What is a problem with the argument that rape is an evolutionary adaptation designed to ensure maximal reproduction

Rape is motivated by rage more than lust. Many rape victims are male. Many women are rapes who are outside of reproductive age. All of the above More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/gender-society/

What are the three phases in the evolution of CRM? Recency, analyzing, predicting. Reporting, analyzing, predicting. Recency, analytical, processes. Reporting, analytical, predicting.

Reporting, analyzing, predicting More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/business-systems-chap-11/

Darwin’s ideas of evolution were not new. What was new about Darwin’s work was his ____.

hard data to support such a theory More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/history-systems-chapter-6/

Evolutionary adaptations for survival on land produced tetrapods, which later evolved into….

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/ch-22-exam-3/

Which of the following best points to a close evolutionary relationship between two different species?

Both species have very similar Dna More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/biology-102-stakes-test-5/

What are the three eras of time in Earth’s history that describe the evolution of major life-forms: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/ant2511/

When evolutionary psychologists use the word “fitness” they are specially referring to

Our ability to survive and reproduce More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/psychology-ch-3/

When evolutionary psychologists use the word “fitness,” they are specifically referring to:

our ability to survive and reproduce. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/ap-psych-ch-3/

What can we learn about vertebrate evolution from Tiktaalik that we did not know before?

how vertebrates evolved tetrapod limbs More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/bio-102-exam-1/

What is the driving force behind the evolution of the 14 species of finches on the Galapagos?

The food available differed on the islands, so they had to adapt to survive. They had to fill different ecological niches. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/ap-bio-chapter-22/

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AP Biology Around The World Biology Evolution Fossils Morphology

Chapter 15, Section 2: Evidence of Evolution – Flashcards 14 terms

Evie Nicholson

14 terms

Preview

Chapter 15, Section 2: Evidence of Evolution – Flashcards

question

New features that did not appear in the fossils of ancestors.

answer

Derived Trait

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More common features that appear in the fossils of ancestors.

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Ancestral Trait

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Anatomically alike structures that are inherited from and ancestor.

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Homologous Structure

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Structures that are like functional structures in other animals, but are reduced forms.

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Vestigial Structure

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Structures that are made the same way, and have similar purposes but are not from a common ancestor

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Analogous Structure

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Early pre-birth stage of stage of an organisms development.

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Embryo

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The study of the dispersion of plants and animals around the earth.

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Biogeography

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A measure of the relative contribution an organisms individual trait makes it to the next generation.

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Fitness

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The ability to blend in with the environments around you. Some species are born with natural camouflage.

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Camouflage

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When one species evolves to look like or copy the looks of another.

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Mimicry

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A spandrel example is a prominent trait that does not increase reproductive success. Meaning that it stands out and has a purpose, but it doesn't affect anything.

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Spandrel Example

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Fossils provide a record of organisms that lived in the past. They show some of the most significant evidences of evolution. By doing this they tell us whether a species has changed over time, or stayed the same.

answer

How do fossils provide evidence of evolution?

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Morphology shows us animals have changed over time to develop adaptations such as camouflage, which allows them to blend in with their surroundings.

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How does morphology provide evidences of evolution?

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Data shows common ancestry can be seen in the complex metabolic molecules many different organisms share. If an organism has slight variations in its amino acid sequence, the it has changed very little over time.

answer

How does biochemistry provide evidences of evolution?

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Evidence For Evolution Evolution Evolutionary Biology Geology Systematics

Why Should Students Learn Evolution?, Brian Alters and Sandra Alters – Flashcards 16 terms

William Hopper

16 terms

Preview

Why Should Students Learn Evolution?, Brian Alters and Sandra Alters – Flashcards

question

evolution is the basic context of all the ________ sciences

answer

biological

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take away evolution, and all that is left is disparate facts without the ________ that ties them all together

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thread

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evolution is the explanatory framework, the ________ theory

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unifying

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________ can be understood fully only in an evolutionary context

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biology

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in explaining how the organisms of today got to be the way they are, evolution helps make sense out of the _______ of life and explains _______ among species

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history. relationships

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evolutionary explanations answer the ______ questions of biology

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why

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evolution is a ______ theme among many sciences

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unifying

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evolution answers the question of the unity and similarity of life by its _________ and shared _______

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relatedness. history

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explains why ______ is adapted to function

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form

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helps researchers understand the ________, ________, and _________ of genetic disease

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frequency. nature. distribution

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the branch of biology that studies the classification of life

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systematics

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predominant method used in systematics. classifies organisms with respect to their phylogenetic relationships -those based on their evolutionary history

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cladistics

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example of a biological subdiscipline enriched by an evolutionary perspective

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developmental biology

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the study of human and animal _______ can be enhanced by an evolutionary perspective

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behavior

question

the study of the history of the earth, especially as recorded in rocks

answer

geology

question

the study of fossils

answer

paleontology

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Body Of Water Evolution Martial Arts Trivia

All 151 Kanto Pokemon – Flashcards 151 terms

Claire Scott

151 terms

Preview

All 151 Kanto Pokemon – Flashcards

question

Bulbasaur (Fushigidane)

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The Seed Pokémon. It is a starter Pokémon in Red & Blue, along with Squirtle and Charmander, and is also a dual-type starter Grass/Poison Pokémon.

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Ivysaur (Fushigisou)

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The Seed Pokémon. It evolves from Bulbasaur at Level 16. It loses its ability to stand on 2 legs alone, because the bulb on its back blooms to a flower. It is a dual-type Grass/Poison Pokémon.

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Venusaur (Fushigibana)

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The Seed Pokémon. It evolves from Ivysaur at Level 32. These Pokémon hold Bulbasaur Evolution Ceremonies, use SolarBeam and Venoshock and are dual-type Grass/Poison Pokémon.

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Charmander (Hitokage)

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The Lizard Pokémon. It is a starter Pokémon in Red & Blue along with Bulbasaur and Squirtle, and is a Fire-type Pokémon.

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Charmeleon (Lizardo)

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The Flame Pokémon. It evolves from Charmander at Level 16. It becomes hot tempered with a battle at over 180 degrees Fahrenheit. It is also a Fire-type Pokémon.

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Charizard (Lizardon)

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The Flame Pokémon. It evolves from Charmeleon at Level 36. It's found at volcanoes, shooting fire everywhere, causing forest fires. It is a dual-type Fire/Flying Pokémon.

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Squirtle (Zenigame)

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The Tiny Turtle Pokémon. It is a starter Pokémon in Red & Blue along with Bulbasaur and Charmander, and is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Wartortle (Kameil)

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The Turtle Pokémon. It evolves from Squirtle at Level 16. Its wing-like ears help it sense prey. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Blastoise (Kamex)

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The Shellfish Pokémon. It evolves from Wartortle at Level 36. It has high pressure water cannons on its shell that can shear through steel. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Caterpie (Kyatapi)

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The Worm Pokémon. It has a highly effective String Shot, which slows the target Pokémon down. It is a Bug-type Pokémon.

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Metapod (Toranseu)

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The Cocoon Pokémon. It evolves from Caterpie at Level 6. It can learn Harden, which raises its defense. It is a Bug-type Pokémon.

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Butterfree (Batafuri)

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The Butterfly Pokémon. It evolves from Metapod at Level 10. It can learn Confusion and Supersonic, both moves that can confuse opposing Pokémon. It is a dual-type Bug/Flying Pokémon.

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Weedle (Beedle)

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The Hairy Bug Pokémon. It can use Poison Sting, which is highly effective due to its poison horn on its head. It is a dual-type Bug/Poison Pokémon.

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Kakuna (Cocoon)

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The Cocoon Pokémon. It evolves from Weedle at Level 6. Its range of motion is so extremely limited, that many are mistaken for dead. It is a dual-type Bug/Poison Pokémon.

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Beedrill (Spear)

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The Poison Bee Pokémon. It evolves from Kakuna at Level 10. They attack with all 3 of their stingers in swarms ready to attack. They are dual-type Bug/Poison Pokémon.

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Pidgey (Poppo)

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The Tiny Bird Pokémon. It is docile and avoids conflict, but attacks whenever disturbed. It is a dual-type Normal/Flying Pokémon.

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Pidgeotto (Pigeon)

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The Bird Pokémon. It evolves from Pidgey starting at Level 18. Full of vitality, Pidgeotto patrols its territory, attacking intruders. It is a dual-type Normal/Flying Pokémon.

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Pidgeot (Pigeot)

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The Bird Pokémon. It evolves from Pidgeotto starting at Level 36. It is aerodynamic and fly at heights of up to 3,300 feet. It is a dual-type Normal/Flying Pokémon.

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Rattata (Koratta)

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The Mouse Pokémon. Their fangs grow throughout their lifespan, and start whittling out the more they chew on stuff. It is a Normal-type Pokémon.

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Raticate (Ratta)

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The Mouse Pokémon. It evolves from Rattata at Level 20. Their fangs are powerful enough to topple objects as big as buildings. They are Normal-type Pokémon.

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Spearow (Onisuzume)

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The Tiny Bird Pokémon. Unlike Pidgey, these Pokémon are hostile and will attack as soon as they see any offender. They are dual-type Normal/Flying Pokémon.

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Fearow (Onidrill)

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The Beak Pokémon. It evolves from Spearow at Level 20. Their beaks are as sharp as needles. They are dual-type Normal/Flying Pokémon.

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Ekans (Arbo)

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The Snake Pokémon. Its poisonous fangs can really pose a threat. It is a Poison-type Pokémon.

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Arbok (Abokku)

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The Cobra Pokémon. It evolves from Ekans at Level 22. Its hood has a design of an angry face, which is meant to scare off other Pokémon. It is a Poison-type Pokémon.

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Pikachu (Pikachu)

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The Mouse Pokémon. This Pokémon was also one of Ash Ketchum's companions over the years and even appeared in Super Smash Bros. It is an Electric-type Pokémon.

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Raichu (Raichu)

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The Mouse Pokémon. It evolves from Pikachu in exposure to a Thunderstone. This Pokémon is so strong, it can hold up to 100,000 volts of electricity. It is an Electric-type Pokémon.

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Sandshrew (Sand)

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The Mouse Pokémon. The sand in its area gives it very good camouflage. It is a Ground-type Pokémon.

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Sandslash (Sandpan)

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The Mouse Pokémon. It evolves from Sandshrew starting at Level 22. This Pokémon appears more pangolin-like or hedgehog-like rather than mouse-like. It is a Ground-type Pokémon.

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Nidoran Female (Nidoran Mesu)

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The Poison Pin Pokémon. It is all female and appears light blue colored with stubs on its skin. It is a Poison-type Pokémon.

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Nidorina (Nidorina)

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The Poison Pin Pokémon. It evolves from Nidoran♀ starting at Level 16. It is still all female and also becomes bipedal and has stubs on its back. It is a Poison-type Pokémon.

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Nidoqueen (Nidokuin)

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The Drill Pokémon. It evolves from Nidorina in exposure to a Moon Stone. It is still all female and looks like it is wearing a bathing suit. It is a dual-type Poison/Ground Pokémon.

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Nidoran Male (Nidoran Osu)

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The Poison Pin Pokémon. It is all male and appears purple colored with larger stubs than female. It also has a horn on its head. It is a Poison-type Pokémon.

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Nidorino (Nidorino)

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The Poison Pin Pokémon. It evolves from Nidoran♂ starting at Level 16. It is still all male and quadripedal. It is a Poison-type Pokémon.

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Nidoking (Nidokingu)

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The Drill Pokémon. It evolves from Nidorino in exposure to a Moon Stone. It is still male and becomes bipedal. It is dual-type Poison/Ground Pokémon.

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Clefairy (Pippi)

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The Fairy Pokémon. They can use metronome which include random moves, and are surprisingly common during the full moon. It is a dual-type Normal/Fairy Pokémon.

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Clefable (Pixy)

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The Fairy Pokémon. It evolves from Clefairy in exposure to a Moon Stone. When evolved, it has 2 fairy wings on it. It is a dual-type Normal/Fairy Pokémon.

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Vulpix (Rokon)

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The Fox Pokémon. To escape from predators, this Pokémon can feign from injury. It is a Fire-type Pokémon.

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Ninetales (Kyukon)

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The Fox Pokémon. It evolves from Vulpix in exposure to a Fire Stone. Legends say Ninetales can live for 1000 years. It is a Fire-type Pokémon.

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Jigglypuff (Purin)

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The Balloon Pokémon. It can use Sing, a move that puts opponents to sleep. It also appears in Super Smash Bros. It is a dual-type Normal/Fairy Pokémon.

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Wigglytuff (Pukurin)

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The Balloon Pokémon. It evolves from Jigglypuff in exposure to a Moon Stone. It has an appearance of a rabbit. It's a dual-type Normal/Fairy Pokémon.

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Zubat (Zubatto)

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The Bat Pokémon. It lacks eyes or a nose, but is commonly found in caves. It is a dual-type Poison/Flying Pokémon.

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Golbat (Gorubatto)

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The Bat Pokémon. It evolves from Zubat at Level 22. Like bats, Golbat sucks blood from many Pokémon. It's a dual-type Poison/Flying Pokémon.

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Oddish (Nazonokusa)

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The Weed Pokémon. It has the appearance of a radish. It a dual-type Grass/Poison Pokemon.

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Gloom (Kusaihana)

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The Weed Pokémon. It evolves from Oddish at Level 21. It is a poisonous flower with a Gloom. It is a dual-type Grass/Poison Pokémon.

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Vileplume (Ruffresia)

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The Flower Pokémon. It evolves from Gloom in exposure to a Leaf Stone. Poison Powder and Sleep Powder can be dangerous on this Pokémon. It's a dual-type Grass/Poison Pokémon.

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Paras (Parasu)

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The Mushroom Pokémon. They grow tochukaso mushrooms on their back during life. It is a dual-type Bug/Grass Pokémon.

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Parasect (Parasekuto)

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The Mushroom Pokémon. It evolves from Paras at Level 24. It can be found in the Safari Zone here. It is a dual-type Bug/Grass Pokémon.

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Venonat (Compoun)

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The Insect Pokémon. The small bugs it eats appear at night, so it sleeps in a hole in a tree until night falls. It is a dual-type Bug/Poison Pokémon.

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Venomoth (Morphon)

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The Poison Moth Pokémon. It evolves from Venonat at Level 31. It is nocturnal and eats insects. It is a dual-type Bug/Poison Pokémon.

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Diglett (Digda)

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The Mole Pokémon. It digs underground for sun protection, and only sticks its head out when it isn't bright. It's a Ground-type Pokémon.

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Dugtrio (Dagutorio)

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The Mole Pokémon. It evolves from Diglett at Level 26. It consists of 3 Digletts merged into 1 body. It is a Ground-type Pokémon.

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Meowth (Nyarth)

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The Scratch Cat Pokémon. It can help trainers collect coins using Pay Day. It is a Normal-type Pokemon.

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Persian (Perushian)

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The Classy Cat Pokémon. It evolves from Meowth at Level 28. Giovanni, Team Rocket's leader is known to have a Persian. It is a Normal-type Pokémon.

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Psyduck (Koduck)

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The Duck Pokémon. Has psychic abilities when he has a headache. Misty is known to have one. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Golduck (Gorudakku)

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The Duck Pokémon. It evolves from Psyduck at Level 33. In Japan, It is often mistaken for Kappa. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Mankey (Manki)

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The Pig Monkey Pokémon. It fights for small things and is incredibly fast. It is a Fighting-type Pokémon.

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Primeape (Okorizaru)

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The Pig Monkey Pokémon. It evolves from Mankey at Level 28. It's skilled at any kind of combat, even martial arts. It's a Fighting-type Pokémon.

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Growlithe (Gardie)

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The Puppy Pokémon. It has an appearance of a tiger, but it's very loyal to Trainers. It is a Fire-type Pokémon.

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Arcanine (Windie)

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The Legendary Pokémon. It evolves from Growlithe in exposure to a Fire Stone. It's a Chinese dog with the appearance of a tiger. It's well known for speed. It's a Fire-type Pokémon.

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Poliwag (Nyoromo)

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The Tadpole Pokémon. You can get a Poliwag by fishing. The swirl depends on its location from the Equator. It's a Water-type Pokémon.

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Poliwhirl (Nyorozo)

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The Tadpole Pokémon. It evolves from Poliwag at Level 25. Its swirl is used for Hypnosis in battle. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Poliwrath (Nyorobon)

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The Tadpole Pokémon. It evolves from Poliwhirl exposed to a Water Stone. It's considered a master swimmer and is never tired of it. It's a Dual-type Water/Fighting Pokémon.

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Abra (Keshii)

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The Psi Pokémon. It can identify danger and teleport to safety. It is a Psychic-type Pokémon.

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Kadabra (Yungera)

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The Psi Pokémon. It evolves from Abra at Level 16. It holds a spoon, which amplifies its Psychic powers. It is a Psychic-type Pokémon.

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Alakazam (Fudin)

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The Psi Pokémon. It evolves from Kadabra when traded. It has an IQ that exceeds 5,000. It is also a Psychic-type Pokémon.

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Machop (Wanriky)

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The Superpower Pokémon. Its body is filled with muscles that never cramp or tire out. It is a Fighting-type Pokémon.

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Machoke (Goriky)

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The Superpower Pokémon. It evolves from Machop at Level 28. Machoke is so strong, It even has the look of a wrestler. It is a Fighting-type Pokémon.

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Machamp (Kairiky)

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The Superpower Pokémon. It evolves from Machoke when traded. Its extra arms send thousands of punches in a single minute. It is a Fighting-type Pokémon.

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Bellsprout (Madatsubomi)

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The Flower Pokémon. It shoots corrosive acid which can melt even iron. It is a dual-type Grass/Poison Pokémon.

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Weepinbell (Utsudon)

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The Flycatcher Pokémon. It evolves from Bellsprout at Level 21. It uses a neutralizing fluid to keep it from harm by its stomach acids. It's a dual-type Grass/Poison Pokémon.

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Victreebell (Utsubot)

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The Flycatcher Pokémon. It evolves from Weepinbell in exposure to a Leaf Stone. Its rituals with Leaf Stones make more Victreebel. It's a dual-type Grass/Poison Pokémon.

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Tentacool (Menokurage)

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The Jellyfish Pokémon. Its camouflage is so incredible, it remains undetected until swimmers are stung. It's a dual-type Water/Poison Pokémon.

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Tentacruel (Dokukurage)

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The Jellyfish Pokémon. It evolves from Tentacool at Level 30. It has 80 poisonous tentacles that can stretch and contract in the water. It's a dual-type Water/Poison Pokémon.

question

Geodude (Ishisubute)

answer

The Rock Pokémon. It is popular due to its Sturdy ability, which lets it survive a KO hit. It is a dual-type Rock/Ground Pokémon.

question

Graveler (Golone)

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The Rock Pokémon. It evolves from Geodude at Level 25. It becomes dangerous when it rolls down mountains because anything is in their way. It's a dual-type Rock/Ground Pokémon.

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Golem (Golonya)

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The Megaton Pokémon. It evolves from Graveler when traded. When earthquakes occur, it rolls down at high speeds. It's a dual-type Rock/Ground Pokémon.

question

Ponyta (Ponita)

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The Fire Horse Pokémon. Be warned: Its hooves are harder than even diamond. It is a Fire-type Pokémon.

question

Rapidash (Gallop)

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The Fire Horse Pokémon. It evolves from Ponyta at Level 40. Its fires blaze as fast as about 150 mph in less than 10 strides. It is a Fire-type Pokémon.

question

Slowpoke (Yadon)

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The Dopey Pokémon. It can never think, but it can fish with its tail. It is a dual-type Water/Psychic Pokémon.

question

Slowbro (Yadoran)

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The Hermit Crab Pokémon. It evolves from Slowpoke at Level 37. Slowbro feels pain by Shellder, but it can use strong psychic attacks. It's a dual-type Water/Psychic Pokémon.

question

Magnemite (Coil)

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The Magnet Pokémon. It is so much of a magnet, that it can be attracted to any electricity. It is a dual-type Electric/Steel Pokémon.

question

Magneton (Rarecoil)

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The Magnet Pokémon. It evolves from Magnemite at Level 30. It's composed of 3 Magnemite in 1. It is a dual-type Electric/Steel Pokémon.

question

Farfetch'd (Kamonegi)

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The Wild Duck Pokémon. It carries around a green celery where ever it goes. It is a dual-type Normal/Flying Pokémon.

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Doduo (Dodo)

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The Twin Bird Pokémon. It has 2 heads and can race at speeds up to 65 mph. It is a dual-type Normal/Flying Pokémon.

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Dodrio (Dodrio)

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The Triple Bird Pokémon. It evolves from Doduo at Level 31. Its heads represent anger, joy, and sadness. It's a dual-type Normal/Flying Pokémon.

question

Seel (Pawou)

answer

The Sea Lion Pokémon. It has a strong horn that can break through thick ice. It's a Water-type Pokémon.

question

Dewgong (Jugon)

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The Sea Lion Pokémon. It evolves from Seel at Level 34. It's often mistaken for a mermaid. It is a dual-type Water/Ice Pokémon.

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Grimer (Betbeter)

answer

The Sludge Pokémon. It is made of living sludge and can slip through openings with ease. It is a Poison-type Pokémon.

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Muk (Betbeton)

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The Sludge Pokémon. It evolves from Grimer at Level 38. It controls toxins and cause no harm unless provoked. It's a Poison-type Pokémon.

question

Shellder (Sheruda)

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The Bivalve Pokémon. It combines with a Slowpoke to make Slowbro or Slowking. It's a Water-type Pokémon.

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Cloyster (Parshen)

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The Bivalve Pokémon. It evolves from Shellder exposed to a Water Stone. The shell opens in attacks. It is a dual-type Water/Ice Pokémon.

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Gastly (Ghos)

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The Gas Pokémon. Based on the name, 95% of its body is filled with gas, which is poisonous. It is a dual-type Ghost/Poison Pokémon.

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Haunter (Ghost)

answer

The Gas Pokémon. It evolves from Gastly at Level 25. It lurks in darkness to find prey. It is a dual-type Ghost/Poison Pokémon.

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Gengar (Gangar)

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The Shadow Pokémon. It evolves from Haunter when traded. It hides in shadows and absorb heat. It is a dual-type Ghost/Poison Pokémon.

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Onix (Iwark)

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The Rock Snake Pokémon. It tunnels underground at 50 mph in search of food. It is a dual-type Rock/Ground Pokémon.

question

Drowzee (Sleepe)

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The Hypnosis Pokémon. When its nose twitches it is told what the sleeper is dreaming about. It is a Psychic-type Pokémon.

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Hypno (Sleeper)

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The Hypnosis Pokémon. It evolves from Drowzee at Level 26. It can also eat the dreams of its foes. It is a Psychic-type Pokémon.

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Krabby (Crab)

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The River Crab Pokémon. It is an omnivore and scavenger that can rarely hunt for itself. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Kingler (Kingura)

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The Pincer Pokémon. It evolves from Krabby at Level 28. The claw is heavy, so it spends most of its time in the water. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Voltorb (Biriridama)

answer

The Ball Pokémon. It zaps people that mistake them for Poke Balls. It's an Electric-type Pokémon.

question

Electrode (Marumine)

answer

The Ball Pokémon. It evolves from Voltorb at Level 30. It can explode at the slightest shock without warning. It is an Electric-type Pokémon.

question

Exeggcute (Tamatama)

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The Egg Pokémon. It uses telepathic signals to keep it all in formation. It is a dual-type Grass/Psychic Pokémon.

question

Exeggutor (Nassy)

answer

The Coconut Pokémon. It evolves from Exeggcute exposed to Leaf Stone. It's called the Walking Jungle. It's a dual-type Grass/Psychic Pokémon.

question

Cubone (Karakara)

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The Lonely Pokémon. It normally cries through the death of its mother. It's a Ground-type Pokémon.

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Marowak (Garagara)

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The Bone Keeper Pokémon. It evolves from Cubone at Level 28. It can use Bone Club and Bonemerang. It's a Ground-type Pokémon.

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Hitmonlee (Sawamular)

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The Kicking Pokémon. It evolves from Tyrogue with high attack. It normally competes in the P1 Grand Prix. It's a Fighting-type Pokémon.

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Hitmonchan (Ebiwalar)

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The Punching Pokémon. It evolves from Tyrogue with high defense. It normally competes in the p1 Grand Prix. It's a Fighting-type Pokémon.

question

Lickitung (Beroringa)

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The Licking Pokémon. It tongue is twice the length of its entire body. It is a Normal-type Pokémon.

question

Koffing (Dogars)

answer

The Poison Gas Pokémon. Its gas can be ignited by fire or electricity. It is a Poison-type Pokémon.

question

Weezing (Matadogas)

answer

The Poison Gas Pokémon. It evolves from Koffing at Level 35. Triplet Weezing are very rare. It is a Poison-type Pokémon.

question

Rhyhorn (Sihorn)

answer

The Spikes Pokémon. It is easy to dodge because it only charges in 1 direction. It is a dual-type Rock/Ground Pokémon.

question

Rhydon (Sidon)

answer

The Drill Pokémon. It evolves from Rhyhorn at Level 42. Its brain is developed but it can be forgetful. It's a dual-type Rock/Ground Pokémon.

question

Chansey (Lucky)

answer

The Egg Pokémon. It lays eggs and shares them to the injured. It's a Normal-type Pokémon.

question

Tangela (Monjara)

answer

The Vine Pokémon. It vines jiggle and sway to unnerve enemies. It's often mistaken for a shrub. It is a Grass-type Pokémon.

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Kangaskhan (Garura)

answer

The Parent Pokémon. It has the looks of a Kangaroo from Australia, esspecially the joey. It is a Normal-type Pokémon.

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Horsea (Tattu)

answer

The Dragon Pokémon. It can spray water and black ink at attackers. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Seadra (Seadra)

answer

The Dragon Pokémon. It evolves from Horsea at Level 32. Be warned: The venom of a Seadra is toxic. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

question

Goldeen (Tosakinto)

answer

The Goldfish Pokémon. Its horn can smash its way to any freedom. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Seaking (Azumao)

answer

The Goldfish Pokémon. It evolves from Goldeen at Level 33. They can defend nests for months. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Staryu (Hitodeman)

answer

The Star Shape Pokémon. If Staryu becomes weak, its core faints and flashes slowly. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

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Starmie (Starmie)

answer

The Mysterious Pokémon. It evolves from Staryu exposed to a Water Stone. Its second set of arms can spin 360 degrees. It is a dual-type Water/Psychic Pokémon.

question

Mr. Mime (Barrierd)

answer

The Barrier Pokémon. It can make barriers by acting like a mime (hence the name) with is hands. It is a dual-type Psychic/Fairy Pokémon.

question

Scyther (Strike)

answer

The Mantis Pokémon. It can form large groups in the wild. It is a dual-type Bug/Flying Pokémon.

question

Jynx (Rougela)

answer

The Human Shape Pokémon. It sounds a lot like man, but what it says has yet to be deciphered. It is a dual-type Ice/Psychic Pokémon.

question

Electabuzz (Eleboo)

answer

The Electric Pokémon. It typically resides around power plants. It is an Electric-type Pokémon.

question

Magmar (Boober)

answer

The Spitfire Pokémon. Magmar is so hot, its body temperature racks up to 2,200°F. It is a Fire-type Pokémon.

question

Pinsir (Kailios)

answer

The Stag Beetle Pokémon. It uses its horns to hunt prey and collect tree sap. It is a Bug-type Pokémon.

question

Tauros (Kentauros)

answer

The Wild Bull Pokémon. It is all male and can usually go on wild rampages. It is a Normal-type Pokémon.

question

Magikarp (Koiking)

answer

The Fish Pokémon. It often uses Splash, which does no effect on land, but makes them easy targets. It is a Water-type Pokémon.

question

Gyarados (Gyarados)

answer

The Atrocious Pokémon. It evolves from Magikarp at Level 20. It is infamously attracted to violence. It is a dual-type Water/Flying Pokémon.

question

Lapras (Laplace)

answer

The Transport Pokémon. It can ferry people across any body of water. It is a dual-type Water/Ice Pokémon.

question

Ditto (Metamon)

answer

The Transform Pokémon. It can change into Pokémon through appearance, even on the face. It is a Normal-type Pokémon.

question

Eevee (Eievui)

answer

The Evolution Pokémon. It can evolve into different forms depending on where it lives. It is a Normal-type Pokémon.

question

Vaporeon (Showers)

answer

The Bubble Jet Pokémon. It evolves from Eevee exposed to a Water Stone. This Pokémon is mistaken for a Mermaid. It's a Water-type Pokémon.

question

Jolteon (Thunders)

answer

The Lightning Pokémon. It evolves from Eevee exposed to a Thunder Stone. It can create 10,000 volt jolts. It is an Electric-type Pokémon.

question

Flareon (Booster)

answer

The Flame Pokémon. It evolves from Eevee exposed to a Fire Stone. Its body temperature can reach 1650°F. It is a Fire-type Pokémon.

question

Porygon (Porigon)

answer

The Virtual Pokémon. It is man-made and filled with programming codes. It is a Normal-type Pokémon.

question

Omanyte (Omnite)

answer

The Spiral Pokémon. It had gone extinct, but can be revived by Helix Fossils. It is a dual-type Rock/Water Pokémon.

question

Omastar (Omstar)

answer

The Spiral Pokémon. It evolves from Omanyte at Level 40. It went extinct because its shell couldn't help it catch prey. It is a dual-type Rock/Water Pokémon.

question

Kabuto (Kabuto)

answer

The Shellfish Pokémon. It had gone extinct, but can be revived by Dome Fossils. It is a dual-type Rock/Water Pokémon.

question

Kabutops (Katubopusu)

answer

The Shellfish Pokémon. It evolves from Kabuto at Level 40. It went extinct, but adapted to land. It's a dual-type Rock/Water Pokémon.

question

Aerodactyl (Putera)

answer

The Fossil Pokémon. It was an extinct carnivore, but it can be revived with an Old Amber fossil. It's a dual-type Rock/Flying Pokémon.

question

Snorlax (Kabigon)

answer

The Sleeping Pokémon. It is the heaviest Pokémon in Kanto, weighing 1,014.1lbs. It is a Normal-type Pokémon.

question

Articuno (Furiza)

answer

The Freeze Pokémon. It helps people stay safe throughout the winter. It is a dual-type Ice/Flying Pokémon.

question

Zapdos (Sanda)

answer

The Electric Pokémon. It is thought that it lives in thunderclouds. It's a dual-type Electric/Flying Pokémon.

question

Moltres (Faiya)

answer

The Flame Pokémon. Its appearance was meant to make an early spring. It is a dual-type Fire/Flying Pokémon.

question

Dratini (Miniryu)

answer

The Dragon Pokémon. It sheds its skin as it grows. It is a Dragon-type Pokémon.

question

Dragonair (Hakuryu)

answer

The Dragon Pokémon. It evolves from Dratini at Level 30. Its energy discharges from jewels changing weather. It's a Dragon-type Pokémon.

question

Dragonite (Kairyu)

answer

The Dragon Pokémon. It evolves from Dragonair at Level 55. It has the same intelligence as humans do. It is a dual-type Dragon/Flying Pokémon.

question

Mewtwo (Myutsu)

answer

The Genetic Pokémon. It was cloned from Mew's DNA and genes and also appears in Smash Bros. It is a Psychic-type Pokémon.

question

Mew (Myu)

answer

The New Species Pokémon. It is known to be an ancestor of all Pokémon sharing every move. It is a Psychic-type Pokémon.

STUDY

AP Biology Biology Central And South America Demography Is The Study Of Evolution

Mastering Biology Assignment 7 – Flashcards 29 terms

Patsy Brent

29 terms

Preview

Mastering Biology Assignment 7 – Flashcards

question

Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct? a. The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved simultaneously b. Human evolution has occurred within an unbranched lineage c. Human ancestors were virtually identical to extant chimpanzees d. Modern humans are the only species to have evolved on earth e. Fossil evidence indicates that early anthropoids were arboreal and catsized

answer

question

Which is a genus that has only one extant species? a. primates b. hominoids c. hominins d. anthropoids e. homo

answer

question

Which of the following are considered hominoids? a. monkeys b. lemurs c. tarsiers d. lorises e. orangutans

answer

question

Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism? a. fingerprints b. enhanced depth perception c. opposable big toe d. repositioning of foramen magnum e. shortened hindlimbs

answer

question

Which of these hominin traits seems to have occurred before the others? a. increased brain size b. symbolic thought c. tool use d. language e. bipedalism

answer

question

Humans are: a. Australopithecus b. homo erectus c. ardipithecus d.homo sapiens e. homo habilis

answer

question

Which of these species demonstrates symbolic thought, art, and full-blown language? a. H. habilis b. H. heidelbergensis c. H. sapiens d. H. ergaster e. H. erectus

answer

question

Which of the following statements is correct in regard to Homo Erectus? a. their fossils are not limited to Africa b. H. erectus was not known to use tools c. H. erectus evolved before H. habilis d. On average, H. Erectus had a smaller brain than H. Habilis e. H. erectus had a level of sexual dimorphism less than that of modern humans

answer

question

As humans diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first? a. making stone tools b. an enlarged brain c. the development of technology d. bipedal locomotion e. language

answer

question

Which of these species was the first to have some members migrate out of Africa? a. H. erectus b. H. ergaster c. H. sapiens d. H. heidelbergensis e. H. habilis

answer

question

Which term is most nearly synonymous with apes? a. hominoids b. homo c. anthropoids d. hominins e. primates

answer

question

Arrange the following taxonomic terms from most inclusive to least inclusive: 1. hominoids 2. hominins 3. Homo 4. anthropoids 5. primates

answer

5, 4, 1, 2, 3

question

This is a gene linked to the development of speech in hominids a. Hox b. Dlx c. Otx d. FOXP2 e. more than one of these

answer

question

Which of these species was the first to craft stone tools? a. H. erectus b. H. ergaster c. H. heidelbergensis d. H. sapiens e. H. habilis

answer

question

Which of these is a trend in hominin evolution? a. well-developed claws for clinging to trees b. a shoulder joint increasingly adapted to brachiation c. increased ability to switch back and forth between bipedalism and quadrupedalism d. increased brain to body ratio e. a shortened period of parental care of offspring

answer

question

How are primates different from all other mammals? a. opposable thumbs in many species b. arboreal lifestyles c. ability to produce milk d. placental embryonic development e. hairy bodies

answer

question

Which of these primate groups is most closely related to humans? a. apes b. old world monkeys c. lorises d. prosimians e. new world monkeys

answer

question

_________ are the oldest known primate group a. apes b. prosimians c. anthropoids d. hominids e. monkeys

answer

question

The primates that spend the most time walking upright are: a. apes b. prosimians c. new world monkeys d. hominids e. old world monkeys

answer

question

Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree-dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length? a. monkeys b. hominids c. prosimians d. primates e. apes

answer

question

Which of these primate groups lives in trees in central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart? a. hominids b. apes c. new world monkeys d. anthropoids e. old world monkeys

answer

question

The most common kind of dispersion in nature is a. uniform b. clumped c. indeterminate d. random e. dispersive

answer

question

A table listing items such as age, observed number of organisms alive each year, and life expectancy is known as a(n): a. mortality table b. life table c. survivorship table d. insurance table e. rate table

answer

question

Demography is the study of: a. life expectancy of individuals within a population b. reproductive rates of a population during a given year c. death and emigration rates of a population at any moment in time d. the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time e. the survival patterns of a population

answer

question

Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion? a. red squirrels, who actively defend territories b. cattails, which grow primarily at edges of lakes and streams c. dwarf mistletoes, which parasite particular species of forest tree d. moths in a city at night e. lake trout, which seek out deep water

answer

question

Life tables are most useful in determining which of the following? a. the fate of a cohort of newborn organisms throughout their lives b. carrying capacity c. immigration and emigration rates d. population dispersion patterns e. reproductive rates

answer

question

Which of the following describes having ore than one reproductive episode during a lifetime? a. allee effect b. iteroparous c. cohort d. dispersion e. semelparous

answer

question

Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with: a. chance b. the concentration of nutrients within the population's range c. competitive interactions among individuals in the population d. patterns of high humidity e. the random distribution of seeds

answer

question

Pacific salmon and annual plants are excellent examples of: a. dispersion b. iteroparous reproduction c. semelparous reproduction d. cohort disintegration e. allee effect

answer

STUDY

Biology Evolution Humans Hutton And Lyell Natural Selection Survival Of The Fittest The Environment

Chapter 15 Darwin’s theory of evolution Vocabulary review crossword puzzle – Flashcards 15 terms

Stephen Sanchez

15 terms

Preview

Chapter 15 Darwin’s theory of evolution Vocabulary review crossword puzzle – Flashcards

question

Lamarck

answer

scientist whose ideas about evolution and adaptation influenced Darwin

question

Lyell and Hutter

answer

geologist who influenced Darwin

question

Adaptation

answer

inherited characteristic that increased an organism's chance of survival

question

H.M.S Beagle

answer

ship on which Darwin traveled

question

Artificial

answer

type of selection in which humans select the variation

question

Galapagos islands

answer

Islands where Darwin observed variation in tortoise

question

Fitness

answer

ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

question

Evolution

answer

change over time

question

Natural Selection

answer

type of selection Darwin referred to as survival of the fittest

question

Homologous

answer

structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues

question

Theory

answer

explanation of natural events that is supported by evidence and can be tested with new evidence

question

Wallace

answer

scientist whose ideas about evolution were the same as Darwin's

question

Malthus

answer

economist whose ideas about human population influenced Darwin

question

Fossil

answer

remains of ancient life

question

vestigial

answer

homologous structure that is greatly reduced in size

STUDY

Central America Evolution

Microbio – PostMidterm A SGU 2013 – Flashcards 72 terms

Sarah Adrian

72 terms

Preview

Microbio – PostMidterm A SGU 2013 – Flashcards

question

HIV 1 and HIV 2 probably came from what animals ?

answer

HIV-1 from chimpanzees
HIV-2 from sooty mangabey

question

What subtype of HIV-1 is in USA ?

answer

Subtype B

question

What is the first pathogenic human retrovirus ?

answer

Human T-cell leukemia virus

question

What sub-family do HIV-1 and HIV-2 belong in ?

answer

Lentivirinae

question

Reverse transcriptase is what ?

answer

RNA dependent DNA polymerase

Converts ss HIV RNA to ds HIV DNA

question

GP120 and GP41 make up ?

answer

GP160

question

What enzyme helps HIV insert its DNA into host cell's DNA ?

answer

HIV integrase

question

What does HIV need to bind CD4 and co-receptors, allowing them to move on and infect other cells ?

answer

HIV glycoproteins

question

2 reasons HIV is hard to stop ?

answer

1) Reverse transcriptase has low fidelity so can make a lot of errors, and HIV keeps evlovling

2) Heterodimers increase variability of HIV genomes so cell can be co-infected by more than 1 HIV protein

question

HIV enters the body via what cells ?

answer

Infected macrophages

question

HIV encephalopathy is due to ?

answer

Synctial fusion of HIV-infected macrophages and macroglia

question

HIV therapy starts when CD4 + cells fall below ?

answer

350 cells / ul

question

Seroconversion means what ?

answer

When you can detect antibodies

question

What is window period for HIV ?

answer

Negative HIV test (primary infection to seroconversion)
Viral load very high, increase high transmission risk

question

Final stage of HIV infection ?

answer

AIDS

question

Progression of AIDS ?

answer

A S L L O

1) Acute infection
2) Strong anti-HIV immune defense
3) Latent resorvior
4) Loss of CD4+ cells and loss of immune response
5) Onset of AIDS

question

What bacteria causes bacterial pneumonia in AIDS pts ?

answer

Strep Pneumoniae

question

AIDS pts can get Mycobacterium Avium Complex under what circumstances ?

answer

Advanced HIV infection and a CD4 lymphocyte count < 50

MAC presents as night sweats, weight loss, abdominal pain, anemia, etc...

question

What is leading cause of death for those living with AIDS ?

answer

question

Infections associated with AIDS ?

answer

Bacterial Pneumonia
MAC
TB
Salmoneliosis
Bacillary Angiomatosis
Viral Hepatitis (Hep B and Hep C)
CMV
HHV-1, HHV-2
HPV
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) - caused by JC virus

A lot of other infections

question

PML is a serious brain infection in AIDS pts. caused by what ?

answer

JC virus

question

Cryptosporidium Parvum becomes self-limiting in individuals with CD4 counts greater than ?

answer

200

question

Most common microorganism that causes infectious pharyngitis ?

answer

Strep. Pyogenes

question

Lower Resp. tract (37 degrees celsius) has no normal flora why ?

answer

It is usually sterile

Particles should be less than 5 microns to get through.
Nonciliated epithelium
IgG and IgA

question

What droplet tends to remain suspended in the air the longest and can cause infection ?

answer

Dried droplet nuclei

question

Another name for professional invader in a respiratory infection ?

answer

Frank pathogen

question

3 Diseases of lower respiratory tract infections ?

answer

Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonias

question

Bordet-Gengou growth media can culture what organism ?

answer

Bordetella Pertussis

question

Tinsdale Agar can culture what organism ?

answer

C. Diptheriae

question

T or F : Some resp. viruses do not exert their main pathology in resp. tract ?

answer

True

They are transported by respiratory droplets

question

Influenza virus has what type of nucleic acid ?

answer

Segmented RNA

question

Adenoviruses have what type of nucleic acid ?

answer

Linear ds DNA (Class 1)

question

Some adenoviral components that interfere with host immune response ?

answer

E1A
E1B
E3
E4
VA RNAs

question

Adenovirus Pathogenesis ?

answer

Fiber protein : enables attachment to host cell receptor

Receptor varies with viral serotype

Penton base has toxic activity
(inhibition of cellular mRNA synthesis, cell rounding, tissue damage)

question

What virus causes phayngitis and conjunctivitis ?

answer

Adenovirus

question

Antigenic drift allows rhinoviruses to have ?

answer

High number of viral serotypes

question

What virus can cause common cold and SARS ?

answer

Coronaviruses

ss (+) RNA
enveloped
helical nucleocapsid
have "spike" proteins or peplomers

Transmission mostly via droplets, fecal/oral also possible

Replicate in ** ciliated nasal epithelium **

question

Etiologic agent for SARS ?

answer

New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

question

What viruses cause laryngotrachobronchitis and bronchitis ?

answer

HPIV (Human Parainfluenza viruses)

Family is Paramyxoviridae
Divided into 2 sub-famalies

Enveloped
Glycoprotein with HN (Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase) activity

Fusion Factor (F) protein involved in viral entry, and against which antibodies can neutralize virus

question

Which HPIV virus causes Croup (or laryngotrachobronchitis) ?

answer

HPIV-1

question

Paramyoxovirinae subfamily of viruses evades immune response how ?

answer

Via V proteins (fusion proteins)

Which prevent apoptosis, prevent interferon synthesis, etc...

question

RSV belongs to what virus subfamily ?

answer

Pneumovirinae

question

Pathogenesis of RSV ?

answer

1) Entry is via epithelia nose and eye

2) F & G proteins mediate attachment ; F mediates membrane fusion

3) Primary site of replication is nasopharyngeal epithelium
Direct CPE is loss of function

question

Do not give what as trt of RSV ?

answer

Heat-killed vaccine, b/c it enhances RSV disease...may due to CD8 T cells (immunopathology)

question

Based on symptoms, how to differentiate b/w cold and flu ?

answer

Flu has fever, headache, vomiting/diarrhea, and severe malaise

question

3 types of influenza virus ?

answer

A (found in birds like ducks, only one classified by HN system, can cause epidemic and pandemic)

B (also in seals, two lineages: Victoria-like and Yamagata-like)

C (no epidemic or pandemic)

question

Influenza / flu is a zoonotic disease ?

answer

Yes

question

Antigenic Shift and Influenza ?

answer

Is a sudden rearrangement of 8 genetic subunits of influenza virus, usually due to co-infection of two diff. influenza A strains.

Only affects influenza A

question

How do the following Anti-Flu drugs work ?

answer

Amantadine and Rimantadine - Inhibit uncoating of Influenza A only
Target M2 protein

Zanamivir and Oseltamvir (Tamiflu) - Inhibit neuraminidase by blocking its release, only works on influenza A and B

question

What does not work against flu / influenza ?

answer

Post-exposure trt

Excessive use of antimicrobials builds up drug-resistance

question

How to distinguish Strep. Pyogenes from all other Beta-hemolytic streptococci ?

answer

Strep. Pyogenes is Bacitracin sensitive

question

How to distinguish Strep. Pneumoniae from all other alpah-hemolytic Strep such as Strep. Viridans ?

answer

Strep. Pneumoniae is optochin sensitive

question

Pneumolysin is one of the virulence factors of what bacteria ?

answer

Strep. Pneumoniae

Is a pore-former
inhibits ciliated epithelial activity
decreases PMN effectiveness
etc...

question

What test is used for determining toxicity of Cornyebacterium Diptheriae ?

answer

Elek test

Lines of precipitin on plate indicates toxigenic

question

How is diptheria exotoxin produced ?

answer

Via lysogenic bacteriophage conversion

question

What bacteria most common cause of epiglottitis ?

answer

Hemophilus influenzae (is a Gram - rod)

**Does not cause influenza**

question

Pathogenesis of H. Influenzae ?

answer

Pili
Non-pilus adhesins
LPS
PRP (Poplyribose Ribitol Phosphate) - antiphagocytic capsule made of this

question

Culture of H. Influenzae requires what ?

answer

Chocolate agar with X factor (hemin) and V factor (NAD)

question

What bacteria causes whooping cough (chronic bronchitis) ?

answer

BOrdetella Pertussis

question

Why not use cotton swab or throat swab to culture Bordetella Pertussis ?

answer

B/c the bacteria is very susceptible to drying

But can culture with nasopharyngeal swab or secretions

question

Characteristics of Klebsiella Pneumoniae ?

answer

Non-spore forming Gram - rod (bacillus)

**Necrotizing Pneumonia**

Bronchopneumonia, lung abscesses
Two iron uptake systems: aerobactin and enterochelin (are siderophores)
"Red currant jelly" sputum

question

Characteristics of Legionella Pneumophila ?

answer

Causes Legionnaire's disease (pneumonia) and Pontiac fever (self-limiting)

Gram - rod, motile, non-spore forming
80% of infections due to serogroup 1

Cannot gram stain b/c bacteria does not take up the counter stain
Detect via serology for agglutination or fluorescent antibodies, or with ELISA

question

What bacteria is a Gram - rod, non-hemolytic, ** smells like grapes ** , is found in fresh water and sea water, stains green on media due to pyocyanin and fluorescein pigments, whose most common infection is otitis externa (swimmer's ear), and is dangerous for people who are burn victims or have cystic fibrosis ?

answer

Pseudomonas

question

What two bacteria can cause necrotizing pneumonia ?

answer

Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Pseudomonas

question

Two methods to culture M. tuberculosis ?

answer

Lowenstein-Jensen agar
Oleic acid - albumin broth

question

What is a positive result for TB on Tuberculin test ?

answer

Induration > 10 mm diameter

question

Two ways to prevent TB ?

answer

Prophylactic antimycotics

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine - attenuated M. bovis strain

question

Know TB first line and second line trts

and

TB Drug Resistance categories

answer

question

Two clinically significant varieties of Histoplasma Capsulatum (causes Histoplasmosis) ?

answer

H. capsulatum var capsulatum

H. capsulatum var duboisii

question

Most virulent of all human mycotic pathogens ?

answer

Coccidioides species

question

Most common fungal infection seen in AIDS patients ?

answer

Cryptococcosis

question

Two forms of Aspergillosis ?

answer

1) Allergic

2) Invasive: hyphae invade tissue

Gan get "fungal ball" (Aspergilloma)

Can get acute pneumonia in severly immunocompromised persons (neutropenia)

STUDY

Alkanes Compounds Evolution Reactions

Organic Chemistry (Reactions) – Flashcards 151 terms

Ruth Jones

151 terms

Preview

Organic Chemistry (Reactions) – Flashcards

question

Free Radical Halogenation

answer

question

What free radical is most is likely to be formed from bromination?

answer

A tertiary radical (Most stable)

question

Combustion

answer

question

Pyrolysis (Cracking)

answer

question

What are nucleophiles?

answer

Electron-rich species that are attracted to a positively polarized atom (i.e. a carbonyl carbon)

question

What is a better nucleophile I or F?

answer

Flourine

question

What is a better leaving group I or F?

answer

Iodine

question

Sn1 Reaction

answer

question

What doesn't a nucleophile play a role in the rate of an Sn1 reaction?

answer

It is not involved in the rate-determining step...the formation of the carbocation.

question

What factors will help carbocation formation and therefore increase the rate of an Sn1 reaction?

answer

1. Highly substituted carbons. 2. Polar solvents (Surround and isolate the carbocation) 3. Good leaving groups (Weak bases)

question

Sn2 Reaction

answer

question

Why is a Sn2 reaction bimolecular?

answer

Its rate-determining step is dependent on TWO species; both the substrate and the nucleophile.

question

What are the best conditions for an Sn2 reaction?

answer

You must have a strong nucleophile for the backside attack (thats what she said) with no steric hindrance.

question

With respect to optical activity, what do your end products of Sn1 and Sn2 reactions become?

answer

Sn1 = racemic mixture (nucleophile can attack from either the top or the bottom of the planar carbocation), therefore loss of optical activity. Sn2 = inversion of configuration and remains optically active.

question

What role does tosylate usually play in reactions?

answer

It usually acts as a good leaving group and a good protecting group.

question

Catalytic Hydrogenation

answer

question

Addition of HX to an alkene

answer

question

Addition of X2 to alkene

answer

question

Addition of H2O to alkene

answer

question

Free Radical Addtion to alkene

answer

question

Hydroboration

answer

question

Oxidation with KMnO4 (Cold)

answer

question

Oxidation with KMnO4 (Hot)

answer

question

Ozonolysis

answer

question

Ozonolysis with Reduction

answer

question

Peroxycarboxylic acids

answer

question

What do you use to add to polymers?

answer

question

Whats another word for ethyne?

answer

acetylene

question

Synthesis of Alkyne starting from dihalide

answer

question

Synthesis of Alkyne using acytelide ion

answer

question

Alkyne Reduction

answer

question

Alkyne Reduction by free radical

answer

question

Oxidation of Alkyne by KMnO4

answer

question

Ozonolysis of Alkyne

answer

question

Hydroboration of Alkyne

answer

question

Key reaction mechanisms for Alcohols and Ethers

answer

question

Reduction to make Alcohol

answer

question

Phenol Synthesis

answer

question

Alcohol dehydration (elimination)

answer

question

How do you make OH- a good leaving group for Sn1 and Sn2 reactions?

answer

For Sn1 you can protonate it and make water the leaving group. For Sn2 you can convert it to tosylate which is also a good leaving group.

question

How do you convert an alcohol into an alkyl halide with an ester as an intermediate?

answer

question

What does PCC(pyridinium chlorochromate) do?

answer

question

What is jones reagent and what does it do?

answer

it is CrO₃, H₂SO₄ in acetone and it oxidizes primary alcohols to carboxylic acids (STRONG!)

question

Do ethers boil at high or low temperatures?

answer

Low...no H-bonding.

question

William Ether Synthesis

answer

question

How to Cleave an Ether!

answer

question

How can we go from Epoxide to Alcohol?

answer

question

How can you get ketones or aldehydes?

answer

Oxidation of primary or secondary alcohols. Or ozonolysis of alkenes.

question

What happens between Ketones and Enols?

answer

question

Basic attack of Nu on Carbonyl Carbon.

answer

question

How do you get an acetal or ketal?

answer

When an aldehyde or ketone reacts with two equivalents of alcohol. A hemiketal or hemiacetal you get from one equivalent of alcohol.

question

What is a cyanohydrin?

answer

When al and ke react with HCN.

question

Ammonia leading to condensation...

answer

question

Aldol Condensation

answer

question

What is a wittig reaction and what is its goal?

answer

The goal is to make CARBON-CARBON double bonds by converting aldehydes and ketones into alkenes.

question

What oxidizes an aldehyde and what do you get?

answer

KMnO₄, CrO₃, Ag₂O, H₂O₂ and you get a carboxylic acid.

question

What reduces aldehydes and ketones?

answer

LAH or NaBH₄

question

What are the reagents for Wolff-Kishner Reduction of al and ke?

answer

H₂NNH₂, then a base and heat.

question

What are the reagents for Clemmensen Reduction?

answer

Hg(Zn) and HCl

question

Why are carboxylic acids that much more acidic?

answer

Resonance stabilization of between the alcoholic oxygen and the carbonyl oxygen.

question

Electron withdrawing vs donating...what do each do to a negative charge and acidity?

answer

Withdrawing delocalize/stabillize the negative charge (spread it over the molecule) which increase acidity. Donating do the opposite.

question

What is significant about the α hydrogens on a β-dicarboxylic acid?

answer

They are very acidic due to stabalization!

question

Only primary alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids. T/F?

answer

True!

question

How is carbonation of an orgmet reagent achieved?

answer

question

Is there a way to convert primary and secondary alkyl halides into carboxylic acids? Sure!!

answer

nitrile formation followed by acid or base catalyzed hydrolysis.

question

How do you form an ester with a carboxylic acid?

answer

Addition of a primary alcohol under ACIDIC conditions.

question

Acyl Halide from CarbAcid

answer

question

When might decarboxylation occur?

answer

When carboxylic acids are heated, they may spontaneously loose a CO₂

question

What is the order of reactivity for carboxylic acid derivatives?

answer

Acyl halide > anhydrides > esters > amides

question

How do you get an acyl halide from a carboxylic acid?

answer

SOCl₂

question

Friedel Crafts Acylation

answer

Aromatic ring acylated through electrophillic aromatic substitution.

question

Reduction of acyl halide?

answer

H₂ Pd/BaSO₄ Quinoline

question

What does acetic anydride look like?

answer

question

How can one make an anhydride?

answer

React a carboxylic acid with a carboxylate salt or heat! to stabilize the carboxylic acid.

question

The conversion of a carboxylic acid into ANYTHING depends on what?

answer

The nucleophile!!

question

When carbonyl's are attacked by hydrolysis, what does the nucleophile look like in acidic vs basic conditions?

answer

Acidic: H₂O is attacking Basic: OH- is attacking In acidic conditions the carbonyl oxygen is protonated.

question

How can you think of Lithium Aluminum Hydride?

answer

It is like an H- nucleophile.

question

Can nitrogen containing compounds form hydrogen bonds?

answer

Yes, but the are not as strong as the hydrogen bond between H and oxygen! (Therefore lower boiling point).

question

Can nitrogen-containing compounds be optically active?

answer

Usually not because of nitrogen inversion but sometimes they can be isolated if the structure hinders inversion.

question

How what is Gabriel Synthesis for?

answer

Gabriel drank ammonia! OH NO!

question

Amine from Nitro compound

answer

question

Amine from a Nitrile/Cyanide

answer

question

Amine from an Amide

answer

question

Amine from an Imine

answer

question

Hofmann elimination (not to be confused with hofmann rearrangement)/Exhaustive Methylation

answer

question

What is hofmann rearrangement?

answer

An amide to a primary amine (Pg 389)

question

What is a wash?

answer

When you are using the extraction to remove impurities rather than separate out the desired product.

question

Gravity filtration vs vacuum filtration

answer

Gravity filtration is used for when the desired product is in solution (usually hot) where as vacuum filtration has the desired product being a solid.

question

Why is temperature important in recrystallization?

answer

The product needs to be soluble in high temps and insoluble in lower temperatures. IMPURITIES need to be soluble at all temperatures so that they stay in solution.

question

When would distillation be favored over a separatory funnel?

answer

When two liquids are miscible, the separatory funnel cannot be used therefore distillation is more ideal.

question

When is vacuum filtration used?

answer

ABOVE 150 C BOILING POINTS! Vacuum will lower the pressure of the apparatus to ensure that the liquids do not decompensate under the extreme temperatures.

question

Fractional distillation

answer

Repeated distillations on inert objects like glass beads that help separate two liquids with boiling points less than 25 C apart.

question

Thin-Layer Chromatography

answer

Silica gel is polar!!

question

Column Chromatography

answer

Ion Exchange Chromatography Size-Exclusion Chromatography Affinity Chromatography

question

In gas chromatography what is the eluant and what is the stationary phase?

answer

The eluant or mobile phase is a gas (He or N) and the stationary phase is the temperature-regulated column. Retention time: How long it took for each compound to travel through the column.

question

How does isoelectric focusing work?

answer

All proteins have an isoelectric point (no charge). When the molecule reaches the field that is equal to its isoelectric point, it will stop moving!

question

How do Agrose gel and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis separate molecules?

answer

Based on SIZE

question

What is the purpose of Infrared (IR) spectroscopy?

answer

Certain bonds absorb infrared light at different frequencies and this can then be measured through what is absorbed vs what is transmitted. Used for FUNCTIONAL GROUP identification.

question

IR Absorption Peaks

answer

question

NMR

answer

question

The difference between oligo and polysaccharide?

answer

Oligo is short poly is long.

question

Where do you start numbering a carbohydrate?

answer

On the carbonyl end.

question

What are epimers?

answer

Diastereomers that differ in the configuration of ONE carbon.

question

Fischer to Haworth projection.

answer

question

What are anomers?

answer

They differ only in the newly formed chiral carbon (after ring formation). Can be α vs β. Glucose the α anomer is trans and the β anomer is cis (both pointing up!)

question

Monosaccharide ester formation

answer

All hydroxyl groups will be esterified!

question

What happens in a Tollens' Test?

answer

Testing for the presence of a reducing sugar. Aldoses and ketose can be oxidized to carboxylic acids and therefore reduce Ag+ in the Tollens' test to metallic silver (Ag+ to Ag)

question

What happens in a Benedict's test?

answer

Testing for the presence of a reducing sugar. Aldoses and ketose can be oxidized to carboxylic acids and therefore producing Cu₂O (red) from benedict's reagent (started with Cu(OH)₂

question

How do you get glycosides from your hemiacetal monosaccharide?

answer

Alcohol in the presence of ACID!!

question

How do you get a disaccharide?

answer

From the same reaction that gave us the glycoside! Its just that now the alcohol is.....ANOTHER MONOSACCHARIDE! YAY!

question

What kind of bond does Cellulose have vs Starch and glycogen?

answer

BETA 1, 4 vs the ALPHA of starch and glycogen (some α 1,6 in there too!)

question

Basic structure of an Amino Acid

answer

question

What is the only amino acid that is NOT CHIRAL?

answer

Glycine

question

Naturally-occuring amino acids are L-enantiomers. T/F? Fischer projection?

answer

True!! Fischer projections of amino acids have amino group to the left!

question

What is a zwitterion and how does an amino acid look as such?

answer

They are dipolar ions where each half neutralizes the other.

question

Amino acids are amphoteric. Why?

answer

They can act as an acid or a base. They have at least two dissociation constants (from H's on the n and c terminus)

question

When does an amino acid take on the zwitterion form?

answer

At the isoelectric point or isoelectric pH between pKa₁ and pKa₂

question

Titration of Amino Acids (Glycine)

answer

question

What looses an H first in basic titration, the amino or carboxyl group?

answer

The carboxyl group duh!

question

Things to know about titration of amino acids...

answer

1.Buffering capacity is greatest at the Ka's 2. Two moles of base need to be added in order to deprotonate one mole of most a.a. 3. When adding base, the carboxyl group looses the H first. 4. Titrations can be done in reverse starting with a basic solution and adding acid.

question

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

answer

question

Alanine

answer

question

Valine

answer

question

Leucine

answer

question

Isoleucine

answer

question

Methionine

answer

question

Proline

answer

question

Phenylalanine

answer

question

Glycine

answer

question

Tryptophan

answer

question

Serine

answer

question

Threonine

answer

question

Cysteine

answer

question

Tyrosine

answer

question

Asparagine

answer

question

Glutamine

answer

question

Aspartic Acid

answer

question

Aspartate Salt

answer

question

Glutamic Acid

answer

question

Glutamate Salt

answer

question

Arginine

answer

question

Lysine

answer

question

Histidine

answer

question

How many moles of acid are needed to neutralize 1 mole of a basic amino acid?

answer

3 moles because of the extra R amino group.

question

What is an amino acid called after it becomes a part of a peptide?

answer

A residue.

question

Why is rotation of the peptide bond limited?

answer

There is resonance about the C-N bond giving it some double bond character.

question

What level of structure is guided by hydrogen bonds for proteins?

answer

Secondary structure resulting in α-helix and β-pleated sheets.

question

What level of structure determines whether you have collagen or myoglobin?

answer

Tertiary structure in that at this level you have the determination of fibrous vs globular proteins.

question

What is a conjugated protein?

answer

One that gets part of their function from a prosthetic group.

question

What is zaitsev's rule?

answer

When producing alkenes (usually from elimination reactions) there will be a major and minor product, the major one being the more subsituted and stable form.

question

What is a Diels-Alder Reaction?

answer

...

STUDY

Anthropology Biological Anthropology Evolution Many Years Ago Modern Homo Sapiens Size And Shape

Anthrop 2200 online final osu 128 terms

Sonia Kelly

128 terms

Preview

Anthrop 2200 online final osu

question

Each of the following traits is found in a bipedal hominin EXCEPT: a) a wide and short pelvis b) a big toe in line with the other toes c) a foramen magnum far back (posterior) on the skull d) an S-shaped vertebral column

answer

question

Fossil evidence of bipedalism first appeared in the hominin lineage about ___ million years ago. a) 2 b) 4 c) 7 d) 20

answer

question

How does the shape of the vertebral column differ between human adults and fetuses? a) human fetal vertebral column is C-shaped, while the human adult vertebral column is S-shaped b) both are C-shaped, but the human adult vertebral column is larger c) both are S-shaped, but the human adult vertebral column is larger d) human fetal vertebral column is S-shaped, while the human adult vertebral column is C-shaped

answer

question

What angle does the femur form in relation to the knee in hominins? a) 90 degrees b) less than 90 degrees c) more than 90 degrees d) the femur is not part of the knee structure

answer

question

What limb proportions would you expect to see on a hominin? a) long arms relative to legs b) long legs relative to arms c) long arms and legs relative to trunk d) short arms and legs relative to trunk

answer

question

The human foot is best described as a) big toe is adducted, and there is no longitudinal arch b) big toe is divergent, and there is no longitudinal arch c) big toe is adducted, and there is a longitudinal arch d) big toe is divergent, and there is a longitudinal arch

answer

question

Modern humans are considered a) quadrupedal b) occasional bipeds c) habitual bipeds d) obligate bipeds

answer

question

______________ is when different anatomical traits evolve at different times in a lineage a) mosaic evolution b) puzzle evolution c) morphological evolution d) random evolution

answer

question

Hominins have a _________ knee a) varus b) valgus c) longitudinal d) divergent

answer

question

Modern humans have an opposable hallux. True False

answer

False

question

Study of morphological changes due to growth and development of body parts is called _______________. a) intra-specific variation b) sexual dimorphism c) the fossil record d) allometry

answer

question

The fossil record is incomplete because: a) most organisms do not fossilize b) it is difficult to find fossilized individuals c) complete species variation is not always represented d) a and b only e) all of the above

answer

question

Which of the following features is used to distinguish hominins from other apes? a) bipedalism b) lack of CP3 honing complex c) increased encephalization d) b and c only are used e) all of the above are used

answer

question

Which of the following is NOT a hominin trait? a) increased prognathism b) parabolic dental arcade c) thick enamel d) decreased prognathism

answer

question

Gracile australopithecines evolved several traits that may assist in hard-object feeding. True False

answer

False

question

Which of the following is a derived trait among robust australopithecines? a) bipedalism b) increased prognathism c) flared zygomatics d) sexual dimorphism

answer

question

The earliest hominin to appear in the fossil record is __________. a) Australopithecus robustus b) Australopithecus africanus c) Sahelanthropus tchadensis d) Australopithecus afarensis

answer

question

Which of the following features allow us to infer diet? a) bipedalism b) enamel thickness c) encephalization d) parabolic dental arch

answer

question

Which of the following is not a proto-hominin genus? a) Sahelanthropus b) Orrorin c) Ardipithecus d) Australopithecus

answer

question

Which of the following fossils is the oldest and therefore would be expected to share some anatomical similarities with the Miocene apes? a) Australopithecus afarensis b) Australopithecus anamensis c) Ardipithecus ramidus d) Australopithecus aethiopicus

answer

question

What general trends characterized the evolution of Homo cranial morphology? a) increasing cranial capacity and more oval-shaped crania through time b) decreasing cranial capacity and more oval-shaped crania through time c) increasing cranial capacity and more rounded crania though time d) decreasing cranial capacity and more rounded crania through time

answer

question

What trait remained constant throughout the evolution of Homo cranial morphology? a) cranial size b) supraorbital torus size c) prognathism d) location of the foramen magnum

answer

question

Which hominin is most commonly associated with Oldowan stone tool technology? a) Homo sapiens sapiens b) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis c) Homo habilis d) Homo erectus

answer

question

Who was the first member of the genus Homo? a) Homo sapiens sapiens b) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis c) Homo habilis d) Homo erectus

answer

question

Which of the following tool types were the first bifacial tools? a) Oldowan b) Levallois c) Mousterian d) Acheulian

answer

question

Which of the following are hypothesized to have been the first stone tools of hominins? a) Oldowan b) Levallois c) Mousterian d) Acheulian

answer

question

Which hominin developed Acheulian stone tool technology? a) Australopithecus africanus b) Australopithecus afarensis c) Homo habilis d) Homo erectus

answer

question

Which hominin is associated with the Levallois, or "prepared-core" technique? a) Homo sapiens sapiens b) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis c) Homo habilis d) Homo erectus

answer

question

Some splitters believe certain fossil skulls within Homo habilis are different enough to necessitate an additional species, Homo rudolfensis. True False

answer

True

question

Which hominin was the first to leave Africa? a) Homo sapiens b) Homo habilis c) Homo erectus d) Australopithecus africanus

answer

question

Bioarchaeology can provide information about the __________ of past populations. a) health b) activity c) nutrition d) all of the above

answer

question

Forensic anthropology is the scientific application of physical anthropology in: a) an archaeological context b) an historical context c) a medico-legal context d) an academic context

answer

question

Although they share many of the same methods, forensic anthropologists often analyze the skeletal remains of only a single individual at a time, while bioarchaeologists usually analyze skeletal samples of many individuals. True False

answer

True

question

Sex, age, ancestry, and stature estimation comprise the __________ profile. a) biological b) individual c) identifying d) legal

answer

question

Based on anthroposcopic examination of an individual's skeletal remains, sex can be determined if that individual is a) a subadult b) an adult c) neither a nor b d) both a and b

answer

question

Methods used to estimate an age range for subadult skeletal remains are based on patterns of a) degeneration b) tooth development and eruption c) sexual dimorphism d) cranial fusion

answer

question

A forensic anthropologist is called to a crime scene where skeletal remains of an adult have been discovered. Most of the remains are highly fragmentary and poorly preserved; however, the pelvis is largely intact. Which of the following might be determined from these remains? a) age and stature b) stature and sex c) occupation d) sex and age e) all of the above

answer

question

Bioarchaeologists often use stature as a measure of health in past populations because stature is influenced by environmental stressors encountered during growth and development. True False

answer

True

question

A lesion with rounded edges and additional bone growth occurred a) antemortem b) perimortem c) postmortem d) no way to tell

answer

question

In ballistic trauma, the entry hole and exit hole are the same size, so the direction of the gunshot cannot be determined. True False

answer

False

question

LAB 9

answer

The Evolution of bipedalism

question

S-shaped Vertebral Column

answer

Modern human

question

C-shaped Vertebral Column

answer

Modern chimp

question

What is the position of the foramen magnum in the modern chimp skull, compared to the modern human skull?

answer

More posterior

question

What is the position of the foramen magnum in the modern human skull, compared to the modern chimp skull?

answer

More anterior

question

Who is more similar to Australopithecus afarensis in foramen magnum placement?

answer

Modern human

question

What is the width of the modern chimp pelvis, compared to the modern human pelvis?

answer

Narrow

question

What is the width of the modern human pelvis, compared to the modern chimp pelvis?

answer

Broad

question

Who is more similar to Australopithecus afarensis in pelvis width?

answer

Modern Human

question

What is the height of the modern chimp pelvis, compared to the modern human pelvis?

answer

Tall

question

What is the height of the modern human pelvis, compared to the modern chimp pelvis?

answer

Short

question

Who is more similar to Australopithecus afarensis in pelvis height?

answer

Modern human

question

What is the length of the femoral neck in the chimp, compared to the human?

answer

Short

question

What is the length of the femoral neck in the human, compared to the chimp?

answer

Long

question

Who is more similar to Australopithecus afarensis in length of the femoral neck?

answer

Modern human

question

Does the femur angle inward or form a right angle in the chimp?

answer

Femur does not angle inward (i.e. varus knee; articulating with the knee at approximately 90 degrees)

question

Does the femur angle inward or form a right angle in the human?

answer

Femur angles inward (i.e., valgus knee)

question

Who is more similar to Australopithecus afarensis in angle of the femur at the knee joint?

answer

Modern human

question

What is the length of the hallux (or big toe) relative to the other toes in the modern chimp?

answer

Short relative to other toes

question

What is the length of the hallux (or big toe) relative to the other toes in the modern human?

answer

Long relative to other toes

question

Who is more similar to Australopithecus afarensis in length of the hallux relative to the other toes?

answer

Modern human

question

What is position of the hallux in relation to the other toes in the modern chimp?

answer

Divergent

question

What is the position of the hallux in relation to the other toes in the modern human?

answer

Adducted (i.e., in line with the other toes)

question

Who is more similar to Australopithecus afarensis in position of the hallux relative to the other toes?

answer

Modern human

question

Are the phalanges curved in the modern chimp?

answer

Yes

question

Are phalanges curved in the modern human?

answer

question

Who is more similar to Australopithecus afarensis in curvature of the phalanges?

answer

Curvature is intermediate between modern human and modern chimp

question

Based on the characteristics of these Australopithecus afarensis footprints, what is the length of the hallux (or big toe) relative to the other toes?

answer

Long relative to the other toes

question

Based on the characteristics of these Australopithecus afarensis footprints, what is the position of the hallux?

answer

Adducted (in line with the other toes)

question

Do these footprints appear to belong to a quadruped or a biped?

answer

Biped

question

Found in Ethiopia and dated to 4.4 million years ago, Ardipithecus ramidus is one of the earliest known hominins. Contrary to earlier hypotheses on bipedalism, Ardipithecus ramidus likely lived in a woodland environment. Ardipithecus ramidus provides a glimpse of early bipedal evolution and environmental influences on these anatomical changes. You will observe traits of Ardipithecus ramidus and indicate if they appear associated with bipedalism, and more human-like, or with quadrupedalism, and more ape-like.

answer

graphic of ar. ramidus

question

Using the information presented in the table above, indicate which anatomical features in Ardipithecus ramidus are more ape-like (select all that apply).

answer

Short hallux (relative to other toes) Divergent hallux Curved phalanges

question

Using the information presented in the table above, indicate which anatomical features in Ardipithecus ramidus are more human-like (select all that apply).

answer

Anteriorly-positioned foramen magnum S-shaped vertebral column Broad pelvis Short pelvis Long femoral neck Femur angles inward Valgus knee

question

True or False: These features suggest that bipedalism is an example of mosaic evolution.

answer

True

question

Which skeletal element evolved to be human-like later in the hominin lineage, after Ardipithecus ramidus?

answer

Foot

question

Lab 10: The earliest hominins

answer

Lots of diagrams

question

Chimp and Ardipithecus ramidus

answer

diagram then.. More Less Sloping Sloping More posterior More anterior

question

Based on the position of the foramen magnum, do you think Ardipithecus ramidus was a biped? Why or why not?

answer

The foramen magnum is more centrally located than it is in chimpanzees. Therefore Ardipithecus ramidus should be a biped and ultimately a hominin.

question

Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus afarensis

answer

diagram then... Similar Similar Sloping Sloping More anterior More anterior

question

Compare your observations for Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus afarensis. Which cranial traits do you think are more derived in Australopithecus afarensis compared to the earlier Ardipithecus ramidus species?

answer

The increase in brain size is the most prominent cranial change.

question

Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus

answer

diagram then... Similar Similar Sloping Sloping More anterior More anterior Smaller Larger

question

Australopithecus afarensis is a gracile australopithecine. Would you also classify Australopithecus africanus as gracile, or is it a robust australopithecine? What features support your argument?

answer

Answers will vary. Some paleoanthropologists consider Australopithecus africanus to be robust despite its gracile cranium, due to its large molars. Others place this hominin among the gracile australopithecines.

question

Australopithecus (Paranthropus) aethiopicus and Australopithecus (Paranthropus) boisei

answer

diagram then... more less similar similar less flared more flared similar similar

question

Do you think Australopithecus aethiopicus is ancestral to Australopithecus boisei? What might you determine behaviorally based on the changes from Australopithecus aethiopicus to Australopithecus boisei?

answer

Yes, Australopithecus aethiopicus is ancestral to Australopithecus boisei and it appears that this lineage is getting larger and more specialized cranially. This could be due to them consuming harder and/or tougher foods. Note that decreasing prognathism is a characteristic of robust australopithechines.

question

Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus platyops

answer

diagram then.. similar similar least sloping sloping sloping U-shaped U-shaped U-shaped

question

Is Australopithecus afarensis or Australopithecus platyops a better candidate for the ancestor to Homo habilis? Why?

answer

Answers will vary. Australopithecus afarensis is more commonly considered ancestral to the Homo lineage. You might note the unusual flatness of Australopithecus platyop's face.

question

Lab 11: The Genus Homo

answer

some graphs and pdf on top

question

Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis

answer

diagram then... Similar Similar Bony ridge Bony ridge Sloping Sloping

question

Do you think these individuals are different enough to belong to different species? Which features were most important for making your conclusion?

answer

Answers will vary. You might observe that Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis have similar feature proportions, although they are larger in absolute size in Homo rudolfensis.

question

Are there variations in Homo erectus?

answer

Compare Peking Man and Turkana Boy.

question

Turkana Boy and Peking Man

answer

diagram then... similar similar bony ridge bony ridge sloping sloping

question

Based on the features of Turkana Boy and Peking Man, do you think these should be separate species or does it represent geographic variation of Homo erectus? What features lead you to your conclusion?

answer

Answers will vary. Turkana Boy is a fairly gracile example of African Homo erectus, perhaps due to his youth or early appearance in evolutionary history, so you might observe more similarity between the two geographic variants. Later African Homo erectus are much more robust than Turkana Boy.

question

Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis.

answer

diagram then... Similar Similar Bony ridge bony ridge sloping sloping

question

Do you think it is likely that Homo erectus is ancestral to Homo heidelbergensis? What features lead you to this decision?

answer

IT GAVE NO ANSWER

question

archaic Homo heidelbergensis and Neanderthals to anatomically modern Homo sapiens

answer

diagram then... Medium Largest Smallest Bony ridge Bun Smooth Sloping Sloping Vertical Medium Largest Smallest No No Yes

question

Do you think Homo heidelbergensis is ancestral to either Homo sapiens or Neandertals? What features lead you to this decision?

answer

Answers will vary. Homo heidelbergensis is often considered ancestral to Neandertals in Europe and Asia. The particular Homo heidelbergensis used in this station is European, and thus would be ancestral to Neandertals. In Africa, Homo heidelbergensis gave rise to Homo sapiens, which migrated out to Europe and Asia to interbreed with Neandertals in those locations

question

Do you think that Neanderthals are a subspecies of Homo sapiens or are they a separate species? What features lead you to this decision?

answer

Answers will vary between students. Neandertals share genetic material with Homo sapiens with European or Asian ancestry, indicating interbreeding between these populations.

question

Homo floresiensis ("The Hobbit") and Homo sapiens

answer

diagram then... Largest Smallest Bony ridge Smooth Sloping Vertical No Yes

question

Is Homo floresiensis more similar to Homo erectus or Homo sapiens? What features lead you to this decision?

answer

Answers will vary. You might note the similarity of cranial features between Homo floresiensis and Homo erectus.

question

Compare the cranium of the La-Chapelle-Aux-Saints, a Neandertal, to Homo sapiens

answer

pdfs

question

Which skull has a larger nasal aperture compared to the size of its face?

answer

Neandertal

question

Which skull is more robust overall?

answer

Neandertal

question

How could a large nasal aperture aid survival in a cold climate?

answer

The large nasal aperture allows the cold air to become warm and moist before passing into the lungs.

question

Oldowan, Acheulian, and Mousterian tools

answer

question

Is the tool unifaced (flaked on one side) or bifaced (flaked on both sides)?

answer

Unifaced Bifaced Bifaced

question

Was the tool likely primarily used for hunting or scavenging? Oldowan Hunting Acheulian Scavenging Mousterian Scavenging

answer

Scavenging Scavenging Hunting

question

Which tools are most commonly associated with which hominins?

answer

Homo habilis = oldowan homo erectus = archeulian neadertals = mousterian

question

Lab 12: Forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology

answer

diagrams on skulls

question

Skulls with diagrams

answer

1 = Female 2 = Probable Female 3 = Indeterminate 4 = Probable Male 5 = Male

question

Skull #1: Mastoid process

answer

Male (4 or 5)

question

Skull #1: Nuchal crest

answer

Male (4 or 5)

question

Skull #2: Mastoid process

answer

Female (1 or 2)

question

Skull #2: Nuchal crest

answer

Female (1 or 2)

question

Estimate the sex of these skulls.

answer

Female = skull 2 Male = skull 1

question

pelvis diagrams

answer

1 = Female 2 = Probable Female 3 = Indeterminate 4 = Probable Male 5 = Male

question

Greater sciatic notch:

answer

Male (4 or 5)

question

Score the subpubic concavity of the pelvis in the right side image as concave or convex.

answer

Convex (Male)

question

Assume that the pelvis you scored for the greater sciatic notch is the same pelvis you scored for the subpubic concavity. Estimate the sex of this pelvis.

answer

Male

question

Diagram of dentition

answer

question

A mean age of 10 years is associated with the stage of dental development and eruption in the skull pictured above.

answer

12 years

question

femur diagrams

answer

diagrams of femurs... No No No No Yes Yes

question

The osteometric board measures in millimeters, so divide your measurement by 10 to convert to centimeters. Blank 1: Calculate the mean stature using the formula: 2.38 x (Femur length in cm) + 61.41 = 165 Blank 2: Calculate the minimum stature using the formula: Mean stature - 3.27 = 162 Blank 3: Calculate the maximum stature using the formula: Mean stature + 3.27 = 168 In all cases, round to the nearest whole centimeter. Enter the number in the blank WITHOUT unit notation (e.g. 160)

answer

question

Select the answer that best describes the cranial trauma pictured above. Trauma: Case #1

answer

Blunt force trauma (Antemortem)

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Select the answer that best describes the cranial trauma pictured above. Trauma: Case #2

answer

Sharp force trauma (Antemortem)

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Select the answer that best describes the cranial trauma pictured above. Trauma: Case #3

answer

Blunt force trauma (Perimortem)

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Select the answer that best describes the cranial trauma pictured above. Trauma: Case #4

answer

Ballistic trauma (Perimortem)

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Select the answer that best describes the cranial trauma pictured above. Trauma: Case #5

answer

Sharp force trauma (Perimortem)

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Select the answer that best describes the cranial trauma pictured above. Trauma: Case #6

answer

Ballistic trauma (Perimortem)

STUDY

Evolution Production And Distribution Social Studies Washington Naval Conference World History World History And Geography

BJ American Republic Chapter 22 new – Flashcards 27 terms

Alexandra Robertson

27 terms

Preview

BJ American Republic Chapter 22 new – Flashcards

question

What did Warren G. Harding stress in his presidential campaign?

answer

return to normalcy

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What did the Washington Naval Conference seek to limit?

answer

naval shipbuilding

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Why did Americans want to set immigration quotas?

answer

fear of immigrants who might spread Communist ideas in America

question

What was the Red Scare?

answer

American's fear of communism

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How did the automobile change life for farmers? for city workers?

answer

Farm families could make more frequent trips to town for shopping and social events.; City workers could live in suburbs.

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What American pilot was a hero of the 1920's? What did he accomplish in 1927?

answer

Charles Lindbergh; solo flight across Atlantic Ocean

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What basic mass production technique did Henry Ford introduce?

answer

assembly line

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Why were the 1920's called the "Roaring Twenties"? What does the literature of the era reveal about the satisfaction people gained in such a society?

answer

immoral lifestyles increased; Literature reveals despair and lack of meaning in life.

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What bill did the NAACP try to have Congress pass?

answer

anti-lynching law

question

What is "bootlegging"?

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selling illegal liquor

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What famous trial took place as a result of the teaching of evolution? Where did it take place?

answer

Scopes trial; Dayton, TN

question

Name the three Republican presidents of the 1920s.

answer

Harding, Coolidge, Hoover

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What act of corruption is associated with Albert B. Fall?

answer

Teapot Dome Scandal (leased government oil reserves to two oil men for kickback)

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Al Capone

answer

a Chicago gangster

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Calvin Coolidge

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"the business of America is business"

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Albert B. Fall

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organizer of the Teapot Dome scheme

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Warren G. Harding

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America should "return to normalcy"

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Herbert Hoover

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inherited the fall from prosperity

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Charles Lindbergh

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flew the Spirit of St. Louis to Paris

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What two international agreements did the US sign in the 1920s

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1 Washington Naval Conference (limited production of naval warships) 2 Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact (outlawed war as a means of settling international disputes)

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What was the "Red Scare"?

answer

fear of Communism

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When was the first commercial radio broadcast, and what did it announce?

answer

November 2, 1920--Harding's election to the presidency

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In what ways was racism ingrained in early twentieth century America?

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In the minds of many white Protestants, the immorality of the 20's was blamed on immigrants, Catholics, and minorities.

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What were the shockingly fashionable young women of the 1920s called?

answer

flappers

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When did Prohibition begin, and when did it end?

answer

1919-1933

question

What is bootlegging?

answer

selling illegal liquor

question

In what famous trial was a teacher convicted of teaching evolution but biblical Christianity ridiculed?

answer

Scopes trial

STUDY

Commands Evolution Management Operating Systems Universe

Chapter 1 & 2 – Management – Test Bank – Flashcards 36 terms

Maddison Bailey

36 terms

Preview

Chapter 1 & 2 – Management – Test Bank – Flashcards

question

Scientific Management is associateed with

answer

Fredrick Taylor

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A flex style of management means

answer

adjusting decisions and actions to the needs of the situation

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Human relations theory emphasizes

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a fair day's work

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Human skills needed by a manager include

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ability to advise workers on personal matters

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Participative management

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allows workers to take part in decisions affecting them

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Management theory

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must be adapted to the situation and the people involved

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A supervisor has an obligation to customers to

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see that their needs and desires are met, train workers in guest relations, represent the enterprise well

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An organization chart shows

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lines of authority and responsibility

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An approach to management that blends standardization, concern with people, and participative techniques is called

answer

humanistic management

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A poor work climate can cause

answer

low productivity and fewer customers

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Why is it not uncommon for some hourly workers such as bartenders and serving personnel to take home more pay than their supervisors?

answer

Supervisors are exempt employees and are not covered by wage and hour laws.

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Total Quality Management (TQM) is a

answer

participative process that empowers all level of employees to work in groups to establish guest service expectations

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Boomerang management occurs when a

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supervisor reverts from a management point of view to a worker's point of view

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Authority in hospitality management can be defined as

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having the right to make the necessary decisions and take necessary actions to get the job done

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Working supervisors

answer

in close contact with the people they supervise, focus on work

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The supervisors' role is to

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be responsible for the quantity and quality of the products and services, meet employee needs, be responsible for the output of the people supervised

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The supervisor's authority comes from

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power to hire and fire, reward and punish, consistent disciplinary action, acceptance of authority by workers

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Management by example refers to

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setting a good example for your workers

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When an employee has much commitment but little competence to do a job, the best leadership style according to situational leadership theories is

answer

directing

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Leadership style refers to

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the manner of interaction the supervisor uses with employees in directing and controlling the work

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A fear-and-punishment leadership style

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breeds resentment, low morale, and personnel problems

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The Theory X view of workers holds that

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people dislike work and must be coerced and threatened with punishment to get the work done

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The Theory Y view of workers holds that

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work is as natural as play, and people will work of their own accord toward objectives that fill personal needs

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The leadership style that delegates all authority and power to the employees is called

answer

Laissez-faire

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Situational leadership theory holds that

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the degree of worker participation should depend on the work, the people, the leader, and time pressures—the total situation

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Which of the following statements is true concerning the development of leaders?

answer

Which of the following statements is true concerning the development of leaders?

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A Formal Leader is one who is

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according to the organizational chart "in charge"

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Over ________% of the hospitality industry is women

answer

question

A transformational leader

answer

none of the above

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A transactional leader(s)

answer

motivates through appealing to the workers self- interest (rewards)

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According to the theory of Situational Leadership the types of behaviors are

answer

a. directive and supportive

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The hotel and restaurant industry depends on large numbers of people to fill_________, __________ jobs that have little interest and no perceived future

answer

entry level, low wage

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In your typical full service restaurant you will lose _______ of your hourly employees in _________ year(s)

answer

all, 1

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Being a leader means

answer

being someone that people follow voluntarily

question

According to McGregor, the autocratic style is typical of which theory?

answer

Theory X

question

Which of the following is not one of the four styles of leading?

answer

discipline

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