Unit 8 Lesson 1 The Early Middle Ages – Flashcards
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How did Justinian's Code have an impact beyond the Byzantine empire?
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It later guided the development of present-day international law.
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How did Germanic tribes carve Europe into small kingdoms?
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Germanic kings waged wars of conquest.
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How did Charlemagne most effectively convert many pagans to Christianity?
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through missionaries
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Which was a major effect of Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne emperor of the Romans?
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revival of the ideal of a unified Christian community
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How did geographical factors influence the success of Constantinople?
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It was situated on a strait connecting two major waterways used for trade.
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How did the fall of Rome impact Western Europe?
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Trade slowed greatly, and Western Europe became politically divided.
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How did Justinian work to revive the glory of Rome? Select all that apply.
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He conquered Roman territories seized by invaders.
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How did the culture of the Germanic tribes differ from that of the Romans?
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Germanic peoples lived in small communities governed by unwritten customs.
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How did the conversion of King Clovis encourage the spread of Christianity in medieval Europe?
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He provided an example for other Germanic leaders.
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Which geographical factors helped Viking attackers gain access to European settlements?
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rivers and coasts
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How did the fall of Rome affect trade in Western Europe?
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Frequent wars and invasions caused trade in Western Europe to decline severely.
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autocrat
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ruler who has complete authority
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Battle of Tours
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(732) A battle in France between Charles Martel and his Frank army and a Muslim invaders. Muslims ruled in Spain, but did not advance farther into Western Europe. Also known as the Battle of Poitiers.
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Charlemagne
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In 768, Charles Martel's grandson, Charles the Great, became king of the Franks, the Lombards, and emperor of the Romans. He built an empire covering what are now France, Germany, and part of Italy. Later, the pope crowned him the new emperor of the Romans. He strove to unite and govern an increasingly diverse collection of conquered peoples as well as cope with threats from new invaders. He conducted a long series of successful military campaigns, made efforts to spread Christianity and implement religious reform, sought to make more effective inherited political institutions and procedures, and supported cultural renewal through a revival of learning.
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Charles Martel
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A military leader who ruled the Frankish kingdoms as mayor from 719-741. He defeated several rebellions and blocked a Muslim invasion.
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Clovis (c. 688-741)
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king of the Franks, conquered Gaul in 486.
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Constantinople
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the capital of the eastern Roman empire; capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman empires; now called Istanbul.
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Frank
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a Germanic tribe that contributed to the division of Western Europe
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Justinian (483-565)
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He was born of peasant stock and adopted by his uncle Justin (emperor from 518). As the Byzantine emperor from 527-565, he continued war with Persia and sought to win back former western Roman provinces from barbarian invaders. After riots and a major fire in 532, he rebuilt much of Constantinople in glorious style. He also instituted reforms to stop imperial corruption and promote justice for his subjects. His most influential achievement is Justinian's Code, a collection, organization, and revision of Roman laws.
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Justinian's Code
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A collection of Roman laws organized by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later serving as a model for the Catholic Church and medieval monarchs
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Magyar
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a member of the dominant people of Hungary
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medieval
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of or relating to the Middle Ages, the period of European history from about A.D. 500 to about 1500
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Theodora (497-548)
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She was wife to Justinian I, was the Byzantine empress from 527 to her death in 548. Regarded as a powerful leader in her own right, she exercised a great deal of influence over her husband as his advisor, and is known for encouraging her husband to enact key social reforms.
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Viking
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a member of a group of Scandinavian people who attacked the coasts of Europe in the eighth to tenth centuries A.D.
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The demesne of a manorial estate is
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the farmland of the lord, worked by serf and later hired labor
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A vassal is
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someone who pledges allegiance to a superior feudal power, usually in exchange for land
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Roman legal reforms in the third century CE led to coloni status
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becoming hereditary, passed from parent to child
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Formariage or merchet is the practice of
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a peasant paying a fee to a lord before receiving permission to marry outside the lord's land
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The collapse of the Carolingian empire in the late 9th century CE led to
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A fracturing of Western Europe into many kingdoms and duchies.
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Why might a lord require serfs to use his mill and winepress?
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It was a convenient way to collect a portion of the serfs' harvest
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What best describes the interaction between serf and lord?
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the lord did as much as he possibly could to keep the serf on his land
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Describe a typical peasant on an estate.
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Rough and hardworking
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What is one explanation for a transition to hired labor by the 14th century?
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As populations recovered from wars, famines, and plagues, the cost of labor came down; lords could derive rent from their tenants and pay a low price for hired help.
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Wage laws were passed after the plague to
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keep laborers' wages at pre-plague levels
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A revolt is
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an uprising or rebellion
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Peasant is a term describing
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a small-scale farmer
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The Jacquerie in France
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showed that the elites saw the lower classes as a singular group
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The plague impacted the economy of late medieval by
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decreasing the population and making labor more expensive
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How did Germanic tribes carve Europe into small kingdoms?
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Because Germanic tribes they had no written laws, they were mostly farmers and were governed by kings elected by tribal council. A king for each tribe made it more difficult to unify the tribes.
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What was a major effect of Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne emperor of the Romans?
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it joined germanic power with the church and the heritage of Rome.
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How did Justinian work to revive the glory of Rome?
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•conquered former roman territories (from Germanic tribes) •created new law code based on Roman Law •expanded trade •he held absolute power over church and state
