UCE CHEM136 ENSC136 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| 1m3=_L |
| 103L=_m |
| 1L=_cm3 |
| 103cm3=1L |
| 1M= |
| 1mole/L |
| Water Distribution on Earth |
97% Ocean 2% Ice Caps 1% Ground Water .01% lakes .001% Atmosphere |
| Residence time of Atmosphere |
| 10 days |
| Residence time of the ocean |
| 3000 years |
| trade winds |
| East to West at low latitudes |
| Westerlies |
| West to East at mid-latitudes |
Direction of wind in the Upper Hemisphere
Lower Hemisphere |
Upper Hemisphere = clockwise
Lower Hemisphere = counter clock wise |
Direction of ocean in the Upper Hemisphere
Lower Hemisphere |
Upper Hemisphere = clockwise
Lower Hemisphere = counter clock wise |
| Atmosphere is heated from? |
| below |
| Ocean Temp |
75-200m = 18C 1000m - 3500m = 3C
|
| pycnocline |
| sharply decreasing density that parallels the thermocline |
| Describe Salt Water Currents |
sinks in thw norwegian seadown, down the atlantic, up into the pacific and indian ocean.
Exchange rate 100 - 1000 years |
Chem that are well mixed and not well mixed
Residence/Mixing time? |
Residence Time >>> Mixing Time =uniform concentration
Residence Time < Mixing Time = Non uniform
LAKES
Residence time for any chemical cannot be longer than the water renewal time
|
Ocean Salinity amount
Depth Chart |
35 parts per thousand 35g/kg
[image] |
| Lake and River Salinity |
| 0.1% |
| Major Cations |
| Na+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+ |
| Major Anions |
| Cl-,SO42-, HCO3 |
| Nutrients |
| H4SiO4,NO3-, PO4- |
| Trace Metals |
| Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ |
| Expected Solid or solution phase? |
| Monovalent ion and Large Divalent have weak ionic bonds and are expected to be in solution and have long residence times |
| Only homogenious ocean ions |
| Anions and Cations |
| Absorbed particles in particulate matter have ____ residence times |
| short residence times |
| Ions that have a seasonal behavior in a lake |
| Cu, Ni, Cd are recycled behavior in summer and scavendeg in the winter |
| Equilibrium constant vs. Temp & Pressure |
Increase Temp = Increased eq. Constant = more products only if endothermic (gets cold)
Increase Pressure = increased eq Constant = more products |
| Typical Lake Concentration Curve |
| [image] |
| Typical Lake Temp Curve |
| [image] |
Ocean Acumulated Curve
Residence time
Ions |
| [image] |
| Ocean Trace Metals Curve |
| [image] |
| Lake Nutrients Curve |
| [image] |
| Ocean Oxygen Curve |
| [image] |
Recycled Curve
Residence Time
Ions |
| [image] |
Ocean Scavenged curve
Residence Time
Ions: |
| [image] |
Ocean Temp Curves
Low mid high latitudes |
| [image] |
Acid Base Reaction
k name |
Products are OH- or H+
k=dissociation Constant |
Complexation
k name |
components are assembly into a product
k= stability constant |
| Dissolution Precipitation |
Products are a breakdown of starting material
k= soulubility products |
| Adsorption |
| k= adsorption constant |
| activity coefficient of a solid |
| 1 |
| Solubility |
K High Ionic Strength = K
K low Ionic Strength =Kd
K>Kd = more soluable in High K<Kd = more soluable in low |
| activity coefficient of ions in solution |
| always less than one. = minerals are more soluable in high ionic strength than low ionic strength |
Henry's Law Constant Vs. ; Temp ; Molecular Weight ; solubility ; ; |
HLC increases with decreasing Temp ; HLC increases with increasing molecular weight ; Large molecules are more polarized = more surface area to interact with water = prefer solution phase ; salt reduces binding energy means more gas in freshwater |
| CO2 ___ in water |
| ionizes |
| How to measure partial pressure |
(atm)[] ; sealevel O2 1atm*21% = .21atm |
| water-air equilibrium |
eq is water surface ; flows high to low so if ; [A] in soultion ; eq then fluxes to air and is super saturated ; [A] in soultion ; eq then fluxes to water and is subsaturated ; []decreases with increasing temp |
Transport Velocity vs diffusion coefficint ; film thickness |
increases with diffusion coefficient ; decreases with film thickness |
| film thickness |
| thinkness decreases with increased windspeed |
| CO2 concentration is greatest @ |
Equatordue to upwelling, everywhere else is subsaturated ; Lakes are supersaturated especially during spring |
| Metabolic Processes uptake these elements |
| C,H,O,N,P,Si |
| These compounds are depleted on the surface waters due to photosynthesis |
CO2, H3SiO4, NO3, PO4 ; increase with depth |
| O2 levels and depth |
| Large number at surface, depeletes in depths |
| Shells are made of |
| SiO2 and CaCO3 |
Type of Shell Produced ; Coccolithophorida Foraminifera Pteropods Diatoms Radiolarians |
Coccolithophorida = Calcite Foraminifera = Calcite Pteropods = aragonite Diatoms = Opal Radiolarians = Opal |
| Limiting Nutrient in Oceans |
| Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Iron in Austrailia, Silica in South America |
| Letter representing element loss into sediments |
| f |
| Letter representing element loss into deep waters |
| g |
| Fraction of element lost during each mixing cycle |
| f*g |
| Ocean Mixing time Letter |
| TM = 1000 years |
| Biolimiting features |
High g =; high level of mixing Low f =; low loss into sediments Residence time = 10^5 - 2*10^4 ; Cs/Cr very different from Cd/Cr |
| Biointermediate Features |
g around .7-0 f = .1 Residence Time = 10^4 - 8*10^5 Cs/Cr close to Cd/Cr ; |
| Biounlimited Features |
no g no f Residence Time = 6*10^7 - 1*10^8 Cs/Cr = Cd/Cr |
| Lake names for surface, deep, and sediments |
| Epilimnion, Hypolimnion, sediements |
| Acids and Bases = H+ |
Acids give H+ Bases recieve H+ |
| Strong Acids |
HCl H2SO4 HNO3 |
| Titration Volume Equation |
| (Vi+Va)[acid]=(Vi)[base] |
| H2CO3* Equilibiria |
H2CO3*-; HCO3- + H+ HCO3- -; CO32- + H+ H2O -; H+ + OH- |
| H2CO3* Alkalinity Equation |
| [ALK]= [HCO3-] + 2[CO32-] +[OH-] - [H+] |
| Soluibility and pH change |
| Metals: solubility increases as pH increases |
| saturation, rainy vs. arid regions |
Rainy: low concentrations of ions are undersaturated with respect to CaCO3, CO2 added by decomposing matter causes further dissolving of CaCO3 ; Arid: High ion concentration and are supersatured with respect to CaCO3 |
| Types of Weathering and how they are done |
Physical Weathering - wind abrasion, ice, plant rooots Chemical Weathering - Dissolved species into water ; |
Chemical Weather is effect by pH Temperature Water Flow Solubility Vegatation |
pH: Low pH Increases weathering ; Temperature: Increases weathering ; Water Flow: Increases weathering ; Solubility: high Sol. Increases weathering ; Vegatation: Releases organic acids into soil and Increases weathering |
| Rock Types and Description |
Igneous - crystallization from melted rock at high temps ; Sedimentary - Sedimentation in water formed by various debris ; Metamorphic - Recrystallization of igneous and sedimentary at high temp and pressure without melting ; 75% of surface is sedimentary |
| Rock classes and dissolved in water |
Evaporites: 17% Carbonate: 38% Silicates: 45% ; *Lower % is better for abundance |
| SiO4 charge and Structure |
Si = 4+ O = 8- Total = -4 ; More SHARED Oxygen is better in crystal SiO2 is strongest SiO4 weakest (most soluble) |
| Riverflow highest and lowest |
highest: low ; high latitudes Lowest: mid latitudes |
Rivers Inorganic Particles Major Dissolved Species |
Inorganic Particles: Al, Fe, Si, Ca Major Dissolved Species: Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+ |
Things that increase sediment load ; Things that reduce sediment load |
High elevation easily eroded materials heavy rainfall ; ; large drainage areas ; lakes reduce |
| Total concentration of dissolved ions in rivers |
| 100mg/L |
| Red Clay |
| Covers entire ocean floor, Thickest deposits near mouths of rivers and along coast, composed of silicate minerals |
| CaCO3 |
formed by the desposition of phytoplankton and zooplankton, If not red clay than this or opal, Organsims that produces this are much more uniform; thus more distributed throughout oceans, ; made by organisms that use nitrates and phosphate but not silica making them soft and easily dissolved in surface waters and distributed ; some waters are under/over-saturated with respect to CaCO3 determining dissolving ; dominate atlantic sediments ; 16% preserved in sediments |
| Opal |
formed by the desposition of phytoplankton and zooplankton, If not red clay than this or CaCO3, ; highly nonunifrom, near upwelling since silica is not recycled easily. most in equator, antartica and pacific. LEAST in atlantic ; Ocean is undersaturated with repsect to opal so always will dissolve |
| Hard Sphere Ions |
Low Polarizability Electrostatic Bonding Na+ |
| Soft Sphere Ions |
High Polarizability Covalent Bonding Cu+ |
| Metal/Ligand Absorption Curve |
[image] ; ; [] Absorbed |
| Organic Matter and pH |
| Organic matter absorption increases at low pH and decreases as pH rises |
Oxidation Number O H ; Reduced travel = Oxidized travel = |
O2 = 0 O = -2 H = +1 ; ; Reduced travel = more - Oxidized travel = more + |
| Release of absorbed particles |
| When particles enter deep water that is low in oxygen metal return to solution phase and diffuse back to surface where they are reabsorbed again. |
