnson's policies and Nixon pledged to use nuclear weapons. B) Humphrey promised to end the war immediately and Nixon wanted to achieve an honorable end to the war. C) Nixon promised to end the war with honor and Humphrey argued for further escalation. D) They differed little on the central issue of Vietnam.
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D) They differed little on the central issue of Vietnam.
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How did President Nixon and his national security advisor, Henry Kissinger, assess the deterioration of Soviet-Chinese relations? A) Nixon and Kissinger saw it as a dangerous step toward global warfare. B) They believed it would reduce the threat the Soviets and Chinese posed to the United States. C) Nixon and Kissinger believed it gave them cause to abandon the policy of containment. D) They viewed it as an impediment to the larger effort to achieve détente with the Soviet Union
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B) They believed it would reduce the threat the Soviets and Chinese posed to the United States.
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The U.S. policy of détente with the Soviet Union entailed the United States A) abandoning of its policy of containment. B) ceding to Soviet demands for control of Eastern Europe. C) rejecting the terms of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. D) beginning new discussions with the Soviet Union on arms control and trade.
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D) beginning new discussions with the Soviet Union on arms control and trade.
question
The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) that began in 1969 A) resulted from an arms limitation policy begun by President Kennedy months before his assassination. B) were initiated by President Nixon and resulted in a historic agreement signed by Gerald Ford shortly after he took office. C) were initiated by President Nixon, who signed the resulting historic agreement in Moscow in 1972. D) called for the United States and Soviet Union to join forces to limit the nuclear weapons of China.
answer
C) were initiated by President Nixon, who signed the resulting historic agreement in Moscow in 1972.
question
The Arab nations launched an oil embargo against the United States in 1973 because the Nixon administration A) supported the shah of Iran. B) overthrew Salvador Allende. C) turned over control of Vietnam to the Vietnamese. D) supported Israel following the Yom Kippur War.
answer
D) supported Israel following the Yom Kippur War.
question
From 1969 to 1972, Nixon and Kissinger pursued a four-pronged approach to Vietnam that included A) the payment of millions of dollars of monetary aid to the North Vietnamese. B) the replacement of U.S. forces with South Vietnamese soldiers and American bombs and technology. C) a decrease in the bombing of North Vietnam in order to foster good will for negotiations. D) an intensive propaganda campaign in South Vietnamese newspapers and television.
answer
B) the replacement of U.S. forces with South Vietnamese soldiers and American bombs and technology.
question
President Nixon's unilateral decision to expand the war in Southeast Asia to Cambodia was designed to A) bomb North Vietnamese sanctuaries there. B) distract Americans' attention from South Vietnam. C) show the true power of the American military. D) demonstrate to Congress that they could not interfere with executive power.
answer
A) bomb North Vietnamese sanctuaries there.
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How did Americans respond to President Nixon's decision to extend the Vietnam War to Cambodia? A) Americans generally approved the decision. B) They protested, demonstrated, and rioted. C) Americans were generally apathetic. D) They were optimistic that this step might finally bring an end to the war.
answer
B) They protested, demonstrated, and rioted.
question
Lieutenant William Calley dealt a severe blow to the Nixon administration's Vietnam policy by A) publicly criticizing the war in Vietnam and called for peace negotiations. B) melting his medals on national television to protest the war. C) failing to achieve a military victory in the village of My Lai. D) massacring more than 400 Vietnamese civilians in the hamlet of My Lai.
answer
D) massacring more than 400 Vietnamese civilians in the hamlet of My Lai.
question
The Pentagon Papers, which became public in 1971, were A) a secret government study critical of U.S. policy in Vietnam. B) a collection of pro-war propaganda that had been funneled to the New York Times since 1964. C) top-secret military planning documents that had been leaked to North Vietnam. D) a government study that ultimately increased public support for the war in Vietnam.
answer
A) a secret government study critical of U.S. policy in Vietnam.
question
What was the final outcome of the Vietnam War in Vietnam itself? A) South Vietnam used a combination of American bombs and negotiation to persuade North Vietnam to retreat. B) North Vietnam occupied Saigon, renamed it Ho Chi Minh City, and the country unified. C) Cambodian refugees joined the South Vietnamese army and helped to achieve a North Vietnamese presence in South Vietnam. D) North Vietnamese troops flooded into South Vietnam and slaughtered millions of civilians.
answer
B) North Vietnam occupied Saigon, renamed it Ho Chi Minh City, and the country unified.
question
The War Powers Act of 1973 stipulated that A) the President could not deploy U.S. troops abroad without a formal declaration of war by Congress. B) the president had to report to Congress within forty-eight hours of deploying military forces abroad. C) there be a one week cooling-off period before the president could send U.S. troops into harm's way. D) the president was required to deploy troops from all branches of the military equally.
answer
B) the president had to report to Congress within forty-eight hours of deploying military forces abroad.
question
How did the theory that a communist victory in South Vietnam would cause all of Southeast Asia to fall to communism pan out? A) Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, and the rest of Southeast Asia joined the Communist camp. B) The spread of communism never materialized because the ARVN eventually secured a victory over North Vietnam. C) China and Vietnam formed a Communist coalition to take over the rest of Southeast Asia. D) The theory proved to be unsound, although Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia all fell within the Communist camp.
answer
D) The theory proved to be unsound, although Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia all fell within the Communist camp.
question
The returning veterans of the Vietnam War A) were satisfied with and proud of the job they had done in Southeast Asia, and happy to return home. B) felt betrayed by the government for not allowing them to win the war, and by their countrymen for its lack of support for the war. C) became some of the primary organizers of antiwar protests and riots in major cities and on many college campuses. D) became politically active in support of laws that would control U.S. involvement in foreign conflicts.
answer
B) felt betrayed by the government for not allowing them to win the war, and by their countrymen for its lack of support for the war.
question
What 1982 event finally gave Vietnam veterans a measure of public respect for their service? A) More than a million of them marched in a parade in Washington, D.C. B) Congress voted to grant them lifetime mental health benefits. C) The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled in Washington, D.C. D) Congress officially acknowledged its role in their defeat.
answer
C) The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled in Washington, D.C.
