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Exam 2- Stress Management – Flashcards 97 terms

Tyree Bender

97 terms

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Exam 2- Stress Management – Flashcards

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Lazarus perceived stress to be a function of

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demands exceeding resources

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Activities to prevent a stressor from resulting in negative consequences are known as

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Interventions

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Interpretation of a stressor is known as

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cognitive appraisal

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After a life situations is perceived as stressful what happens next

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emotional arousal

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In the stress model, emotional reaction leads to

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physiological arousal

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All of the following are examples of physiological arousal, EXCEPT

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feeling overwhelmed

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If someone's response to stress proves to be ineffective, he or she should engage in

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reappraisal

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An intrapersonal matter is between

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You and You

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being malnourished means you

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all of the above

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Examples of foods high in saturated fats would include

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all of the above

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Self imposed starvation is known as

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anorexia nervosa

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Food substances that produce a stress-like response are known as

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both pseudostressors and sympathomimetics

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Examples of sympathomimetics include all the following, EXCEPT

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fruit

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A deficiency in B complex and Vitamin C can result in which condition?

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All of the above

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A condition in which bones become weak and brittle and the sufferer is at an increased risk for fractures is known as

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Osteoporosis

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Noise that helps you relax and also drowns out other sounds that may interfere with relaxation is called

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white noise

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a word that is the focus of meditation

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a mantra

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The presence of significant others with whom one can discuss stressors is called

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social support

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Daily interactions that are essentially negative are known as

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hassles

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positive events that make us feel good are known as

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uplifts

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According to Lazarus,

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daily hassles are more harmful than significant life events

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Expressing yourself and satisfying your own needs, feeling good about this, and not hurting others in the process is known as

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assertive behavior

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Aggressive nonverbal communication would include which of the following?

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all choices are correct

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Which of the following is TRUE about nonverbal body language?

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All are correct

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Paraphrasing a speaker's words and feelings is known as

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Active listening

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When trying to resolve a conflict, you should do all of the following, EXCEPT

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use "but" not "and"

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A time management technique in which tasks are prioritized is known as

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A, B, C lists

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Which of the following are aspects of most relaxation techniques?

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All of the above

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Social support consists of all the following, EXCEPT

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imitative support

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The first step of selective awareness is to

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recognize positive and negative elements

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Humor has been shown to

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do all of the above

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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type A behavior?

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Confidence

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Researchers have developed two components of Type A behavior that appear to operate in opposing directions. These two components are

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impatience/irritability and achievement striving.

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How highly you regard yourself is

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self-esteem

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The perception that one has little control over events that affect one's life is known as

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External Locus of control

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The perception that one has control over events that affect one's life is known as

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internal Locus of control

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The belief that one is either the victim of circumstances or the master of circumstances, each of which is erroneous, is known as

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co-creator perception deficiency

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An unrealistic fear that manifests itself in physiological arousal and is accompanied by the behavioral signs of escape or avoidance is

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anxiety

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Anxiety that is either temporary in nature or specific to a particular stimulus is known as

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state anxiety

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A general sense of anxiety not specific to a particular stimulus is known as

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trait anxiety

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Feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning are known as

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Panic disorder

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If you are having a panic attack, which of the following will most likely occur?

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All the choices are equally likely to occur

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An intense fear of something that poses little or no actual danger is known as a(n)

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specific phobia

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Either imagining or encountering an anxiety-provoking stimulus while practicing relaxation is known as

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systematic desensitization

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A state of mind and body that includes three factors: commitment, control, and challenge, is known as

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Hardiness

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Self-efficacy is the personal belief that the self

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Can be successful

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Resilient traits include all of the following, EXCEPT

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A lack of inhibition

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Hardiness has been shown to do all the following, EXCEPT

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decrease one's ability to access strong emotions

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At stress reduction clinics, patients use which technique to learn how to live in the moment and become acutely aware of feelings, thoughts, and sensations?

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mindfulness meditation

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A person's view of life's meaning, direction, purpose, and connectedness to other things, other people, and the past and future is known as

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spirituality

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Prayer that seeks divine intervention either to prevent an occurrence or to help overcome it are known as

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intercessory prayer

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Spirituality can function as

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either primary or secondary control

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In a study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), the most common form of CAM is

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prayer

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Research investigations in which neither the research subject nor the data collectors are aware of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group are known as

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double blind

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Forgiving others has been found to be associated with which of the following

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all of the above

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the purpose of meditation is to

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gain control over your attention

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A geometric figure used as the object of focus during meditation is called a(n)

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mandala

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Pranayama is

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a Hindu practice that involves breathing as the object of focus during meditation.

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Nadam is

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imagined sounds used as the object of focus during meditation

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Unanswerable, illogical riddles used as the object of focus during meditation are called

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Koans

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mantra is

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a word used as the object of focus during meditation.

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A good time to meditate is

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before rising

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The generalized warmth experienced during autogenics is a function of the dilation of

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blood vessels

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The sensation of heaviness experienced during autogenics is caused by

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muscles relaxing

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autogenic means

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self generating

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A(n) _________ in alpha brain waves, a sign of mental relaxation, occurs as a result of autogenics

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increase

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Using as many senses as you can during imagery will

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make the image as real as possible

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Other names for _________ are Jacobsonian relaxation and neuromuscular relaxation

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Progressive relaxation

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A process by which one muscle group is relaxed, then another muscle group is relaxed, is called

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Progressive relaxation

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The contraction phase of progressive relaxation is designed to help people better recognize when they are

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bracing

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The use of electronic instruments or other techniques to monitor and change subconscious activities, many of which are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, is called

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biofeedback

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Electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback measures

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muscle contractions

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Deep breathing that expands the belly rather than the chest is called

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Diaphragmatic breathing

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A relaxation technique that searches for relaxed body parts and transports that sensation to less relaxed areas is called

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body scanning

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The most relaxing and healthy type of breathing is

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Diaphragmatic breathing

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____________ is focusing your attention on the present moment

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Mindfulness

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The ability to do continuous muscular work, i.e., the amount of work that can be done over time, is called

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Muscular endurance

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Brain neurotransmitters that are released during exercise and that reduce feelings of pain are called

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endorphins

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Reasons that interfere with someone engaging in behaviors that he or she wishes to engage in are called

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barriers

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"I can take charge of my own health" is a statement made by someone exhibiting a(n)

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internal locus of control

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Something as simple as a smile from another individual is a form of

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social reinforcement

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The use of activities to feel better about a task is known as

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emotion-focused coping

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Which of the following in NOT a concern among college students?

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All of the choices are concerns

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The younger college student is confronted with which of the following tasks during that time in his or her life?

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all the choices are correct

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Having too many courses or courses too difficult to complete well during one semester is known as

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course overload

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What is one of the most significant stressors for college students?

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money

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What type of love is playful and flirtatious, involving no long-term commitment?

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ludic love

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Which of the following types of love is calm and companionate, conceiving of a long-term relationship?

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storgic love

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Which of the following types of love is a passionate, all-enveloping type of love, recognized by the heart racing and other signs of excitement?

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erotic love

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Which of the following types of love is a combination of passionate love and flirtatious love, characterized by jealousy and irrational joy, and unlikely to result in a long-term commitment?

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manic love

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____________ is a condition transmitted through sexual contact and the sharing of intravenous needles that leads to the mixing of blood or semen. It causes the immune system to become progressively ineffective.

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AIDS

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Which of the following is not a high risk group for AIDS?

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Blood donors

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AIDS can be transmitted in which of the following ways?

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sharing needles

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The U.S. blood supply has been screened since

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1985

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Which of the following is a type of sexually transmitted infection?

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all of them are sexually transmitted infections

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Which of the following would not help relieve stress among college students?

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drinking alcohol

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consenting sex involves

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all of the above

STUDY

AP Psychology Emotion Focused Coping General Adaptation Syndrome Health Psychology Problem Focused Coping Psychology Tend And Befriend

AP Psychology, Chapter 14 Study Guide questions – Flashcards 69 terms

Judith Simpson

69 terms

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AP Psychology, Chapter 14 Study Guide questions – Flashcards

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behavioral medicine

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Behavioral and medical knowledge about factors influencing health form the basis of the field of:

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adrenal; sympathetic

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The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the _______ gland in response to stimulation by the _______ branch of the nervous system.

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stage of exhaustion

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During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to disease?

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coronary heart disease

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The leading cause of death in North America is:

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Type A

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Researchers Friedman and Rosenman refer to individuals who are very time-conscious, super-motivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered as:

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promote the buildup of plaques on the artery walls

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One effect of stress hormones is to:

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psychophysiological

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Genuine illnesses that are caused by stress are called ____ illnesses.

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cancer, progressing from HIV to AIDS, bacterial infections

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Stress has been demonstrated to place a person at increased risk of:

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the process by which we perceive and respond to challenging or threatening events

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Stress is defined as:

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controlled

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In one experiment, both "executive" rates and "subordinate" rats received identical electric shocks, the only difference being whether the shocks could be:

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had a defective gene for producing leptin, a fat-detecting hormone

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In studies of obese mice, researchers have found that some mice:

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problem-focused coping

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Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing a stressor or how we interact with it is an example of:

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became physiologically more relaxed after confiding their problem

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A study in which people were asked to confide troubling feelings to an experimenter found that participants typically:

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social; biological

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Research suggests that ____ influences often lead a person to start smoking, whereas _____ influences become important in explaining why people continue to smoke.

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the body weight of adoptees correlates with that of their biological parents

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Research on genetic influences on obesity reveals that:

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exercise improves functioning of the immune system

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Which of the following was not mentioned in the text as a potential health benefit of exercise?

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depression, anxiety, sleeplessness

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Research studies demonstrate that after a catastrophe rates of ___ often increase.

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sweet water alone triggered immune suppression

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In one study, laboratory rats drank sweetened water with a drug that causes immune suppression. After repeated pairings of the taste with the drug:

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usually increases

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Social support _____ our ability to cope with stressful events.

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an exchange of blood or semen

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The AIDS virus is transmitted primarily by:

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rivals nonsmoking and exercise

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Research has demonstrated that as a predictor of health and longetivity, religious involvement:

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the prevention of illness, the promotion of health, the treatment of illness

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The field of health psychology is concerned with:

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alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

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In order, the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is:

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immune system

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AIDS is a disorder that causes a breakdown in the body's:

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an alternative to the "fight-or-flight" response that may be more common in women

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"Tend and befriend" refers to:

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when stressed, type A persons show greater output of stress hormones than type B persons

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Which of the following statements concerning Type A and B persons is true?

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behavior

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According to the text, one-half of all deaths from the 10 leading causes of death in the United States can be attributed to:

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B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes

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The disease- and infection-fighting cells of the immune system are:

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suppress the immune system

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One effect of stress on the body is to:

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have stronger immune systems, are less susceptible to infections, are more susceptible to self-attacking diseases such as multiple sclerosis

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Compared to men, women:

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increase; suppressed

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In response to uncontrollable shock, levels of stress hormones _____ and immune responses are ______.

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an overreactive immune system

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Allergic reactions and arthritis are caused by:

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stress affects the growth of cancer cells by weakening the body's natural resources, patients' attitudes can influence their rate of recovery, cancer occurs slightly more often than usual among those widowed, divorced, or separated

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Research on cancer patients reveals that:

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anger

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The component of Type A behavior that is the most predictive of coronary disease is:

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most participants eventually resume smoking

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Which of the following is true concerning smoking treatment programs?

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a person is given sensory feedback for a subtle body response, biological functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system may come under conscious control, the accompanying relaxation is much the same as that produced by other, simpler methods of relaxation

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During biofeedback training:

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once fat cells are acquired they are never lost, no matter how rigorously one diets

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Research on obesity indicates that:

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genetic predisposition, childhood eating patterns, adulthood eating patterns

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The number of fat cells a person has is influenced by:

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cigarettes serve as powerful reinforcers

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Which of the following was offered in the text as a reason people continue to smoke?

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emerged in our prehistoric ancestors as an adaptive response to alternating periods of feast and famine

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The tendency to overeat when food is plentiful:

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because they are more affluent, religiously active people receive better health care

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Which of the following was not suggested as a possible explanation of the "faith factor" in health?

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complementary and alternative medicine

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Acupuncture, aromatherapy, and homeopathy are forms of:

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obese people tend to lack willpower

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Which of the following is not necessarily a reason that obese people have trouble losing weight?

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when a person diets, metabolism decreases

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After an initial rapid weight loss, a person on a diet loses weight much more slowly. This slowdown occurs because:

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historically, religion and medicine joined hands in caring for the sick; most Americans believe that spirituality and religion are related to health; people who attend religious services weekly have healthier life-styles

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Concluding her presentation on spirituality and health, Maja notes that:

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increased circulation to extremities

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Malcom's report on the effects of nicotine mentions each of the following except:

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emotion-focused coping

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Ricardo has been unable to resolve a stressful relationship with a family member. To cope, he turns to a close friend for social support. Ricardo's coping strategy is an example of:

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"In order to treat yourself to one 'normal' meal each day, eat very little until the evening meal"

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Which of the following would be the worst piece of advice to offer to someone trying to lose weight?

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exhaustion; general adaptation syndrome

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Each semester, Bob does not start studying until just before midterms. Then he is forced to work around the clock until after final exams, which makes him sick, probably because he is in the ___ phase of the ____.

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how they appraise the events of life

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Connie complains to the campus psychologist that she has too much stress in her life. The psychologist tells her that the level of stress people experience depends primarily on:

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managing rather than coping

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To help him deal with a stressful schedule of classes, work, and studying Randy turns to a regular program of exercise and relaxation training. Randy's strategy is an example of:

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Kyumi

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Karen and Kyumi are taking the same course with different instructors. Karen's instructor quizzes every Friday, while Kyumi's instructor gives the same number of quizzes on an unpredictable schedule. Assuming that their instructors are equally difficult, and that the two students tend to perceive exam stress in the same way, which student is probably under more stress?

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Type B

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Jill is an easygoing, noncompetitive person who is happy in her job and enjoys her leisure time. She would probably be classified as:

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a T lymphocyte

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A white blood cell that is formed in the thymus and that attacks cancer cells is:

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during exam weeks

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When would you expect that your immune responses would be weakest?

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"Maintain a sense of control and a positive approach to life."

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Which of the following would be the best piece of advice to offer a person who is trying to minimize the adverse effects of stress on his or her health?

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nicotine

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I am a widely abused drug that has a calming effect by stimulating the release of dopamine in the central nervous system. What am I?

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their set points, their metabolic rates

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Kenny and his brother have nearly identical eating and exercise habits, yet Kenny is obese and his brother is very thin. The most likely explanation for the difference in their body weights is that they differ in:

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behavioral medicine

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Dr. Williams, who conducts smoking cessation clinics, explains to his clients that smoking is best understood as an interaction of psychological, biological, and social influences. Dr. Williams is working within the ______ perspective.

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psychophysiological

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Philip's physician prescribes a stress management program to help Philip control his headaches. The physician has apparently diagnosed Philip's condition as a ____ illness.

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using role-playing to teach him refusal techniques to counteract peer pressure to smoke

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Camelia is worried that her 12-year-old son might begin smoking because many of his classmates do. According to the text, Camelia can most effectively help her son not begin smoking by:

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believing that you have some control over your environment, being able to predict when stressful events will occur, feeling optimistic that you will eventually adjust to your new surroundings

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You have just transferred to a new campus and find yourself in a potentially stressful environment. According to the text, which of the following would help you cope with the stress?

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arthritis is a cyclical disease that often improves on its own

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Andrew, who is convinced that an expensive herbal remedy "cured" his arthritis, has decided to turn to homeopathy and herbal medicine for all of his health care. You caution him by pointing out that:

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General Adaptation Syndrome

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Greg stays up all night during finals week studying for exams. As the week progresses, his muscles tighten and he develops a stiff neck. By the last day of finals, he is taking more frequent breaks, leaning back in the desk chair, and staring off into space. he arrives for the last test with a sore throat and headache. Which of the following best describes Greg's reponse to stress?

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Amygdala

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Which of the following structures of the brain has been linked with the flight or flight response?

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emotion-focused coping

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attempting to deal with stress by avoiding or ignoring the stressor

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stressor

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Appraised as a "threat" or "challenged"

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problem-focused coping

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attempting to deal with stress by changing how we interact with the stressor

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psychophysiological illness

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Headaches and hypertension can be an example of this

STUDY

Emotion Focused Coping Goal Directed Behaviors Interests And Abilities Meet The Client Occupational Therapy Person Environment Fit Physical And Mental Health

Unit 1 (Chapters 1-4) – Flashcards 107 terms

August Dunbar

107 terms

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Unit 1 (Chapters 1-4) – Flashcards

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Activity

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State of being involved. Can have purpose, but might not be meaningful. Goal directed.

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Areas of Occupation

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Various life activities including activities of daily living, (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), self-care, education, work, play, leisure and social participation. *Core concept of occupational therapy.

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Client

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A term used to refer to those who are being served in a mental health or training facility.

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Contrived

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Made up activities (not in real setting) used to help simulate the skills for the actual desired activity (e.g. pretending to throw a ball).

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Function

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Action for which a person is specifically fitted; the ability to perform.

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Goal

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End toward which effort is directed.

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Independence

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Being self-reliant

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Media

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Objects and materials used to facilitate change.

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Occupation

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Activity in which one engages that is meaningful and helps to define who we are; Everyday things we do that are meaningful to us. *A core concept of occupational therapy.

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Occupation-Centered

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Activities based in their natural setting (e.g. playing catch with friends).

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Occupational Performance

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The ability to carry out ADLs (activities of daily life).

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OT (Occupational Therapist)

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A therapist that has master's degree, extensive education in theory and evaluation, and is considered professionally trained.

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Occupational Therapy

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The therapeutic use of everyday activities for the purpose of participation and engagement in everyday life. This includes physical, cognitive, and psychosocial function. Also promoting health and wellness.

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OTA (Occupational Therapy Assistant)

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An assistant supervised by an occupational therapist that has an associate's degree and is considered technically trained.

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(Occupational) Practitioner

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Either an occupational therapist or an occupational therapist assistant.

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Patient

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Referring to those served typically within a hospital or rehabilitation setting.

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Preparatory

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Activities that help the client prepare for purposeful activities. Getting ready i.e. touching fingers to thumbs.

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Purposeful

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Activity that is meaningful to a client and has an end product (e.g. throwing a ball at a target). *A core concept of occupational therapy.

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Therapy

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Treatment or prevention of an illness or disability by using goal directed activities that promote independence and function.

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Adolf Meyer

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Name the influential person: - Holistic perspective - A psycho-biological approach - Worked with Eleanor Clarke Slagle - Swiss physician - Formed philosophical base of OT (rhythm and balance)

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ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act of ) 1990

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Legislation that provides civil rights to all individuals with disabilities and provide accessibility at work and public settings. *Affected OT services

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AOTA (American Occupational Therapy Association)

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Established in 1921. The nationally recognized professional association for occupational therapy practitioners. Formerly known as the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy.

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Arts and Crafts (Movement)

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The late 19th century movement that was started in reaction to the industrial revolution; emphasizing craftsmanship and design. Using hands to make items connected people to their work.

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BBA (Balanced Budget Act of ) 1997

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Legislation intended to reduce Medicare spending, create incentives for development of managed care pans, encourage enrollment in managed care plans, and limit fee-for-service payment and programs. *Affected OT services (a decrease in OT jobs)

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Benjamin Rush

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A Quaker who was the first physician to institute Moral Treatment practices in the United States.

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Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act

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Established in 1920. An Act that provided federal funds to states to provide vocational rehabilitation services to civilians with disabilities.

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Deinstitutionalism

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A plan developed in the 50's to reduce the population of mental institutions and focus on reforming mental hospitals processes to reduce learned helplessness. Getting patients out of hospitals and into communities.

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Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975

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Act that established the right of all children to a free and appropriate education, regardless of handicapping condition. The beginning of IEPs. *Affected OT services

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Eleanor Clarke Slagle

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Name the influential person: - A social worker that developed habit training - Organized the first school for occupational therapy - Worked with Adolf Meyer - An award is given in her honor annually - Mother of occupational therapy

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Gary Kielhofner

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A Dr. that developed the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) which is the most evidence-based model of practice in occupational therapy (1949 - 2010)

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George Edward Barton

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Name the influential person: - An architect in the early 1900's - Opened the Consolation House for convalescent patients - Occupation was used as a method of treatment. - Suffered from tuberculosis, paralysis and foot amputation.

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Habit Training

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A re-education program dedicated to restoring and maintaining health by directing activity to construct new habits and discarding ineffective ones. Developed by Eleanor Slagle.

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Handicapped Infants and Toddlers Act of 1986

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An amendment to the Education of All Handicapped Children Act; includes children from three to five years of age and initiates new early intervention programs for children from birth to three years.

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Herbert Hall

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Name the influential person: - Harvard physician - Adapted the arts and crafts movement for medical purposes and treatment - Originally called "work cure". - Worked with patients diagnosed with Neurasthenia.

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Holistic

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A psychobiological approach encouraged by Adolf Meyer that deems that each individual should be seen as a complete and unified whole. *A core concept of occupational therapy.

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(Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) IDEA of 1991

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Legislation that requires school districts to educate students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment (alongside students without disabilities). This was amended in 1997 to improve educational opportunities for children. *Affected OT services

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Medicare

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Enacted in 1965; legislation that provides health care assistance for individuals 65 years or older or those who are permanently and totally disabled. *Affected OT services (limited service)

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Moral Treatment

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The belief that all people, even the most challenged, are entitled to consideration and human compassion. Even if confined, the existence should be more bearable. Conceived by Pinel and Tuke.

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NSPOT (National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy)

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Formed on March 15, 1917 (until 1921); marked the birth of the profession of occupational therapy.

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Philippe Pinel

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Name the influential person: - A physician in France who introduced "work treatment" for the insane in the late 1700's - Part of the Moral Treatment Movement - Used occupation to divert the patients' minds away from their emotional disturbances and towards improvement. - Used physical exercise, work music, literature, and farming in his treatments - Published work in 1801

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PPS (Prospective Payment System)

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A method of reimbursement in which Medicare payment is made based on a predetermined, fixed amount which is constructed from a classification system. Diagnosis-related groupings were created (DRGs).

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Reconstruction Aides

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Began in 1917 by Woodrow Wilson. Civilians who helped rehabilitate soldiers who had been injured in WWI so that they could either return to active military duty or be employed in a civilian job.

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Reductionistic

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The concept of isolating, defining, and treating body functions and focus on a specific area.

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Rehabilitation Act of 1973

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An Act that: - Gives equal rights for individuals with disabilities - Emphasized the need for rehabilitation research - Priority service for persons with the most severe disabilities. - Allowed the patient to be involved with his own treatment planning. - Development of standards that can be assessed

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Rehabilitation Movement

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From 1942 - 1960 in which Veterans Administration hospitals increased in size and number to handle the casualties of war and continued care of veterans.

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Soldier's Rehabilitation Act

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An act established in 1918 (post WWI) that established a program of vocational rehabilitation for soldiers who were disabled during active duty.

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Susan Cox Johnson

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Name the influential person: - A 1900's designer and teacher - Demonstrated that occupation could be morally uplifting and could improve the mental and physical state of patients and inmates in public hospitals and almshouses - Taught OT and advocated for higher education standards.

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Susan Tracy

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Name the influential person: - A nurse involved in the Arts and Crafts movement - Trained nurses in the use of occupations - Published 1910, Studies in Invalid Occupation - Wrote the first book about OT

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Technology Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988

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An Act that addressed the availability of assistive technology devices and services to individuals with disabilities.

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Thomas Kidner

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A Canadian architect who was influential in establishing a presence for occupational therapy in vocational rehabilitation and tuberculosis treatment.

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William (Rush) Dunton

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Name the influential person: - Introduced a regimen of crafts for his patients at Sheppard Asylum. - Published Occupational Therapy: A Manual for Nurses in 1915. - President and treasurer of National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy for 21 years. - The father of occupational therapy

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William Tuke

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Name the influential person: - Part of the Moral Treatment Movement - An English Quaker and wealthy merchant who established a York retreat instead of the asylum - Believed in moral treatment and approaching patients with kindness and consideration - Published work in 1813

question

WWI

answer

Centralized in Europe from 1914 to 1918. Reconstructions Aids took care of veterans and a link between OT and physical disabilities began.

question

WWII

answer

This was another boost for the OT field that required emergency courses, accredited schools, and a new demand for occupational therapy.

question

AOTF (American Occupational Therapy Foundation)

answer

This foundation was formed in 1965 to promote research and occupational therapy through financial support.

question

OTA (Occupational Therapy Assistant)

answer

This profession began in 1958 to provide supportive personnel to occupational therapists.

question

NBCOT (National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy)

answer

The organization responsible for administering the national certification exam.

question

1921

answer

What year was the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) was established?

question

1990

answer

What year was the Americans with Disabilities Act established?

question

1965

answer

What year was the American Occupational Therapy Foundation (AOTF) established?

question

1997

answer

What year was the Balanced Budget Act (BBA) established?

question

1920

answer

What year was the Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act established?

question

1975

answer

What year was the Education for All Handicapped Children Act established?

question

1986

answer

What year was the Handicapped Infants and Toddlers Act amendment established?

question

1991

answer

What year was the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act established?

question

1965

answer

What year was medicare established?

question

1917

answer

What year was the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy (NSPOT) established?

question

1958

answer

What year was the occupational therapy assistant (OTA) profession started?

question

1917

answer

What year did jobs for reconstruction aides begin?

question

1942 - 1960

answer

When was the Rehabilitation Movement?

question

1918

answer

What year was the Soldiers Rehabilitation Act established?

question

1988

answer

What year was the Technology Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act established?

question

Active Being

answer

The view of humans as actively involved in controlling and determining their own behavior. *A core concept of occupational therapy.

question

Activity

answer

State or condition of being involved (participant); a general class of human actions that is goal-directed.

question

Adaptation

answer

A change in function that promotes survival and self-actualization. *A core concept of occupational therapy.

question

Altruism

answer

The unselfish concern for the welfare of others. *A core value in OT

question

Axiology

answer

The study of values. "What is the right conduct?"

question

Client-Centered

answer

An approach in which the client, family, and significant others are active participants throughout the therapeutic process. *A core concept of occupational therapy.

question

Dignity

answer

The quality or state of being worthy, honored, or esteemed. *A core value in OT

question

Epistemology

answer

The study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. "How do we learn things?" and "How do we know that we know things?"

question

Equality

answer

The treatment of all individuals with an attitude of fairness and impartiality and the respecting of each individual's beliefs, values, and lifestyles. *A core value in OT

question

Freedom

answer

An individual's right to exercise choice. *A core value in OT

question

Humanism

answer

The belief that the client should be treated as a person, not an object. *A core concept of occupational therapy.

question

Justice

answer

The need for all occupational therapy practitioners to abide by the laws that govern the practice and the legal rights to the client. *A core value in OT

question

Metaphysical

answer

Philosophical component that addresses questions of the nature of humankind.

question

(Occupation) as a Means

answer

To improve, restore, or compensate a skill to make change happen (e.g. initiating conversation to improve social skills). Might not be meaningful. *A core concept of occupational therapy.

question

(Occupation) as an End

answer

Engaging in the occupation is the goal of the intervention. *A core concept of occupational therapy.

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Occupational Performance

answer

The ability to carry out activities in the area of occupation.

question

Phenomenological View

answer

The meaning that people attach to things. That which is meaningful and provides satisfaction that is determined by the experience of the individual.

question

Professional Philosophy

answer

A set of values, beliefs, truths, and principals that guide the practitioner's actions.

question

Prudence

answer

The ability to demonstrate sound judgement, care, and discretion. *A core value in OT

question

Quality of Life

answer

A relative measurement of what is meaningful and what provides satisfaction to an individual. *A core concept of occupational therapy.

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Role

answer

Set of expected behaviors or duties for short or long terms.

question

Reductionistic

answer

The concept of isolating, defining, and treating body functions and focus on a specific area.

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Task

answer

The basic units of action...smaller steps.

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Truthfulness

answer

The value demonstrated through behavior that is accountable, honest, and accurate, and that maintains one's professional competence. *A core value in OT

question

IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living)

answer

Activities which involve interacting with the environment (chores).

question

Aging in Place

answer

Elderly people staying at home and living independently or with minimal assistance.

question

Assistive Technology

answer

Devices that aid a person in his or her daily life as necessary (helped by the Act of 1988).

question

(AOTA) Centennial Vision

answer

"We envision that occupational therapy is a powerful, widely recognized, science-driven, and evidence-based profession with a globally connected and diverse workforce meeting society's occupational needs."

question

Driver Rehabilitation Specialists

answer

An occupation therapy practitioner who evaluates and intervenes in physical, social, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects of functioning that affect driving skills.

question

Ergonomics

answer

The science of fitting jobs to people.

question

Evidence-Based Practice

answer

Basing practice on the best available, most researched ideas.

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Licensure Laws

answer

Laws set in place to protect the public from unethical, incompetent, or unauthorized practitioners. This gives a legal definition of occupational therapy and the domain of occupational therapy practice that differentiates from other professions.

question

Participatory Research

answer

Involves the clinician, client, and faculty member in the research process.

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Vision

answer

A statement that is developed to lead the future direction of a profession or organization. It clarifies values, the future, and a mission.

question

(Section) 504

answer

This section of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 provides services to children in school that don't qualify for IDEA. Gives reasonable accommodations so persons with disabilities may participate in programs or activities. *Affected OT services

STUDY

Emotion Focused Coping Higher Order Conditioning Introductory Psychology Psychology

Psychology: Learning Module 20 – Flashcards 17 terms

Edwin Holland

17 terms

Preview

Psychology: Learning Module 20 – Flashcards

question

In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that

answer

Evokes A Response

question

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates

answer

Associative Learning

question

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food ilustrate

answer

Classical Conditioning

question

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying

answer

Observational Learning

question

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

answer

So many different species of animals, including humans, can be classical conditioned.

question

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language is called

answer

Cognitive learning

question

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates

answer

Observational behavior

question

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?

answer

Blushing when embarrassed

question

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n)

answer

Neural Stimulus

question

For the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented

answer

Abound one-half second before US

question

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a feat of books after books are repeatedly represented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)

answer

Unconditional Stimulus

question

In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

answer

Conditioned Response

question

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, Mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a

answer

question

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of

answer

An unconditioned stimulus

question

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused be a red light that was repeatedly associated with the presentation of a female quail. Th sexual arousal triggered by the red light was a

answer

question

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neural stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates

answer

Higher-order conditioning

STUDY

Anti Anxiety Medication Emotion Focused Coping Problem Focused Coping Psychology

Adolescent 4 – Flashcards 91 terms

Edwin Holland

91 terms

Preview

Adolescent 4 – Flashcards

question

bio-psycho-social approach

answer

biological, psychological, and social factors interact to produce the problems that adolescents, emerging adults, and people of other ages develop.

question

biological factors

answer

genetics, hormones (depression/emerging sexual interest), & the brain

question

psychological factors

answer

personality, identity, self-control, decision-making

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social factors

answer

family, peers, the people you spend time with, school, socioeconomic status, poverty, neighborhoods, society, parent-adolescent conflict, inadequate monitoring of adolescents

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individuals with low conscientiousness are more likely to

answer

have substance abuse and conduct problems

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developmental psychopathology approach

answer

the study of the development of psychological disorders;

question

developmental cascades

answer

connections across domains over time; influence developmental pathways and outcomes

question

internalizing problems

answer

-problems that affect a person's internal world. -depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.

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externalizing problems

answer

problems that affect a person's external world (*observable*) -conduct disorder, attention deficit, delinquency, & fighting

question

characteristics of problems

answer

-young adolescents= fighting -older adolescents= truancy & depression -vary in severity -gender differences -SES background= observed more in lower SES (boys) -unhappiness, sadness, depression, & poor school performance -unmarried, separated or divorced parents -ineffective parenting or parents with mental disorders

question

encouraging youth to be positive: external assets

answer

support, empowerment, boundaries, & constructive use of time

question

encouraging youth to be positive: internal assets

answer

commitment, positive values, social competencies, & positive identity

question

stress

answer

how individuals respond to circumstances and events that threaten them and tax their coping abilities

question

daily factors of stress

answer

major life changes, boring/tense jobs, stress in relationships, worrying, & being lonely

question

sociocultural factors of stress

answer

*females*= tend and befriend -more stress with relationships=more active coping skills *males*= fight or flight

question

acculturative stress

answer

the negative consequences that result from contact between two distinctive cultural groups

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coping

answer

managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, & seeking to master or reduce stress

question

problem-focused coping

answer

squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them

question

emotion-focused coping

answer

responding to stress in an emotional manner - avoiding the problem

question

resilience

answer

bounce back; the tendency to recover quickly from setbacks, shock, injuries, adversity, & stress while maintaining a mission and organizational focus.

question

resilience: individual factors

answer

intelligence

question

resilience: family factors

answer

close relationships with family

question

resilience: extrafamilial factors

answer

bonds with other adults (teachers, coaches, mentors, etc.)

question

the more (resilience) factors an individual has

answer

the higher their resiliency will be.

question

trends in drug (& alcohol) use: increase

answer

1960s-1970s, 2009-2010 (marijuana use)

question

trends in drug use: decrease

answer

1990s-early part of the 21st century (increase in perceived dangers)

question

most widely used illicit drug

answer

marijuana

question

sex difference in binge drinking

answer

more males than females engage in binge drinking

question

higher levels of alcohol use have been consistently link to

answer

higher rates of sexual risk taking, such as engaging in casual sex, sex without contraceptives, & sexual assaults

question

risk factors in adolescents & emerging adults abuse of alcohol

answer

heredity, family influences, peer relations, certain personality & motivational characteristics

question

hallucinogens (psychedelic drugs)

answer

drugs that modify an individual's perceptual experiences

question

hallucinogens: LSD

answer

-popular in the 1960s-1970s, but declined by mid 1970s due to publication of its unpredictable effects -increased in the 1990s, but decreased since

question

hallucinogens: marijuana

answer

-impairs attention and memory -not conducive to optimal school performance -use by adolescents decreased in the 1980s, but increased from 2008-2010 due to less perceived danger associated with its use

question

stimulants

answer

drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system

question

most widely used stimulants are

answer

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, & cocaine

question

stimulants: cigarette smoking

answer

-the substance most frequently used on a daily basis by high school seniors since 1975 -one of the most serious yet preventable health problems -peer group especially plays an important role -decreasing among adolescents since the mid 1990s due to an increase in perceived danger, less acceptance of it, prefer not to date those that do

question

stimulants: cigarette smoking: genetic damage

answer

-use in the adolescent years causes permanent genetic changes in the lungs & forever increases the risk of lung cancer -early age of onset of smoking was more important in predicting genetic damage than how heavily the individuals smoked

question

stimulants: cocaine

answer

use in the last 30 days by high school seniors has dropped from a peak in 1985; a growing percentage of high school students are reaching the conclusion that use entails considerable unpredictable risk

question

stimulants: amphetamines

answer

widely prescribed stimulants, sometimes appearing in the form of diet pills; use among high school seniors has decreased significantly

question

40% of today's females have tried using

answer

diet pills by the time they graduate from high school

question

stimulants: ecstasy

answer

the synthetic drug MDMA which has stimulant and hallucinogenic effects -use by adolescents began in the 1980s & then peaked in 2000-2001 -increase in use occurred in 2010 - today's youth have heard less about the dangers than their predecessors

question

depressants

answer

drugs that slow down the central nervous system, bodily functions, & behavior -use by high school seniors have decreased since 1975

question

depressants: barbiturates

answer

depressant drugs that induce sleep or reduce anxiety

question

most widely used depressants

answer

alcohol, barbiturates, & tranquilizers

question

depressants: opiates

answer

a depressant that consist of opium and its derivatives; depress the activity of the central nervous system -used less often than other depressants, but are especially dangerous and most physically addictive drugs -commonly known as narcotics

question

opium poppy is used to produce other drugs such as

answer

morphine & heroin

question

depressants: prescription painkillers

answer

-alarming trend has recently emerged in adolescents' use -convenient= many adolescents cite the medicine cabinets of their parents or friends' parents as their main source -18% of adolescents had used vicodin at some point in their lifetime, whereas 10% had used oxycontin

question

inhalants

answer

ordinary household products that are inhaled or sniffed to get high -include model airplane glue, nail polish remover, and cleaning fluids -short-term use can cause intoxicating effects -long-term use can lead to heart failure and even death -use is higher among younger than older adolescents -use has decreased in the 21st century

question

early substance use

answer

more likely to become dependent (addicts)

question

lower drug use in adolescents is linked to

answer

-parents, peers, & schools -positive relationships with parents and others -parental monitoring is linked with a lower incidence

question

tolerance

answer

the amount your body requires of a substance to have a response/high; the more you use, the more you will need to get a high

question

major depressive disorder

answer

an individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for *at least two weeks or longer* and daily functioning becomes impaired - 1.5-2.5% in school-age children - 15-20% for adolescents -by about age 15, adolescent females have a rate of depression that is twice that of adolescent males

question

depression often goes

answer

undiagnosed in adolescents (parents, teachers, and other observers may see these behaviors as simply transitory and reflecting normal adolescent behaviors and thoughts)

question

family factors involved in adolescent depression

answer

inept parenting, parent-adolescent conflict, low parental support, mother-daughter co-rumination, exposure to maternal depression

question

other factors involved in adolescent depression

answer

not having a close relationship with a best friend, having less contact with friends, & being rejected by peers

question

depression is linked to an increase in

answer

suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in adolescence

question

suicidal behavior

answer

-rare in childhood but escalates in adolescence & then increases further in emerging adulthood

question

suicide

answer

the third-leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds today in the United States - rates have declined in the recent years

question

suicide: gender differences

answer

-more adolescents contemplate or attempt suicide than actually succeed in committing suicide -females were more likely to attempt suicide than males, but males were more likely to succeed in committing suicide -in emerging adulthood, males are 6x more likely to commit suicide as females -males use more lethal means

question

suicide: ethnic differences

answer

-suicide accounts for almost 20% of Native American/Alaska Native deaths in 15- to 19-year-olds (risk factor is their elevated rate alcohol abuse) -African American and non-Latino white males have the lowest incidence of suicide attempts

question

suicide: factors that are involved

answer

overweight middle school students, preteen alcohol use (while depressed), depressive symptoms (hopelessness), suicidal ideation, family background of suicidal behavior, a history of family instability and unhappiness, parental loss, escalating stress, peer relations, physical abuse, sexual abuse, or sexual victimization -both early and later experiences may be involved -depression is the most frequently cited factor associated

question

juvenile delinquency

answer

a broad range of behaviors, from socially unacceptable behavior, to status offenses, to criminal acts

question

status offenses

answer

criminal acts

question

index offenses

answer

running away, truancy, underage drinking, sexual promiscuity, uncontrollability

question

conduct disorder

answer

*externalized disorder* a repetitive & persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of 3 or more criteria, disturbance in behavior causes impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning, & criteria are *not* met for antisocial personality disorder -typically used for diagnosis of adolescents -has to be long-lasting, not a phase

question

conduct disorder criteria categories

answer

1) aggression to people and animals 2) destruction of property 3) deceitfulness or theft 4) serious violations of rules

question

conduct disorder: childhood onset vulnerabilities

answer

at least one criterion prior to age 10 -decreased IQ -different temperament -insecure/disorganized/disoriented attachment -genetic component -excessive temper tantrums / rule breaking -lack of empathy -support from other aggressive children

question

conduct disorder: adolescent onset vulnerabilities

answer

absence of any criteria before age 10 -delinquent friends, hanging out with the wrong crowd -antisocial family

question

conduct disorder: characteristics

answer

lower self-esteem, drug & alcohol use, & *little guilt or remorse*

question

conduct disorder: believed causes

answer

biological, genetic, environmental, psychological, social

question

disorders: order of severity

answer

1) antisocial personality disorder (most) 2) conduct disorder 3) opposition defiant disorder

question

oppositional defiant disorder

answer

*externalized disorder* -a pattern of defiant, angry, antagonistic, hostile, irritable, or vindictive behavior -behavior lasting *at least 6 months*, during which *four (or more)* criteria are present -the disturbance in behavior causes significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning -the behaviors do not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic or mood disorder -criteria are not met for conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder

question

if oppositional defiant disorder if left untreated

answer

it could lead to conduct disorder

question

oppositional defiant behavior: causes, diagnosis, & treatment

answer

-unknown -no lab test, look at history, identify symptoms, & a psych evaluation is done -behavioral/cognitive treatments, parent training, no meds are used (only for symptoms)

question

oppositional defiant behavior: gender differences

answer

more common in boys for younger children, but equal in adolescents

question

anorexia nervosa

answer

-females must meet all 4 criteria to be classified with this disorder, males must only meet 3 criteria. -90-95% female 1) a refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age & height 2) intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight 3) disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight 4) in female, amenorrhea (the absence of at least three consecutive periods

question

anorexia nervosa: causes

answer

social factors, media, genetics, family relationships

question

anorexia nervosa: onset

answer

-teen years, most likely start time is early adolescence -early adulthood

question

anorexia nervosa: type of people it most commonly affects

answer

white women that are high achievers, goal-oriented families & personalities

question

anorexia nervosa: consequences/ side effects

answer

layer of body hair (t0 protect the body), bone weakening, anemia, dry skin, brittle nails & hair, hair loss (on head), depression, & brain attrition

question

anorexia nervosa: treatment

answer

-accepting there is a problem -try to find the core/cause -therapy= behavioral, cognitive, behavioral-cognitive, group, family -medication for depression

question

anorexia nervosa: treatment goals

answer

restore normal body weight, restore eating habits, & cut down exercise (if it's excessive)

question

anorexia nervosa: restricting type

answer

during the current episode of anorexia nervosa, the person has not regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior

question

anorexia nervosa: binge-eating/purging type

answer

during the current episode of anorexia nervosa, the person has regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior (vomiting or misuse of laxative, diuretics, or enemas)

question

anorexia nervosa: lifelong problems

answer

-may be in control at first, but then the disease takes control -10% die due to organ failure -over time, the lack of nutrition attacks the body & shrinks the brain

question

bulimia nervosa

answer

eating disorder characterized by the following: 1) recurrent episodes of binge-eating (eating in a discrete period of time, lack of control, over eating) 2) recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain (vomiting or misuse of laxative, diuretics, enemas, medications, fasting, excessive exercise) 3) the binge-eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months 4) self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight 5) the disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa

question

purging type

answer

2/3 of people with bulimia nervosa are this type

question

bulimia nervosa: medical consequences

answer

-hypertension -electrolyte imbalance -acid reflux -swollen salivary glands -tooth decay (behind teeth) -blisters/calluses on fingers (from acid) -rashes -tears in esophagus

question

bulimia nervosa: onset

answer

most likely to occur in later adolescence/early college years; long term illness, always at risk

question

the four problems that affect the most adolescents

answer

drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, sexual problems, & school-related problems

question

factors involved in eating disorders

answer

negative view of your body image, bad parenting habits, high sexual activity, & role models in the media

STUDY

Emotion Focused Coping Hypnosis Introductory Psychology Problem Focused Coping Psychology Sport Psychology

Psych of sport Chp 12 – Flashcards 37 terms

Michael Seabolt

37 terms

Preview

Psych of sport Chp 12 – Flashcards

question

Which of the following levels of effort produced the fastest running times of 400-meter runners?

answer

a.110% b. 100% c. 75% d. 95% e. none of the above d

question

Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy typically employed by elite athletes?

answer

a. social support (friends, coaches, family) b. time management c. thought control d. superstition e. rational thinking via self-talk d

question

The two sensations that are emphasized in autogenic training are

answer

a. warmth and cold b. warmth and heaviness c. kinesthetic and heaviness d. warmth and kinesthetic e. cold and kinesthetic b

question

Which of the following statements regarding hypnosis is (are) true?

answer

a. the more open individuals are to receiving suggestions, the more likely they will benefit from hypnosis b. negative suggestions almost always result in a decrease in performance c. the deeper the trance, the more likely the hypnosis will be effective d. all of the above e. a and c d

question

The elements necessary to achieve the relaxation response include

answer

a. a quiet environment b. a passive attitude c. a mental device d. a comfortable position e. all of the above e

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a basic tenet of progressive relaxation?

answer

a. tension and relaxation can occur simultaneously b. a decrease in muscle tension will lead to a decrease in mental tension c. progressively contract and relax the major muscle groups in the body d. a and b e. b and c a

question

Effective breathing occurs from the

answer

a. diaphragm b. central chest c. upper chest d. throat e. none of the above a

question

Which of the following is NOT a phase in Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training?

answer

a. pretreatment assessment b. treatment rationale c. skill acquisition d. skill rehearsal e. post treatment assessment e

question

Both Ron Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training and Don Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training are examples of ___________ anxiety programs.

answer

a. multimodal b. multidisciplinary c. multivariate d. cognitive appraisal e. somatic appraisal a

question

The suggested ratio for the time of inhalation to exhalation when using breath control as a relaxation device is

answer

a. 1:5 b. 1:2 c. 3:1 d. 5:1 e. 1:4 b

question

Autogenic training was developed by

answer

a. Weinberg and Gould b. Jacobson and Benson c. Schultz and Luthe d. Martens and Landers e. Schultz and Singer c

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a stage in autogenic training?

answer

a. regulation of breathing b. regulation of cardiac activity c. cooling of the extremities d. a and c e. b and c c

question

Progressive relaxation was developed by

answer

a. Herbert Benson b. Ken Ravizza c. Edmund Jacobson d. Rainer Martens e. Daniel Gould c

question

Cognitive restructuring attempts to

answer

a. identify and modify stress-inducing self-statements b. improve problem-solving ability c. improve attentional focus d. identify different strategies for mental preparation e. none of the above a

question

Which of the following can increase activation?

answer

a. positive mood words b. slowing down the breathing rate c. listening to energizing music d. a and c e. b and c d

question

Ost has developed an applied relaxation technique using progressive relaxation that can be done at competitions in

answer

a. 10 to 12 minutes b. 5 to 7 minutes c. 2 to 4 minutes d. 20 to 30 seconds e. 1 minute d

question

Stress inoculation training focuses on which of the following mental techniques to reduce stress?

answer

a. attentional control and progressive relaxation b. self-talk and attentional control c. imagery and self-talk d. imagery and progressive relaxation e. imagery and attentional control c

question

Excess anxiety can produce

answer

a. inappropriate muscle tension b. inappropriate thoughts c. somatic (physiological) reactions d. all of the above e. a and c d

question

A good way to increase awareness of psychological states in sport is to

answer

a. monitor and record your psychological states immediately after practice and competition b. talk to teammates c. practice relaxation techniques d. practice cognitive restructuring e. all of the above a

question

According to the research on biofeedback by Landers and his colleagues,

answer

a. biofeedback provides a mechanism for coping with precompetitive anxiety b. biofeedback can improve the performance of rifle shooters c. biofeedback provides shooters with a greater awareness of their heart and respiration rates d. all of the above e. a and c d

question

The matching hypothesis refers to

answer

a. matching athletes with coaches to reduce anxiety levels b. matching athletes with other athletes of similar anxiety levels c. matching the type of anxiety management technique to the specific anxiety problem of each individual athlete d. matching athletes to the sport that is least anxiety provoking to them e. none of the above c

question

A good starting point for increasing awareness of arousal states is to

answer

a. visualize your best and worst performances b. visualize only your best performance c. develop relaxation skills d. learn transcendental meditation e. learn autogenic training a

question

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding research findings on coping in sport?

answer

a. athletes use both adaptive and nonadaptive coping strategies b. athletes usually stick with one coping strategy c. athletes who had more adaptive coping strategies had higher performance d. a and b e. a and c e

question

Before starting progressive relaxation you should

answer

a. dim the lights b. put on soft music c. lie down in a comfortable position d. all of the above e. a and c e

question

Which of the following is NOT a phase in the hypnosis process?

answer

a. induction phase b. hypnotic phase c. autogenic phase d. waking phase e. posthypnotic phase c

question

The state of mind produced by the relaxation response is similar to that described during

answer

a. imagery b. peak performance c. transcendental meditation d. deep sleep e. progressive relaxation c

question

Relaxation (anxiety reduction) techniques are usually classified as

answer

a. cognitive and somatic b. state and trait c. sport specific and general d. cognitive and appraisal e. somatic and visceral a

question

The basic premise of stress inoculation training is to

answer

a. expose the individual to increasing amounts of stress, thereby enhancing the person's immunity to stress b. teach both somatic and cognitive anxiety skills c. teach individuals that stress is predominantly in our minds d. teach individuals to appraise stressful situations e. none of the above a

question

The two most widely accepted coping categories are known as

answer

a. problem-focused and cognitive-focused coping b. problem-focused and emotion-focused coping c. cognitive-focused and somatic-focused coping d. emotion-focused and somatic-focused coping e. emotion-focused and cognitive-focused coping b

question

Using an electronic monitoring device that can detect and amplify internal responses not ordinarily available to us is known as

answer

a. systematic desensitization b. classical conditioning c. biological mapping d. biofeedback e. biological conditioning d

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT among the interventions for cognitive-affective stress management training?

answer

a. cognitive restructuring b. relaxation skills c. self-instructional training d. systematic desensitization e. a and c d

question

According to the study by Eubank and Collins, individuals perceiving their anxiety as facilitative (as opposed to debilitative) use more

answer

a. emotion-focused coping b. problem-focused coping c. imagery d. a and b e. a and c d

question

Athletes should make sure that when they are performing a skill under pressure, they

answer

a. breathe out during execution of the skill b. breathe in during execution of the skill c. hold their breath during execution of the skill d. breathe shallowly during execution of the skill e. none of the above a

question

The relaxation response was developed by

answer

a. Herbert Benson b. Edmund Jacobson c. Robert Weinberg d. Charles Hardy e. Gunther Schultz a

question

According to research by Gould and colleagues with elite athletes, athletes

answer

a. prepared for unexpected events b. usually over trained c. placed a great deal of importance on mental training d. all of the above e. a and c e

question

An athlete who is under activated commonly experiences which of the following?

answer

a. heavy feeling in the legs b. mind wandering c. feelings of anxiety d. a and b e. b and d

question

Which of the following can be useful as an on-site strategy to help reduce tension?

answer

a. smile when the pressure is coming on b. slow down c. stay focused in the present d. all of the above e. a and c d

STUDY

Abnormal Psychology Emotion Focused Coping Hypnosis Psychology Sport Psychology Stress Inoculation Training

KINE 4000 chapter 12 – Flashcards 29 terms

Ken Ericksen

29 terms

Preview

KINE 4000 chapter 12 – Flashcards

question

The elements necessary to achieve the relaxation response include a. a quiet environment b. a passive attitude c. a mental device d. a comfortable position e. all of the above

answer

all of the above

question

The relaxation response was developed by

answer

Herbert Benson

question

Which of the following is NOT a phase in Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training?

answer

post treatment assessment

question

Using an electronic monitoring device that can detect and amplify internal responses not ordinarily available to us is known as

answer

biofeedback

question

Which of the following can be useful as an on-site strategy to help reduce tension? a. smile when the pressure is coming on b. slow down c. stay focused in the present d. all of the above e. a and c

answer

all of the above

question

Athletes should make sure that when they are performing a skill under pressure, they

answer

breathe out during execution of the skill

question

Which of the following is NOT a phase in the hypnosis process?

answer

autogenic phase

question

Which of the following statements regarding hypnosis is (are) true? a. the more open individuals are to receiving suggestions, the more likely they will benefit from hypnosis b. negative suggestions almost always result in a decrease in performance c. the deeper the trance, the more likely the hypnosis will be effective d. all of the above e. a and c

answer

all of the above

question

According to the research on biofeedback by Landers and his colleagues, a. biofeedback provides a mechanism for coping with precompetitive anxiety b. biofeedback can improve the performance of rifle shooters c. biofeedback provides shooters with a greater awareness of their heart and respiration rates d. all of the above e. a and c

answer

all of the above

question

Autogenic training was developed by

answer

Schultz and Luthe

question

Effective breathing occurs from the

answer

diaphragm

question

Cognitive restructuring attempts to

answer

identify and modify stress-inducing self-statements

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a stage in autogenic training?

answer

cooling of the extremities

question

The suggested ratio for the time of inhalation to exhalation when using breath control as a relaxation device is

answer

1:2

question

Which of the following can increase activation?

answer

a and c a. positive mood words c. listening to energizing music

question

A good way to increase awareness of psychological states in sport is to

answer

monitor and record your psychological states immediately after practice and competition

question

Relaxation (anxiety reduction) techniques are usually classified as

answer

cognitive and somatic

question

Before starting progressive relaxation you should

answer

a and c a. dim the lights c. lie down in a comfortable position

question

Progressive relaxation was developed by

answer

Edmund Jacobson

question

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding research findings on coping in sport?

answer

a and c a. athletes use both adaptive and nonadaptive coping strategies c. athletes who had more adaptive coping strategies had higher performance

question

An athlete who is under activated commonly experiences which of the following?

answer

a and b a. heavy feeling in the legs b. mind wandering

question

Ost has developed an applied relaxation technique using progressive relaxation that can be done at competitions in

answer

20 to 30 seconds

question

Stress inoculation training focuses on which of the following mental techniques to reduce stress?

answer

imagery and self talk

question

Which of the following levels of effort produced the fastest running times of 400-meter runners?

answer

95%

question

Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy typically employed by elite athletes?

answer

superstition

question

Excess anxiety can produce a. inappropriate muscle tension b. inappropriate thoughts c. somatic (physiological) reactions d. all of the above e. a and c

answer

all of the above

question

According to research by Gould and colleagues with elite athletes, athletes

answer

a and c a. prepared for unexpected events c. placed a great deal of importance on mental training

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT among the interventions for cognitive-affective stress management training?

answer

systematic desensitization

question

The two sensations that are emphasized in autogenic training are

answer

warmth and heaviness

STUDY

Emotion Focused Coping General Adaption Syndrome Introductory Psychology Major Life Events Psychology Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Psychology HW 8 51 terms

Anthony Richie

51 terms

Preview

Psychology HW 8

question

Tori's physician is treating her for ulcers she developed after her son's extended hospital stay. Tori's condition can be best addressed by which view of stress?

answer

response

question

Angel was very worried about studying for his math test, so he asked his boss for the night off from work, and she said yes. Now he has plenty of time to study for the test and is no longer too concerned. Initially, when Angel was stressed, he engaged in __________.

answer

secondary appraisal

question

Glucocorticoids do which of the following?

answer

maintain physiological processes in an emergency

question

Which of the following correctly describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis's response to stress?

answer

The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to trigger the adrenal production of cortisol.

question

Hans Selye's theory of stress response views the physiological processes involved as being deviations from __________.

answer

homeostasis

question

Larry has an extremely stressful job and comes home every day with an upset stomach and a headache. He says he'll just have to deal with it for now, so he takes aspirin and stomach acid reducers on a daily basis. Larry is in the ___________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

answer

resistance

question

________________ attempts to decrease the experience of stress; ___________ attempts to change a stressful situation.

answer

Emotion-focused coping; problem-focused coping

question

Having social connections has been shown to be beneficial for which of the following circumstances?

answer

-quitting smoking -decreasing the chance of getting a cold -increasing the life span

question

The connection between the central nervous system and the immune system is best described as __________.

answer

bidirectional

question

\"T cells\" (T lymphocytes) fight antigens by __________.

answer

activating several cellular processes that attack foreign substances

question

Mabel was late with her rent payment again, and she had a big argument with her landlord in the front office. The man that she had been flirting with across the hall came in during the argument, and now he knows that she is having money troubles. When she left the office, she saw that she had a flat tire on her car. She was so overwhelmed by everything she sat down on the curb and started to cry. Mabel is focusing on all of the situations that are causing her stress. This is also known as the

answer

stimulus view of stress.

question

The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is an example of the

answer

response view of stress.

question

The ______ maintain the activation of physiological systems during emergencies.

answer

glucocorticoids

question

Which of the following theorists created the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?

answer

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe

question

Margo has been exposed to a stressor and would be considered to be in the first stage of Hans Selye's GAS model. Which of the following terms would best reflect Margo's stage of stress?

answer

alarm

question

What is phagocytosis?

answer

a process that causes white blood cells to engulf and to digest or move a substance to a place where it will be destroyed

question

Which of the following components of Type A pattern personality best predicts death from heart disease?

answer

hostility

question

Which of the following psychological conditions more than doubles the risk of death from heart disease?

answer

depression

question

New research has demonstrated that increased experience with sex—even chronic exposure to sex—also increases neurogenesis in what area of the brain?

answer

hippocampus

question

Moira just lost her job. The first thing she does after she gets her \"pink slip\" is to go out to her car and call her best friend Carly. Moira's behavior is an example of which type of emotion-focus coping method?

answer

seeking social support

question

Which of the following could be considered a stressor?

answer

-Losing your keys -Winning the lottery -Getting fired from your job

question

When people respond to stressors, they use ____________ to balance things out.

answer

coping strategies

question

Alicia came home from work today and seemed okay, but then found that she had lost the change from her change purse. It probably amounted to $2.00 or less, but she started sobbing and can't seem to stop crying. Her family doesn't understand what is wrong. Use your knowledge about stressors to help her family understand what probably happened. Which inference below is most appropriate?

answer

She had a hard day where a lot of different things went wrong.

question

Stressors can be categorized as

answer

daily hassles and major life events.

question

When there are too many______, a _______stress occurs.

answer

stressors, response

question

Stress is the result of your perceived inability to ______ with the demands of a particular situation.

answer

cope

question

Zajonc (1965) showed that social facilitation occurs most frequently when we are performing tasks that __________.

answer

we usually perform well

question

An example of informational social influence would be __________.

answer

chimpanzees looking to other chimpanzees to learn to use new tools

question

What percentage of participants completed Milgram's famous obedience experiment following orders and believing they were delivering a deadly shock to another person?

answer

65 percent

question

Roscoe says he got an A on the psychology test because he is smart, but he got a D on the English test because the professor is mean and gave an unfair exam. Roscoe is most likely committing __________.

answer

a self-serving bias

question

Prejudice is to ___________ as discrimination is to ____________.

answer

attitude; action

question

The more Tanya hears a new song, the more she likes it. Zajonc's theory would say that Tanya's liking is a result of _________.

answer

mere exposure

question

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study demonstrated which of the following with respect to aggression?

answer

Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive models.

question

Some psychologists theorize that viewing violent programming leads to aggression due to

answer

desensitization to violence.

question

In the famous case of murder victim Kitty Genovese, psychologists speculate that no one came to her aid because of __________.

answer

diffusion of responsibility

question

The evolved predisposition to provide assistance to one's relatives over nonrelatives is called __________.

answer

kin selection

question

Dennis's mom tells him each night at dinner not to put his elbows on the table. Dennis's mom's statement is an example of

answer

social norms.

question

______ occurs when people conform to the behavior of others because they view them as a source of knowledge about what they are supposed to do.

answer

Informational social influence

question

In Solomon Asch's study, when participants were left alone to do the task, they made errors less than

answer

1% of the time.

question

______ occurs when the thinking of the group takes over, so much so that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision.

answer

Groupthink

question

Which theorist spent much of his early academic life trying to make sense of the Holocaust?

answer

Stanley Milgram

question

What percentage of Stanley Milgram's participants \"shocked\" all the way to 450 volts?

answer

65%

question

When we use ______, we end up judging people not by their actions but by our notions of how they might act.

answer

stereotypes

question

The value or payoff that one gains by connecting with others is known as

answer

social capital.

question

On the Implicit Associations Test,

answer

African Americans tend to respond more slowly to pairings of \"White American\" with positive words than they do to pairings of \"White American\" with negative words.

question

Which two hormones are consistently related to high levels of aggression?

answer

testosterone and serotonin

question

Attributions fall in two categories:

answer

internal and external.

question

As individuals, we are most likely to explain our own behavior in terms of ______.

answer

external attributions

question

Which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error?

answer

Joan did well on the test because she is smart.

question

Which of the following shows an example of determining that a person's attributes are permanent?

answer

Roger is happy all the time.

question

Fundamental attribution error occurs when we place

answer

more importance on internal traits of other people.

STUDY

18th And 19th Century Emotion Focused Coping Gate Control Theory Health Psychology Incidence And Prevalence Progressive Muscle Relaxation Psychology

COPING WITH AND REDUCING STRESS – Flashcards 25 terms

Daniel Jimmerson

25 terms

Preview

COPING WITH AND REDUCING STRESS – Flashcards

question

"This situation is unpleasant, but maybe some good will come of it."

answer

cognitive restructuring

question

Includes setting goals and making lists in order to control stress.

answer

time management

question

Involves tensing specific muscle groups.

answer

progressive relaxation

question

"The doctor told me that I'll feel some unusual pressure in my back during this procedure. I've got to remember that."

answer

informational control

question

"I can't possibly have cancer!! Your test must be inaccurate!"

answer

denial

question

Questioned due to the cost and complications of the equipment necessary as compared to benefits received.

answer

biofeedback

question

answer

stress inoculation training

question

Involves the use of progressive muscle relaxation paired with a fear hierarchy.

answer

systematic desensitization

question

Little Ashley was afraid of clowns until she saw her older brother Joshua shake one's hand.

answer

modeling

question

Based on the belief that our incorrect or maladaptive attitudes need to be disputed.

answer

cognitive therapy

question

Which of the following is true about the relationship between perceived discrepancy and the experience of stress?

answer

Efforts at coping are done to reduce perceived discrepancies.

question

Which of the following is NOT true about the coping process?

answer

It does not include avoidance behavior.

question

According to Lazarus, coping serves to

answer

both a and b

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of behavioral coping?

answer

denying unpleasant facts

question

Which of the following is NOT an emotion focused coping approach?

answer

trying to find out more about the stressful situation

question

Which of the following statements is true about avoidance approaches?

answer

They are most beneficial during the first few weeks of a prolonged stress experience.

question

Problem focused coping is LEAST likely to be used under which of the following situations?

answer

death in the family

question

Positive emotions affect coping by

answer

helping us sustain our coping efforts.

question

When a person copes with stress by actively processing and expressing their feelings, they are engaging in

answer

emotional approach.

question

Which of the following statements regarding the use of coping strategies is true?

answer

No one coping method is used or is effective in all stressful situations

question

Compared to middle-aged adults, older adults tend to see stressors as

answer

difficult to change.

question

According to research men and women differ in their use of problem- focused v. emotion-focused coping EXCEPT when

answer

they are similar in occupation and education level.

question

Which of the following statements about social networks is true?

answer

Women use their social support networks more effectively.

question

Which of the following is not a part of effective time management?

answer

Delaying urgent new tasks until the next day.

question

The technique of progressive muscle relaxation involves

answer

alternately tightening and relaxing specific muscle groups.

STUDY

Emotion Focused Coping

Mgmt test #2 – Flashcards 40 terms

Claire Forth

40 terms

Preview

Mgmt test #2 – Flashcards

question

stress depends on

answer

Stress depends on both the nature of the demand and the person who confronts it.

question

example of a non-work related, challenge stressor

answer

Positive life events are sources of non-work challenge stressors. For example, marriage, the addition of a new family member, and graduating from school are stressful in their own way. However, each is associated with more positive, rather than negative, emotions.

question

daily hassle

answer

Daily hassles refer to the relatively minor day-to-day demands that get in the way of accomplishing the things that we really want to accomplish.

question

a cognitive method of emotion-focused coping

answer

Emotion-focused coping refers to the various ways in which people manage their own emotional reactions to stressful demands. An employee may use avoidance and distancing behaviors to reduce the emotional distress caused by a stressful situation

question

Physiological strains

answer

Physiological strains that result from stressors occur in at least four systems of the human body. First, stressors can reduce the effectiveness of the body's immune system, which makes it more difficult for the body to ward off illness and infection.

question

behavioral strain resulting from prolonged stress

answer

Behavioral strains are unhealthy behaviors such as grinding one's teeth at night, being overly critical and bossy, excessive smoking, compulsive gum chewing, overuse of alcohol, and compulsive eating.

question

Type A behavior pattern

answer

Type A persons tend to be hard-driving and have a strong desire to achieve. Because the behaviors that reflect these tendencies are valued by the organization, Type A individuals receive "rewards" in the form of increases in the amount and level of work required.

question

relationship between challenge stressors and job performance

answer

Challenge stressors have a weak relationship with job performance and a moderate relationship with organizational commitment. However, in contrast to the results for hindrance stressors, the relationships are positive rather than negative.

question

sabbatical

answer

A sabbatical gives employees the opportunity to take time off from work to engage in an alternative activity. Estimates indicate that approximately 11 percent of large companies offer paid sabbaticals, and almost one-third offer unpaid sabbaticals.

question

the most widely used supportive practice among small, medium, and large companies

answer

Flextime was used by 56 percent of the organizations in the survey. Organizations that use flextime give employees some degree of latitude in terms of which hours they need to be present at the workplace.

question

which aspects of motivation most likely has the highest impact on organizational behavior

answer

Research on equity and organizational commitment offers the clearest insights into the motivation-commitment relationship. Specifically, employees who feel a sense of equity are more emotionally attached to their firms and feel a stronger sense of obligation to remain.

question

motivating force has the strongest performance effect

answer

The motivating force with the strongest performance effect is self-efficacy/competence, because people who feel a sense of internal self-confidence tend to outperform those who doubt their capabilities.

question

Phrases such as "moving forward," "being on track," and "getting there" convey a sense of _____.

answer

Impact reflects the sense that a person's actions "make a difference"—that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose. Phrases such as "moving forward," "being on track," and "getting there" convey a sense of impact.

question

cognitive distortion

answer

An alternative (and less labor-intensive) means of increasing inputs is to simply rethink them—to reexamine one's mental ledger to see if one may have "undersold" one's true contributions. This cognitive distortion allows the restoration of balance mentally, without altering behavior in any way.

question

According to the equity theory, what emotion is likely to be seen in an employee whose ratio of outcomes to inputs is more than those of their comparison other?

answer

When your ratio of outcomes to inputs is greater than your comparison other's ratio, equity distress gets experienced, and the tension likely creates negative emotions such as guilt or anxiety.

question

_____ is a strategy for fostering goal commitment which involves the collaboration of employees and leaders on setting the specific proficiency level and due date for a goal, so that the employee feels a sense of ownership over the goal.

answer

Participation is a strategy for fostering goal commitment where employees and leaders collaborate on setting the specific proficiency level and due date for a goal, so that the employee feels a sense of ownership over the goal.

question

Goal setting theory argues that assigning employees _____ goals will result in higher levels of performance

answer

Goal setting theory argues that assigning employees specific and difficult goals will result in higher levels of performance. Assigning specific and difficult goals gives people a number to shoot for—a "measuring stick" that can be used to tell them how hard they need to work and for how long

question

a performance outcome fostering intrinsic motivation?

answer

Outcomes such as enjoyment, interestingness, and personal expression, are self-generated, originating in the mere act of performing the task. These outcomes foster intrinsic motivation —motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward.

question

_____ is described as a need to hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others.

answer

Esteem is a commonly studied need in OB which is described as a need to hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others.

question

Motivation

answer

Motivation is defined as a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.

question

explain the existence of a positive correlation between trust and organizational commitment

answer

One reason why trust affects organizational commitment is that trusting an authority increases the likelihood that an emotional bond will develop

question

economic exchange relationships

answer

Economic exchanges are impersonal and resemble contractual agreements, such that employees agree to fulfill the duties in their job description in exchange for financial compensation.

question

egoism that is used in the principled stage of moral development

answer

According to egoism, an act is morally right if the decision maker freely decides to pursue either short-term or long-term interests

question

the conventional stage of moral development

answer

In the conventional stage, over time, people come to emphasize the laws, rules, and orders that govern society

question

the preconventional stage of moral development

answer

Over time, in the preconventional stage the desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain expands to the formation of "you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours" sort of exchanges. Such relationships remain self-interested however, with little concern for loyalty, gratitude, or fairness

question

_____ is a facet of social pressure which determines the moral intensity of an issue.

answer

Proximity is a facet of social pressure that describes how near (in a psychological or physical sense) the authority is to those who will be affected

question

question used to evaluate informational justice

answer

Do authorities explain procedures thoroughly? Informational justice is fostered when authorities adhere to two particular rules. The justification rule mandates that authorities explain decision-making procedures and outcomes in a comprehensive and reasonable manner, and the truthfulness rule requires that those communications be honest and candid

question

question used to evaluate procedural justice

answer

Are procedures neutral and unbiased? Procedural justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes. Procedural justice is fostered when authorities adhere to rules of fair process.

question

a new relationship trust depends solely upon

answer

In new relationships, trust depends solely on our own trust propensity. In most relationships, that propensity eventually gets supplemented by knowledge about ability, benevolence, or integrity, at which point cognition-based trust develops.

question

characteristic of disposition-based trust

answer

When trust is disposition-based it means that the trustor's personality traits include a general propensity to trust others.

question

why is the moderate correlation between learning and job performance underestimated

answer

The moderate correlation between learning and job performance may be underestimated because most of the research linking learning to task performance focuses on explicit knowledge, which is more practical to measure. It's difficult to measure tacit knowledge because of its unspoken nature, but clearly such knowledge is relevant to task performance.

question

One model of attribution processes suggests that when people have a level of familiarity with the person being judged, they'll use a more detailed decision framework. According to this model, a person's behavior will be attributed to internal factors if there is

answer

An internal attribution, such as laziness or low motivation, will occur if there is low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency.

question

_____ occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.

answer

A stereotype occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group. Although not all stereotypes are bad per se, our decision-making process becomes faulty when we make inaccurate generalizations.

question

_____ is the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations.

answer

Selective perception is the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations.

question

bounded rationality decision making process

answer

In the bounded rationality decision making process people have to filter and simplify information to make sense of their complex environment and the myriad of potential choices they face. This simplification leads them to miss information when perceiving problems, generating and evaluating alternatives, or judging the results.

question

_____ schedules reinforce behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited.

answer

Fixed ratio schedules reinforce behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited. Some manufacturing plants have created piece-rate pay systems in which workers are paid according to the number of items they produce.

question

Which two forms of reinforcement deliver intended results without creating feelings of animosity and conflict?

answer

In general, positive reinforcement and extinction should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees. Both of these contingencies deliver their intended results, but perhaps more importantly, they do so without creating feelings of animosity and conflict.

question

Extinction occurs when a

answer

Extinction occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior. The use of extinction to reinforce behavior can be purposeful or accidental.

question

explicit knowledge

answer

Explicit information is relatively easily communicated and makes up a large part of what companies teach during training sessions

question

Differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of _____.

answer

Learning, Expertise refers to the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people.

STUDY

Abnormal Psychology Emotion Focused Coping Psychology Sport Psychology

Psychology of Sport and Exercise CH 12 – Flashcards 36 terms

Sara Graham

36 terms

Preview

Psychology of Sport and Exercise CH 12 – Flashcards

question

Which of the following is NOT a phase in Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training?

answer

post treatment assessment

question

Progressive relaxation was developed by

answer

Edmund Jacobson

question

Stress inoculation training focuses on which of the following mental techniques to reduce stress?

answer

imagery and self-talk

question

Athletes should make sure that when they are performing a skill under pressure, they

answer

breathe out during execution of the skill

question

The elements necessary to achieve the relaxation response include

answer

a quiet environment, a passive attitude, a mental device, a comfortable position

question

Both Ron Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training and Don Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training are examples of ___________ anxiety programs.

answer

multimodal

question

Which of the following levels of effort produced the fastest running times of 400-meter runners?

answer

95%

question

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding research findings on coping in sport?

answer

athletes use both adaptive and nonadaptive coping strategies, athletes who had more adaptive coping strategies had higher performance

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a basic tenet of progressive relaxation?

answer

tension and relaxation can occur simultaneously

question

Which of the following can be useful as an on-site strategy to help reduce tension?

answer

smile when the pressure is coming on, slow down, stay focused in the present

question

An athlete who is under activated commonly experiences which of the following?

answer

heavy feeling in the legs, mind wandering

question

The suggested ratio for the time of inhalation to exhalation when using breath control as a relaxation device is

answer

1:02

question

Before starting progressive relaxation you should

answer

dim the lights, lie down in a comfortable position

question

Which of the following is NOT a phase in the hypnosis process?

answer

autogenic phase

question

Relaxation (anxiety reduction) techniques are usually classified as

answer

cognitive and somatic

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT among the interventions for cognitive-affective stress management training?

answer

systematic desensitization

question

The two sensations that are emphasized in autogenic training are

answer

warmth and heaviness

question

Autogenic training was developed by

answer

Schultz and Luthe

question

Which of the following statements regarding hypnosis is (are) true?

answer

the more open individuals are to receiving suggestions, the more likely they will benefit from hypnosis, negative suggestions almost always result in a decrease in performance, the deeper the trance, the more likely the hypnosis will be effective

question

A good way to increase awareness of psychological states in sport is to

answer

monitor and record your psychological states immediately after practice and competition

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a stage in autogenic training?

answer

cooling of the extremities

question

The two most widely accepted coping categories are known as

answer

problem-focused and emotion-focused coping

question

Excess anxiety can produce

answer

inappropriate muscle tension, inappropriate thoughts, somatic (physiological) reactions

question

A good starting point for increasing awareness of arousal states is to

answer

visualize your best and worst performances

question

Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy typically employed by elite athletes?

answer

superstition

question

The matching hypothesis refers to

answer

matching the type of anxiety management technique to the specific anxiety problem of each individual athlete

question

Ost has developed an applied relaxation technique using progressive relaxation that can be done at competitions in

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20 to 30 seconds

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The basic premise of stress inoculation training is to

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expose the individual to increasing amounts of stress, thereby enhancing the person's immunity to stress

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According to the research on biofeedback by Landers and his colleagues,

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biofeedback provides a mechanism for coping with precompetitive anxiety, biofeedback can improve the performance of rifle shooters, biofeedback provides shooters with a greater awareness of their heart and respiration rates

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According to the study by Eubank and Collins, individuals perceiving their anxiety as

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facilitative (as opposed to debilitative) use more, emotion-focused coping, problem-focused coping

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Cognitive restructuring attempts to

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identify and modify stress-inducing self-statements

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The state of mind produced by the relaxation response is similar to that described during

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transcendental meditation

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The relaxation response was developed by

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Herbert Benson

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Using an electronic monitoring device that can detect and amplify internal responses not ordinarily available to us is known as

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biofeedback

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According to research by Gould and colleagues with elite athletes, athletes

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prepared for unexpected events, placed a great deal of importance on mental training

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Effective breathing occurs from the

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diaphragm

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