Atomic Mass Units Flashcards, test questions and answers
Discover flashcards, test exam answers, and assignments to help you learn more about Atomic Mass Units and other subjects. Don’t miss the chance to use them for more effective college education. Use our database of questions and answers on Atomic Mass Units and get quick solutions for your test.
We've found 11 Atomic Mass Units tests
Atomic Mass Units
Negatively Charged Subatomic Particle
Particle Physics
Science
Surgical tech study guide – Flashcards 76 terms
76 terms
Preview
Surgical tech study guide – Flashcards
question
electrons
answer
negatively charged sub-atomic particles found outside the nucleus
question
protons
answer
positively charged sub-atomic particles in the nucleus of an atom
question
gain of electrons
answer
creates negative charged Atoms
question
loss of electrons
answer
creates positive charged Atoms
question
ions
answer
positively and negatively charged atoms
question
site where AEROBIC respiration occurs - in a cell
answer
endoplasmic reticulum - it is also the substance transporter of the cell - and is continuous with the cell membrane
question
CELLULAR respiration
answer
cells obtain energy from carbohydrates when atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose - breaks down food - to form carbon dioxide and water
question
Adenosine Triphosphate
answer
Also called ATP - principal chemical compound that cell uses to store energy
question
electrolytes
answer
a compound that disassociates into positive and negative ions when it dissolves in a solution
question
Mucus - not mucous
answer
protective secretion of the mucous membranes
question
suppuration
answer
the formation of, or discharge of pus
question
prefix
answer
A word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root. The prefix ususally - but not always - indicates location, time, a number, position, direction, or negation.
question
combining vowel
answer
word part usually an o; placed to connect two word roots, to connect a word root and a suffix; NOT placed to connect a prefix and a word root
question
syndrome
answer
collection of signs and symptoms occurring together - that can be observed by the patient and others
question
sign
answer
such as a fever - which provides objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease
question
pain
answer
a symptom of some physical hurt or disorder - observed by the patient only
question
diagnosis
answer
identification of a disease
question
atheroma
answer
fatty deposit or plaque within the arterial wall
question
swelling
answer
one sign of inflammation
question
lesion
answer
a pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury
question
laceration
answer
a torn, ragged wound
question
myco
answer
means fungus.
question
mycosis
answer
any disease caused by a fungus
question
otomy
answer
cutting into, or surgical incision
question
pyrosis
answer
also called heartburn
question
prostrate
answer
to collapse
question
prostate
answer
Organ surrounding the urethra at the base of the male urinary bladder
question
interstitial
answer
between, but not within, the parts of a tissue
question
euthyroid
answer
normally functioning thyroid gland
question
dysfunctional
answer
an organ or body part that is not working properly
question
appendices
answer
appendix plural
question
inflammation
answer
localized response to an injury or destruction of tissues
question
infection
answer
the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease
question
myelitis
answer
an inflammation of the spinal cord; also inflammation of bone marrow
question
myel
answer
bone marrow, spinal cord
question
gram
answer
drawing, writing or record - as in cardiogram
question
graphy
answer
the process of producing a picture or record - as in photography
question
glycolysis
answer
occurs in the cytoplasm, when sugar, or glycose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
question
during meiosis
answer
a cell undergoes a 1st mitosis division, and a second mitosis division - resulting in four daughter cells.
question
gametes
answer
Are haploid cells - such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.
question
mitosis
answer
It is a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells, conventionally divided into six stages: One. Interphase, Two. Prophase, Three. Metaphase, Four. Anaphase, Five. Telophase, Six. Cytokinasis.
question
Mitosis in males
answer
is specifically called SPERMATOGENESIS, which produces a number of cells called SPERMATOGONIA - from which spermatocytes are derrived
question
flagella
answer
whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement
question
ribosomes
answer
organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
question
centrioles
answer
consist of two short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are situated in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope - that play a role in cell division
question
mitochondria
answer
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production, and have their owen DNA. Site of aerobic respiration.
question
lysosome
answer
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down food materials in the cell.
question
chromatin
answer
contains the genetic code and is stored in the chromosomes, and there are two types
question
types of chromatin
answer
Euchromatin - which is the most abundant and active - and heterochromatin - which is the inactive and, condensed form - also heterochromatin is coiled while euchromatin is not
question
nuclear membranes
answer
outer boundary of nucleus; consist of double membrane containing pores - that allows the movement of substances
question
nucleus
answer
the LARGEST part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction consisting of THREE parts: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromotin CONTAINS PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
question
facillitated diffusion
answer
process that moves materials from high to low concentration with the help of protein channels; this process DOES NOT require (ATP) energy
question
passive diffusion
answer
movement of drug molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration - this process DOES NOT require (ATP) energy
question
active transport
answer
the movement of substances across the cell membrane gradient using pumps - this process REQUIRES the use of (ATP) energy
question
nuclear membrane
answer
surrounds the nucleus, and keeps cytoplasm in, provides controls over what goes in and out of the nucleus
question
osmotic cell barrier
answer
process where water equilibriates on both sides of the cell membrane
question
Osmosis
answer
diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
question
cytoplasmic membrane
answer
Membrane surrounding all cells, and composed of a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins.
question
cytoplasm
answer
a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended, it contains NO GENETIC MATERIAL
question
fats and oils
answer
Substances that do not dissolve in water, but can dissolve in hydrocarbon liquids. Fats are solid at room temperature; oils are liquid at room temperature.
question
proteins
answer
Molecules made by connecting amino acids via covalent peptide bonds. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes, and function as enzymes, carriers, structrual fibers, cell surface receptors, channels, porters, hormones. Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
question
amino acids
answer
any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that combine to form proteins
question
carbohydrates
answer
A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
question
cell
answer
collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life, contains fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
question
energy types
answer
radiant, chemical, nuclear, thermal and electrical, and mechanical - which is THE MOST COMMON, Energy: is the ability to do work or cause a change. The two types are: 1. kinetic - energy of motion 2. potential - stored energy
question
Ph levels
answer
How acidic or basic a solution is. It goes from 0 to 14 and each number = x10,000. pH is the abbreviation for potential hydrogen
question
matter
answer
that which has mass and occupies space
question
molecules
answer
groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
question
chromosomes
answer
humans have 46 total - 23 that are paired - chromosomes packages of DNA that code for proteins traits
question
Kreb's cycle
answer
Also known as the CITRIC ACID cycle. It is the second step of cell respiration, which occurs in the mitochondria - breaking down acetyl CoA ("half a sugar") to produce electron carriers, 2 ATP and CO2.
question
oogenesis
answer
the production of mature egg cells, or ova
question
interphase
answer
The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle.
question
DNA
answer
de-oxy-ribo-nucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics. The four nitrogen bases in human DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.
question
RNA
answer
ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
question
organic
answer
molecules that contain carbon
question
inorganic
answer
a type of molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen but can contain any other combination of elements
AP Chemistry
Atomic Mass Unit
Atomic Mass Units
Chemistry
Coffee And Tea
Organic Chemistry 1
Chapter 24 – Principles of Acid-Base Balance: Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy – Flashcards 129 terms
129 terms
Preview
Chapter 24 – Principles of Acid-Base Balance: Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy – Flashcards
question
What is molecular weight?
answer
sum of atomic weights of all elements in a chemical formula
question
What is a millimole (mmol)
answer
molecular weight of a substance in mg, equals 1 mM
question
What is milliequivalent (mEq)?
answer
weight of an element that combines or replaces 1 mg of hydrogen (H+)
question
What is milliosmole (mOsm)?
answer
always contains 6.0 x 10^23 molecules and equals 1 mmol of a nondissociable substance
question
What is milliequivalent per liter (mEq/l)?
answer
= mmol/l x valence
question
Solutes exert an osmotic effect in solution that is dependent only on what?
answer
the number of particles in a solution and not on the molecular weight or valence
question
What does osmolarity refer to?
answer
the number of osmoles per liter
question
What does osmolality indicate?
answer
the number of osmoles per kg
question
The effective osmolality, or tonicity, of a solution is related to what?
answer
the ability of a solute to attract water and to sustain an increase in osmotic pressure as a result of water movement
question
What is the approximate percentage of total body water (TBW)?
answer
60%
question
Total body water is broadly divided into what two types?
answer
intracellular and extracellular
question
The extracellular fluid is divided into what four subcompartments?
answer
plasma volume, interstitial lymph fluid, transcellular fluid, and fluid present in dense connective tissue and bone
question
Where is transcellular fluid found?
answer
in diverse locations including CSF, pleural cavity, GI tract, bladder, synovia, aqueous humor, and peritoneal cavity
question
What is the most abundant and osmotically active ECF cation?
answer
Na+
question
What is the most abundant ICF cation?
answer
K+
question
Which ion is the major determinant of the resting cell membrane potential (-70 to -90 mV)?
answer
K+
question
The critical distribution of water between the plasma and the interstitium is maintained by what?
answer
the colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma protein (oncotic pressure)
question
What must occur to maintain electroneutrality?
answer
the number of cations in the ECF must equal the number of anions
question
Calculation of the difference between the commonly measured cations and anions in ECF yields what?
answer
the anion gap
question
The anion gap calculation can be useful in assessing what?
answer
the etiology of metabolic acidosis
question
What is water turnover?
answer
the term used to describe input and output of body water over a given period of time
question
Water turnover in mature dogs is approximated at what?
answer
40-60 ml/kg/day
question
What are maintenance fluids defined as?
answer
as the volume of fluid required daily to maintain an animal in zero fluid balance - no net gain or loss of water
question
What happens if ECF volume and renal perfusion decrease?
answer
renin will be secreted into the circulation
question
What is thirst stimulated by?
answer
plasma hypertonicity and/or contracted ECF volume
question
What is the rate limiting step in the renin-angiotensin system?
answer
conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
question
What does angiotensin II stimulate?
answer
the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone which causes increased reabsorption of sodium from the distal nephron with excretion of K+ and H+
question
In regards to normal water loss, what are sensible losses?
answer
water loss that occurs via urine, fecal water, and saliva
question
In regards to normal water loss, what are insensible losses?
answer
water loss that occurs via evaporation from cutaneous and respiratory epithelia
question
In a healthy animal, insensible losses account for TBW elimination of about what?
answer
15-30 ml/kg/day
question
Metabolic rate is directly proportional to what?
answer
the ratio of body surface area to total volume
question
Daily urinary water losses can be divided into what two groups?
answer
obligatory water loss and free water loss
question
What is obligatory water loss?
answer
water eliminated in order to excrete the daily renal solute load (urea, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, NH4+, Cl-, SO4^2-, PO4^3- and other cations/anions)
question
What is free water loss?
answer
water excreted unaccompanied by solute
question
Free water loss is controlled by what?
answer
vasopressin
question
When does free water loss increase and decrease?
answer
it increases during relative water excess or hypotonicity and decreases during water deficit or hypertonicity
question
What part of the nephron is responsive to vasopressin?
answer
the collecting ducts
question
Renal reabsorption of sodium in the distal nephron is increased by what?
answer
aldosterone
question
What are the three categories of dehydration?
answer
hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic
question
Causes of dehydration associated with pure water deficit include what?
answer
hypodypsia due to neurologic disease, diabetes insipidus, respiratory losses during exposure to elevated temperatures, fever and inadequate access to water
question
What is third spacing?
answer
a term used to describe extravasation of fluid from the vascular compartment into extravascular spaces
question
What has been included as a guideline for assessment of dehydration in neonatal calves?
answer
the measured gap between the eyeball and orbit
question
What factors are used when assessing dehydration?
answer
extent of exophthalmos, skin-tent duration on neck, thorax, and upper and lower eyelids, heart rate, mean central venous pressure, peripheral (extremities) and core temperatures, PCV, and hemoglobin and plasma protein concentration
question
What is sodium essential for?
answer
proper maintenance of membrane potentials, initiation of action potentials, and maintenance of acid-base balance
question
What are the clinical signs of hypernatremia?
answer
neurologic deficits, thirst, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting and muscle weakness; dehydration may be present
question
With hypernatremia, in the case of pure-water loss, what can the volume be replaced with?
answer
5% dextrose in water over a 48- to 72- hour period
question
What is the treatment for hyponatremia?
answer
infusion with conventional crystalloid solutions
question
When can cause hyperchloremia?
answer
fluid loss associated with small bowel diarrhea
question
What can cause hypochloremia?
answer
fluid losses due to vomiting or excessive diuretic administration
question
What is the treatment for chloride-responsive alkalosis?
answer
chloride-replete fluid such as normal saline
question
What is the primary determinant of potassium secretion across renal tubular epithelial surfaces?
answer
aldosterone
question
Most of the filtered potasium is reabsorbed where?
answer
in the proximal tubule
question
Tubular secretion of potassium is aldosterone mediated and occurs where?
answer
in the distal nephron
question
What does hypokalemia do to the resting membrane potential?
answer
makes it more negative thereby hyperpolarizing the cell
question
What does hyperkalemia due to the cell
answer
makes it more positive causing hyperexcitability
question
What can affect the distribution of potassium between the ICF and the ECF?
answer
changes in pH
question
What is the rule of thumb regarding pH and serum potassium concentration?
answer
every 0.1 unit decrease in pH will be accompanied by a 0.6 mEq/l increase in serum potassium concentration
question
What are some of the clinical signs of hyperkalemia?
answer
muscle weakness, twitching, and irritability
question
How might ACE inhibitors cause hyperkalemia?
answer
by interfering with angiotensin II-mediated aldosterone secretion
question
Emergency treatment is indicated if potassium rises and exceeds what?
answer
6.0-8.0 mEq/l
question
What is the therapy for hyperkalemia?
answer
calcium gluconate
question
What are the clinical signs of hypokalemia?
answer
weakness of skeletal and respiratory muscles and intestinal smooth muscle loss of tone
question
What is feline hypokalemic polymyopathy syndrome often manifested as?
answer
ventroflexion of the head and a stiff, stilted gait
question
Administration of intravenous potassium should not exceed a rate of what?
answer
0.5 mEq/kg/hr
question
What is responsible for the maintenance of body pH?
answer
pulmonary and renal control of dissolved CO2 and bicarbonate concentrations
question
Under normal physiological conditions, what is the ratio of HCO3- to dissolved CO2?
answer
20:1
question
The respiratory component of acid-base regulation involves changes in what?
answer
respiratory rate and volume prompted by changes in PCO2
question
The renal component of acid-base regulation involves what?
answer
selective absorption of bicarbonate and secretion of H+
question
What happens during acidosis?
answer
more H+ are secreted while more K+, Na+ and HCO3- are retained
question
What happens during alkalosis?
answer
K+ is secreted while more H+ and less Na+ and HCO3- are retained
question
How do the kidney's regulate acid-base balance?
answer
by maintaining the appropriate HCO3- in the plasma
question
Disorders of acid-base equilibrium can result from what?
answer
a primary disturbance in pulmonary regulation of the concentration of H2CO3 in body fluids via changes in alveolar ventilation and PCO2 levels, from metabolic changes in concentration of bicarbonate or from a combination of these mechanisms
question
What is the best measure of respiratory disturbances?
answer
the partial pressure of CO2
question
What does a blood gas analysis provide?
answer
three measured parameters (pH, PCO2, PO2) and two calculated values (actual bicarbonate and base excess)
question
Actual bicarbonate values are useful in assessment of what?
answer
non-respiratory disorders
question
What is the approximate normal anion gap in dogs and cats?
answer
13-24 mEq/l
question
What is the anion gap often used to identify?
answer
causes of metabolic acidosis
question
Increased anion gap often occurs in what?
answer
lactic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, azotemic renal failure and poisoning
question
A normal anion gap usually occurs in what?
answer
metabolic acidosis related to diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis, excessive use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or ammonium chloride administration and in iatrogenic expansion acidosis caused by excessive normal saline administration
question
What is an acid-base disturbance?
answer
a primary disturbance with a secondary or compensatory response
question
Metabolic acidosis may be characterized by what?
answer
a decrease in plasma HCO3- concentration, decreased pH, increased concentration of strong anions and decreased plasma sodium concentration associated with renal disease or diarrhea
question
What are the clinical signs most associated with metabolic acidosis?
answer
hyperpnea and CNS depression
question
Laboratory evaluation of blood and urine reveals what with a metabolic acidosis?
answer
a lowered urine and blood pH and a decreased serum HCO3-
question
What is the most common acid-base disorder in dogs, cats and horses?
answer
metabolic acidosis
question
What is the most common cause of normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis?
answer
loss of Na+ and HCO3- associated with diarrhea
question
What is metabolic alkalosis characterized by?
answer
an excess of HCO3- caused by a deficit of H+ in the ECF
question
What can metabolic alkalosis be caused by?
answer
excessive vomiting, excessive alkaline therapy or use of diuretics
question
What are the clinical signs of metabolic alkalosis?
answer
depressed breathing (slow and shallow), nervous excitement, including tetany, and even convulsions and muscular hypertonicity
question
Compensation for metabolic alkalosis requires what?
answer
the kidneys to excrete HCO3- and retain H+
question
What does respiratory acidosis involve?
answer
retention of CO2 as a consequence of alveolar hypoventilation
question
What does hypoventilation result in?
answer
CO2 retention, an excess of H2CO3 and thereby an excess of H+
question
What is the compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis?
answer
for the kidneys to conserve HCO3- and excrete H+
question
The most important treatment for respiratory acidosis is what?
answer
proper ventilation of the animal
question
What is the purpose of fluid and electrolyte therapy?
answer
to correct dehydration or overhydration and electrolyte imbalance and/or acid-base imbalance
question
What provides a rational basis for estimating patient fluid and electrolyte needs and monitoring treatment success?
answer
laboratory examination of the blood in combination with clinical signs
question
What happens to specific gravity and urine volume during a state of dehydration?
answer
specific gravity increase and urine volume decrease
question
If the specific gravity is unchanged or lowered and the animal shows clinical signs of dehydration, what does this typically mean?
answer
the kidneys are not functioning properly
question
What are the three aims of volume replacement?
answer
correct existing deficits, satisfy maintenance needs and replace continuing loss
question
What is the replacement volume equation?
answer
replacement volume = body weight (kg) x % dehydration
question
When are maintenance fluids needed?
answer
when a patient does not voluntarily ingest sufficient food and water to replace normal losses occurring via urine, feces, respiratory tract and skin
question
What is the rule of thumb for giving fluids for mature and immature animals?
answer
mature: 40-65 ml/kg/24 hour immature: 130 ml/kg/24 hour
question
In less severe cases of dehydration, what should the infusion rate of fluids be?
answer
15-30 ml/kg/hr
question
Large volumes of fluid administered too rapidly may overload the circulatory system, causing what?
answer
pulmonary edema and even death, especially in severely ill or toxic cases
question
What is hypodermoclysis?
answer
subcutaneous administration of fluid
question
What are the major categories of parenteral fluids?
answer
crystalloids, colloids, blood replacements and nutritional solutions
question
What are the fluids going to be like that closely resemble the ECF?
answer
isotonic, high in sodium, low in potassium, and may be acidifying or alkalinizing
question
What is the fluid of choice for treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis?
answer
normal saline
question
What are the fluids of choice for metabolic alkalosis?
answer
normal saline and Ringer's solution
question
What are the two types of colloids?
answer
natural and synthetic
question
What are the natural colloids?
answer
whole blood, plasma, and albumin
question
What are the synthetic colloids?
answer
dextran 40, dextran 70, hetastarch, pentastarch and oxypolygelatin
question
Which type of fluid contain large particles and are retained within the vascular space more readily?
answer
colloids
question
Initial tissue perfusion has been found to be better after volume expansion with what type of fluids?
answer
colloids or combination of crystalloids and colloids
question
What are the indications for colloid use?
answer
perfusion deficits, hypooncotic states, deficiency of blood components, and diseases that lead to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
question
What are the hallmarks of SIRS?
answer
alterations in temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, PCO2 and white blood cell count
question
What are the three major categories of synthetic colloids?
answer
dextrans, hydroxyethyl starches and gelatins
question
What are dextrans prepared from?
answer
a macromolecular polysaccharide produced by bacterial fermentatino of sucrose
question
What are hydroxyethyl starches derived from?
answer
plant amylopectin and are modified by hydroxyethylation to reduce hydrolysis by amylase
question
What is the most commonly used hydroxyethyl starch?
answer
hetastarch (Hespan)
question
What is the only approved plasma substitute in the U.S. for fluid resuscitation?
answer
oxypolygelatin (Vetaplasma) derived from bovine bone gelatin
question
Hypertonic saline is used in the treatment of what?
answer
shock associated with hemorrhage, trauma, GDV, acute pancreatitis, burns and sepsis
question
What does hypertonic saline do?
answer
draws interstitial and intracellular water away from edematous tissues and into the vasculature
question
As hypertonic saline is short-lived, what should be combined for long-term resuscitation?
answer
crystalloids or colloids
question
What are hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) useful for?
answer
replacing RBCs in anemic humans and animals
question
What do hemoglobin based oxygen carriers contain?
answer
purified hemoglobin, removed from RBCs and suspended in solution
question
What are hemoglobin based oxygen carriers developed from?
answer
animal or human hemoglobin
question
Does oxyglobin need to be cross-matched?
answer
no, it does not have the potential to transmit disease
question
What will grain overloading in ruminants cause?
answer
severe dehydration and metabolic acidosis
question
What can provide benefit to calves that have hypernatremia and diarrhea?
answer
5% dextrose alone or with isotonic sodium bicarbonate
Atomic Mass Units
Average Atomic Mass
Periodic Table of Elements
Physical Science
Physical Science A unit 2 – Flashcards 39 terms
39 terms
Preview
Physical Science A unit 2 – Flashcards
question
An element's properties can be predicted from its
answer
Location in the periodic table
question
In the ____ state of matter, electrons are stripped away from the nuclei
answer
Plasma
question
If a substance is _____, it can be pulled or drawn into a wire
answer
Ductile
question
The sun and many other stars are made mostly of the element
answer
Hydrogen
question
A __ is a positively charged particle in an atom's nucleus
answer
Proton
question
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of most metals
answer
Brittle
question
The particles that are involved in the transfer or sharing between atoms are
answer
Valence electrons
question
A ___ Has some of the properties of both metals and nonmetals
answer
Metalloid
question
When two identical nonmetal are bonded together the result is a
answer
Diatomic
question
The family of __ is the most reactive group of metals in the periodic table
answer
Alkali Metals
question
Nonmetals are good conductors of heat and electricity
answer
True
question
From left to right in the periodic table the elements are arranged in order of decreasing atomic mass
answer
False Increasing
question
The mass of a proton is about one atomic mass unit
answer
True
question
The reactivity of the metals elements generally increases as you move from left to right across the periodic table
answer
False Decreases
question
Atomic mass
answer
average mass of one atom of an element
question
Atomic number
answer
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
question
Proton
answer
A small positively-change particle in the nucleus of the atom
question
valence electron
answer
Involved in transfer/sharing of electons
question
Organic compound
answer
A compound that contains carbon
question
Malleable
answer
A term used to describe material that can be hammered or rolled into shape
question
Ductile
answer
a term used to describe a material that can be pulled out into a long wire
question
Alkali Metal
answer
an element in group 1 of the most reactive group
question
Hydroxyl Group
answer
An ch group found in alcohols
question
Metalloid
answer
An element that has some of the characteristics of metals and some of the characteristics of nonmetals
question
Diatomic Molecule
answer
A molecule composed of two atoms of the same element
question
Plasma
answer
a state of matter in which atoms are stripped of their electrons and the nuclei packed closely together
question
What kind of information can you learn about an element from the periodic table
answer
You can find the chemical symbol the atomic number and name, atomic mass
question
How are the elements arranged in the periodic table
answer
Increases in the atomic number
question
Explain the characteristics of metal
answer
Hardness,Shininess, Malleability and ducteity
question
What is the most common element in stars
answer
Hydrogen
question
Give examples of pure carbon
answer
Graphite, Diamonds, And fullerene
question
Explain what hydrocarbons and substituted hydrocarbons are
answer
Include alcohol, hydrogen, compounds, organic acids
question
What distinguishing characteristic is common in the names of saturated hydrocarbons
answer
The suffix is common in the name of saturated hydrocarbons _ane
question
Monomers of complex carbs
answer
Simple sugars
question
Carbs
answer
Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen
question
Polymers
answer
Carbs , Lipids , Proteins
question
Monomers
answer
Sugars, fats , oils , amino acids , fatty acids
question
What is the core of an atom
answer
protons or neutrons
question
What is the mass of a proton
answer
1.6726219 × 10-27 kilograms
AP Chemistry
Atomic Mass Unit
Atomic Mass Units
Atoms
Chemistry
Periodic Table
Temperature And Pressure
Chapter 2 – Chemistry – Flashcards 74 terms
74 terms
Preview
Chapter 2 – Chemistry – Flashcards
question
| What is molar mass? |
answer
| The number of grams in one mole of an element. |
question
| What is molar mas numerically equal to? |
answer
| The atomic mass of the element. |
question
| How is the molar mass written? |
answer
| g/mole |
question
| What is a mole defined as being? |
answer
| 6.02 x 10 ^23 |
question
| What is Avogadro's Number? |
answer
| The number of atoms present in 1 mole of atoms. |
question
| What is the number of Avogadro's Number? |
answer
| 6.02 x 10 ^23 |
question
| What effect do protons have on electrons? |
answer
| They take energy away from electrons. |
question
| What is true about electrons closer to the nucleus? |
answer
| They have lower energy the closer they are to the nucleus. |
question
| What do electrons do because they have energy? |
answer
| They are constantly moving in the electron cloud. |
question
| What is the reason we can only have a certain number of electrons in an energy level? |
answer
| The repulsion between negative electrons. |
question
| What is true about the energy of electrons in similar energy levels? |
answer
| Electrons in the same energy level possess similar energies. |
question
| What energy levels do electrons occupy first? |
answer
| The lowest; closest to the nucleus. |
question
| How do you tell the number of element's valence electrons? |
answer
| Their group number if they are part of the group A elements. |
question
| What is the valence shell? |
answer
| The highest energy level containing electrons is known as the valence shell. |
question
| What are valence electrons? |
answer
| The electrons found in the outer most energy level; the valence shell. |
question
| What is responsible for chemical reactivity in elements? |
answer
| The valence electrons. |
question
| What do valence electrons cause? |
answer
| Chemical reactivity. |
question
| Element 1 |
answer
| H; Hydrogen, group 1A |
question
| Element 2 |
answer
| He; Helium. group 8A |
question
| Element 3 |
answer
| Li; Lithium, group 1A |
question
| Element 4 |
answer
| Be; Beryllium, group 2A |
question
| Element 5 |
answer
| B; Boron, group 3A |
question
| Element 6 |
answer
| C; Carbon, group 4A |
question
| Element 7 |
answer
| N; Nitrogen, group 5A |
question
| Element 8 |
answer
| O; Oxygen, group 6A |
question
| Element 9 |
answer
| F; Fluorine, group 7A |
question
| Element 10 |
answer
| Ne; Neon, group 8A |
question
| Element 11 |
answer
| Na; Sodium, group 1A |
question
| Element 12 |
answer
| Mg; Magnesium, group 2A |
question
| Element 13 |
answer
| Al; Aluminium, group 3A |
question
| Element 14 |
answer
| Si; Silicon, group 4A |
question
| Element 15 |
answer
| P; Phosphorous; group 5A |
question
| Element 16 |
answer
| S; Sulfur; group 6A |
question
| Element 17 |
answer
| Cl; Chlorine; group 7A |
question
| Element 18 |
answer
| Ar; Argon; group 8A |
question
| Element 19 |
answer
| K; Potassium; group 1A |
question
| Element 20 |
answer
| Ca; Calcium; group 2A |
question
| Which group is the Alkali metals? |
answer
| Group 1A |
question
| What is group 1A? |
answer
| The Alkali metals |
question
| Which group is the Alkaline earth metals? |
answer
| Group 2A |
question
| What is group 2A? |
answer
| The Alkaline earth metals |
question
| What is group 7A? |
answer
| The Halogens |
question
| What is group 8A? |
answer
| The Noble gases |
question
| Which group is the Halogens? |
answer
| Group 7A |
question
| Which group is the Noble gases? |
answer
| Group 8A |
question
| What does period number represent? |
answer
| The outermost energy level that contains valence electrons. |
question
| How do you find out the outermost energy level? |
answer
| Period number. |
question
| What is the smallest thing to give the properties of an element? |
answer
| An atom. |
question
| What does an atom give the the properties of? |
answer
| An element. |
question
| What are the different properties of matter? |
answer
| Physical and chemical properties. |
question
| What is a physical change? |
answer
| A change in form or otherwise, but no change in actual composition of the substance or element. |
question
| What is a chemical change? |
answer
| A change in the composition, changing one substance into another. |
question
| What is density? |
answer
| The mass of a substance per unit volume. (mass is always grams) |
question
| Represent density in a formula. |
answer
| D = m/v |
question
| What are the different volumes for states of matter? |
answer
| Gas = 1 L; Liquid = 1mL; Solid = cm^3 or mL |
question
| What is amu relative to? |
answer
| Carbon-12 atom |
question
| What are compounds? |
answer
| Two or more elements chemically combined. |
question
| What do chemical formulas identify? |
answer
| The type and number of atoms of each of the elements in a compound. |
question
| What is the atomic mass unit? |
answer
| The amu is a unit used to identify the mass of an atom. |
question
| How much does a proton weight? |
answer
| 1 amu. |
question
| How much does a neutron weight? |
answer
| 1 amu. |
question
| What is mass number? |
answer
| Number of protons + number of neutrons. |
question
| What is symbolic notation |
answer
| Used to represent an atom's atomic symbol, mass number, and atomic number. Mass number on top, atomic number on bottom. |
question
| What element can be found in combination with other elements in virtually all living substances? |
answer
| Carbon. |
question
| What are subatomic particles? |
answer
| The small parts that organize to form atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
question
| What are the small parts that organize to form atoms: proton, neutrons, and electrons? |
answer
| Subatomic particles. |
question
| What is the relative mass of an electron? |
answer
| 0.0005 |
question
| What is the relative mass of a proton? |
answer
| 1 |
question
| What is the relative mass of a neutron? |
answer
| 1 |
question
| What is an atomic mass unit (amu)? |
answer
| The small unit of mass used to quantify the mass of very small particles. |
question
| What is the small unit of amss used to quantify the mass of very small particles? |
answer
| The atomic mass unit (amu) |
question
| What is 1 amu equal to? |
answer
| 1/12 of a carbon atom containing six protons and six neutrons. |
question
| What are isotopes? |
answer
| Atoms that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons. |
question
| What are atoms that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons? |
answer
| Isotopes. |
Atomic Mass Units
Chemistry
Naturally Occurring Elements
Sub Atomic Particles
Inorganic Chemistry Review – Flashcards 104 terms
104 terms
Preview
Inorganic Chemistry Review – Flashcards
question
protons
answer
found in the nucleus of the atom; amount of charge =1.6X10^-19
question
atomic number (Z)
answer
equal to the number of protons found in an atom of that element
question
neutrons
answer
neutral molecules that don't have a charge
question
mass number (A)
answer
the sum of the protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus
question
isotopes
answer
atoms that share an atomic number but different mass numbers
question
electrons
answer
move through the space surrounding the nucleus and are associated with varying levels of energy
question
valence electrons
answer
farthest from the nucleus and have the strongest interactions with the surrounding environment and the weakest interactions with the nucleus
question
cation
answer
positively charged atom
question
anion
answer
negatively charged atom
question
atomic mass
answer
of an atom is nearly equal to its mass number
question
atomic weight
answer
the number reported on the periodic table
question
avagadro's number
answer
6.02X10^23
question
Plancks relation
answer
E=hf
question
Planck's constant
answer
6.626X10^-34
question
ground state
answer
state of lowest energy in which all electrons are in the lowest possible orbitals
question
excited state
answer
at least one electron has moved to a subtle of higher than normal energy
question
line spectrum
answer
where each line on the emission spectrum corresponds to a specific electron transition
question
atomic emission spectrum
answer
can be used to fingerprint for the element
question
orbitals
answer
regions of space around the nucleus
question
heisenberg uncertainty principle
answer
it is impossible to determine, simultaneously, with perfect accuracy, the momentum and the position of an electron
question
Pauli exclusion principle
answer
no two electrons in a given atom can possess the same set of four quantum numbers
question
electron configuration
answer
use spectroscopic notation, wherin the first number denotes the principle energy level, the letter designates the subtle and the superscript gives the number of electrons in that subshell (ex: 2p4)
question
Aubau principle
answer
building up principle; each subtle will fill completely before electrons begin to enter the next one
question
Hund's Rule
answer
within a given subshell orbitals are filled such that there are a maximum number of half-filled orbitals with parallel spins
question
paramagnetic
answer
materials composed of atoms with unpaired electrons will orient their spins in alignment with a magnetic field, and the material will be weakly attracted to the magnetic field
question
diamagnetic
answer
materials consisting of atoms that have only paired electrons will be slightly repelled by a magnetic field
question
Periodic Table of Elements
answer
shows that ordering the known elements according to atomic weight revealed a pattern of periodically recurring physical and chemical properties
question
A elements
answer
representative elements; groups IA through VIIIA
question
B elements
answer
non representative elements; include transition elements and the lanthanide and actinide series;
question
metals
answer
found on the left side and in the middle of periodic table; include active metals, transition metals, and the lanthanide and actinide series of elements
question
lustrous
answer
shiny
question
malleability
answer
the ability to be deformed without breaking
question
ductility
answer
the ability to be pulled or drawn into wires
question
non metals
answer
found predominately on the upper right side of the periodic table; brittle; little to know metallic luster
question
metalloids
answer
semimetals that share characteristics with both metals and non metals
question
effective nuclear charge (Zeff)
answer
a measure of the net positive charge experienced by the outermost electrons
question
octet rule
answer
the rule that elements tend to be most stable with eight electrons in their valence shell
question
atomic radius
answer
equal to one-half of the distance between the centers of two atoms of an element
question
Ionization Energy
answer
ionization potential; energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous species
question
first ionization energy
answer
the energy necessary to remove the first electron
question
second ionization energy
answer
the energy necessary to remove the second electron
question
electron affinity
answer
the energy dissipated by a gaseous species when it gains an elecrron
question
electronegativity
answer
a measure of the attractive force that an atom will exert on an electron in a chemical bond
question
Pauling electronnegativity scale
answer
ranges from 0.7 to 4
question
alkali metals
answer
possess most of the classic physical properties of metals; densities lower than those of other metals; Group IA
question
Alkaline earth metals
answer
have slightly higher effective nuclear charges and thus slightly smaller atomic radii; Group IIA
question
Chalcogens
answer
an eclectic group of nonmetals and metalloids; not as reactive as the halogens, but crucial for normal biological functions; Group VIA
question
Halogens
answer
highly reactive nonmetals with seven valence electrons;Group VIIA
question
Noble gases
answer
also known as inert gases; minimal chemical reactivity due to their filled valence electrons; Group VIIIA
question
Transistion metals
answer
considered to be metals and as such have low electron affinities, low ionization energies and low electronegativities;Groups IB to VIIIB
question
chemical bonds
answer
formed via the interaction of the valence electrons of the combining atoms
question
exceptions to the octet rule
answer
1. incomplete octet 2. Expanded Octet 3. Odd Numbers of Electrons
question
Incomplete Octet
answer
these elements are stable with fewer than eight electrons in their valence shell and include hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, and boron
question
Expanded Octet
answer
any element in period 3 and greater can hold more than eight electrons, including phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and many others
question
Odd Numbers of electrons
answer
any molecule with an odd number of valence electrons cannot distribute those electrons to give eight to each atom;
question
ionic bonding
answer
one or more electrons from an atom with low ionization energy, typically a metal are transferred to an atom in a high electron affinity
question
covalent bonding
answer
and electron pair is shared between two atoms, typically non metals, that have relatively similar values of electronegativity
question
corrdinate covalent
answer
when both shared electrons are contributed by only one of the two atoms
question
crystalline latice
answer
consists of repeating positive and negative ions
question
bond length
answer
the average distance between the two nuclei of atoms in a bond
question
bond energy
answer
the energy required to break a bond by separating its components into their isolated, gaseous atom states
question
polarity
answer
occurs when two atoms have a relative difference in electronegativity
question
non-polar covalent bond
answer
no separation of charge across the bond
question
polar covalent bonds
answer
atom that share electrons unevenly due to differing electronegativity
question
dipole moment
answer
P=qd measure in debye units
question
bonding electrons
answer
the electrons involved in a covalent bond and are in the valence shell
question
nonbonding electrons
answer
electrons in the valence shell that are not involved in covalent bonds
question
lewis structure
answer
system of notation developed to keep track of the bonded and nonbonded electron pairs
question
resonance
answer
different forms of a single compound
question
lewis dot diagram
answer
the chemical symbol of an element surrounded by dots
question
formal charge
answer
V-N-1/2N
question
Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory VSPR
answer
a system that reflect the actual geometric arrangement of atoms in a compound
question
electronic geometry
answer
describes spatial arrangement of all pairs of electrons round the central atom including both bonding and lone pairs
question
molecular geometry
answer
describes the spatial arrangement of only the bonding pairs of electrons
question
molecular orbital
answer
describes the probability of finding the bonding electrons in a given space
question
intermolecular forces
answer
bonding forces that keep a substance together in its solid or liquid state and determines whether two substances are miscible or immiscible in solution
question
london dispersion forces
answer
weakest of all intermolecular forces
question
dipole-dipole interaction
answer
present in the solid and liquid pass but become negligible in the gas phase because of significantly increased distance between gas particles
question
H-bonds
answer
dipole-dipole interactions with hydrogen;stronger that regular d-d interactions
question
compounds
answer
pure substances composed of two or more elements in a fixed proportion
question
molecule
answer
a combination of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
question
formula unit
answer
represents the empirical formula of the compound
question
atomic weight
answer
misnomer because it is actually a weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element, not their weights
question
formula weight
answer
found by adding up the atomic weights of the constituent ions according to its empirical formula
question
mole
answer
a quantity of any substance equal to the number of particles that are found in 12 grams of Carbon-12
question
Normality
answer
a measure of concentration in units (equivalents/L)
question
equivalents
answer
mass of compound (g)/gram equivalent weight (g)
question
Molarity
answer
Normality/n
question
structural formulas
answer
show various bonds between the constituent atoms of a compound
question
law of constant composition
answer
states that any pure sample of a given compound will contain the same elements in an identical mass ratio
question
empirical formula
answer
gives the simplest whole-number ratio of the elements in the compound
question
molecular formula
answer
gives the exact number of atoms of each element in the compound and is a multiple of the empirical formula
question
combination reaction
answer
two or more reactants forming one product
question
decomposition
answer
the opposite of a combination reaction: single reactant breaks down into two or more products.
question
combustion reaction
answer
a special type of reaction that involves a fuel, usually a hydrocarbon
question
double displacement reaction (metathesis reactions)
answer
elements from two different compounds swap places with each other to form two new compounds
question
neutralization reactions
answer
specific type of double displacement reaction in which and acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and usually water
question
limiting reagent (reactant)
answer
limits the amount of product that can be formed in the reaction
question
excess reagents
answer
reactants that remain after all limiting reagent is used up
question
yield
answer
refers to either the amount of product predicted or actually obtained
question
theoretical yield
answer
the max amount of product that can be generated as predicted from the balanced equation, assuming that all of the limiting reagent is consumed, no side reactions have occurred, and the entire product has been collected
question
actual yield
answer
the amount of product one actually obtains during the reaction
question
percent yield
answer
actual yield/thoretical yield X 100%
question
electrolytes
answer
solutes that enable solutions to carry currents
Atomic Mass Units
Chemistry
AS level Chemistry OCR new Spec Definitions (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) – Flashcards 36 terms
36 terms
Preview
AS level Chemistry OCR new Spec Definitions (Physical and Inorganic Chemistry) – Flashcards
question
Relative Isotopic Mass
answer
mass of an isotope compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom
question
Relative Atomic Mass
answer
weighted mean mass of an atom compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom
question
1st Ionisation Energy
answer
energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms
question
Common Acids
answer
HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH
question
Common Alkalis
answer
NaOH, KOH and NH3
question
Acid
answer
releases H+ in aqueous solution
question
Alkali
answer
releases OH- in aqueous solution
question
Strong Acids
answer
fully disassociated in solution
question
Weak Acid
answer
partially disassociated in solution
question
Salts
answer
ionic compound formed when the H+ ion in acids are replaced by metal or ammonium ions
question
Amount of Substance
answer
means of counting the quantity of any species with unit of moles
question
Mole
answer
amount of any substance containing as many elementary particles as there are carbon atoms in 12g of carbon-12
question
Avogadro's Constant
answer
6.02 X 10^23 particles
question
Molar Mass
answer
mass per mole of a substance
question
Empirical Formula
answer
simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
question
Molecular Formula
answer
number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule
question
Anhydrous
answer
containing no water molecules
question
Hydrated
answer
a crystalline compound containing water molecules
question
Water of Crystallisation
answer
water molecules that are bonded into a crystalline structure of a compound
question
Ionic Bonding
answer
electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions
question
Covalent Bonding
answer
electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the bonding nuclei
question
Metallic Bonding
answer
strong electrostatic attraction between cations and delocalised electrons
question
Electronegativity
answer
ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond
question
Polar Bond/Permanent Dipole
answer
covalently bonded atoms with different electro-negativities
question
Periodicity
answer
repeating trends in physical and chemical properties across periods
question
Disproportionation
answer
oxidation and reduction of the same element
question
Endothermic
answer
the ∆H is positive, as bond breaking absorbs energy from the surroundings
question
Exothermic
answer
the ∆H is negative, as bond making releases energy into the surroundings
question
Activation Energy
answer
the minimum energy required for a reaction to take place
question
∆fH
answer
energy required to form one mole of a compound from its constituent elements
question
∆cH
answer
energy required for one mole of a substance to react completely with oxygen
question
∆neutH
answer
energy required to form one mole of water from a neutralisation reaction
question
Average Bond Enthalpy
answer
breaking of one mole of bonds in gaseous molecules
question
Homogeneous Catalyst
answer
same physical state as reactants
question
Heterogeneous Catalyst
answer
different physical state to reactants
question
Dynamic Equilibrium
answer
when the rate of the forwards reaction is the same as the rate of the reverse reaction in a closed system (concentration doesn't change)
Atomic Mass Unit
Atomic Mass Units
Chemistry
Particle Physics
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Sub Atomic Particle
Sub Atomic Particles
Flashcards with Answers on Nuclear Chemistry 97 terms
97 terms
Preview
Flashcards with Answers on Nuclear Chemistry
question
atomic nuclei are made of _____________
answer
protons and neutrons
question
protons and neutrons are collectively called _______
answer
nucleons
question
in nuclear chemistry, an atom is referred to as a(n) _________
answer
nuclide
question
the nuclide is identified as the number of ________________ in its nucleus
answer
protons and neutrons
question
the difference of the masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom
answer
mass defect
question
the mass defect is caused by the ____________________________________
answer
conversion of mass energy upon formation of the nucleus
question
the mass defect can be converted to energy using _______
answer
e=mc²
question
energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons or energy required to break apart the nucleus
answer
nuclear binding energy
question
a measure of the stability of a nucleus
answer
binding energy
question
the more energy lost=
answer
stronger nucleus is held together
question
dalton thought that atoms were ________
answer
unchangeable
question
the process by which materials emit particles and energy __________
answer
radioactivity
question
emissions of radioactivity
answer
radiation
question
elements that give off radiation are said to be ____________
answer
radioactive
question
scientists show that radioactive elements changed into other elements after _______ _______
answer
emitting radiation
question
some nuclei are unstable and gain stability by emitting radiation through a process called __________________
answer
radioactive decay
question
during __________, atoms tend to attain stability by transferring or sharing electrons; the nuclei remain unchanged
answer
chemical reactions
question
during _________, the nuclei of unstable isotopes gain stability by undergoing changes. theses changes are accompanied by the emission of large amounts of energy
answer
nuclear reactions
question
nuclei of unstable isotopes:
answer
radioisotopes
question
nuclear reactions cannot be _________,_______,_______
answer
sped up, slowed down, turned off
question
not chemically different from other isotopes of that element
answer
radioisotopes
question
chemical reactivity depends on what?
answer
electron structure
question
illustrates the interconnected nature of matter and energy
answer
nuclear decay
question
matter is related to energy according to ___________
answer
e=mc²
question
in e=mc², c=?
answer
speed of light
question
[alpha particles] have a(n) _______________ nucleus
answer
helium-4
question
[alpha particles] contains ____ protons and ___ neutrons
answer
2,2
question
[alpha particles] ________ from nucleus
answer
ejected
question
[alpha particles] charge of ...
answer
+2
question
[alpha particles] restricted almost entirely to ____________
answer
heavy nuclei
question
[alpha particles] low penetrating power bc of _________________
answer
large mass and charge
question
sheet of paper or surface of skin will shield them; dangerous when ingested bc they travel a short distance to penetrate tissue and cause damage
answer
alpha particles
question
a new element is formed when this happens along with the helium-4
answer
alpha decay
question
atomic and mass numbers are shown
answer
nuclear equation
question
[beta particles] _______ _______ electrons
answer
high energy
question
[beta particles] charge of . . .
answer
-1
question
[beta particles] ______ __ _____ when neutron is converted to proton and electron
answer
emitted from nucleus
question
[beta particles] atomic number increases by _____, and the mass number is increased by ____.
answer
1,0
question
[beta particles] less penetrating than alpha particle bc it has __________________
answer
less charge and mass
question
can penetrate paper, but stopped by aluminum foil and thin pieces of wood
answer
beta particle
question
for every particle, there is a(n) __________
answer
antiparticle
question
the antiparticle for electron=
answer
positron
question
an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom; inner orbital electron combines with a proton to form a neutron
answer
electron capture
question
high energy electromagnetic waves emitted from the nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state
answer
gamma rays
question
[gamma rays] possesses _ _______________ ______ ________ _________
answer
no mass or electrical charge
question
[gamma rays] usually accompany ??
answer
alpha and beta radiation
question
[gamma rays] account for most energy lost during ________________.
answer
radioactive decay
question
[gamma rays] can be __________
answer
dangerous
question
penetrate paper, wood, and human body
answer
gamma rays
question
stopped, although not completely- by several meters of concrete or several cm of lead
answer
gamma rays
question
α
answer
alpha
question
β
answer
beta
question
ɣ
answer
gamma
question
the stability of a nucleus depends on what?
answer
neutron-proton ratio
question
displays all stable nuclei
answer
band of stability
question
the band of stability ends at element _______
answer
83
question
all nuclei that have an atomic number greater than 83 are _______________
answer
radioactive
question
an extremely small quantity of mass is converted into ______ released in radioactive decay
answer
energy
question
every radioisotope has a characteristic rate of decay measured by its ___________
answer
half-life
question
the time required for half the atoms of a radioactive isotope to decay
answer
half-life
question
series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is produced
answer
decay series
question
the heaviest nuclide of each decay series
answer
parent nuclide
question
nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclide
answer
daughter nuclides
question
the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element
answer
transmutation
question
transmutation can occur when...
answer
radioactive decay particles bombard the nucleus
question
many transmutations occur in __________
answer
nature
question
the earliest artificial transmutation was performed by ________
answer
rutherford
question
the elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers above 92, the atomic number of uranium, are called ____________
answer
transuranium elements
question
[transuranium elements] all undergo ______
answer
transmutation
question
[transuranium elements] none occur in _______
answer
nature
question
[transuranium elements] all are ______
answer
radioactive
question
[transuranium elements] have been synthesized in nuclear _________ and ________
answer
reactors and accelerators
question
are radioactive nuclides not found naturally on earth
answer
artificial radioactive nuclides
question
bombardment of stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles
answer
artificial transmutations
question
a very heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of intermediate mass
answer
nuclear fission
question
fission produces enormous amounts of ________
answer
energy
question
the only 2 fissionable isotopes
answer
uranium-235 and plutonium-239
question
a reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction
answer
chain reaction
question
the minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction
answer
critical mass
question
uncontrolled chain reactions provide the explosive energy of ________
answer
atomic bombs
question
use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides
answer
nuclear reactors
question
light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus
answer
nuclear fusion
question
fussion releases _______ ______ ____ ______ of fuel than fission
answer
more energy per gram
question
used to provide the heat and pressure necessary to trigger the fusion of the nuclei
answer
fission reaction
question
radiation emitted by radioisotopes is called______
answer
ionizing radiation
question
radiation with enough energy to knock electrons off some atoms of the bombarded substance to produce ______
answer
ionizing radiation
question
charged atoms
answer
ions
question
devices used to detect radiation:
answer
geiger counters, scintillation counters, film badges
question
procedure used to detect trace amounts of elements in samples; used by museums to detect art forgeries; used by crime labs to analyze gun-powder residues
answer
neutron activation analysis
question
radioisotopes used in agriculture to test the effects of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers; also monitored in animals that consumes the plants
answer
tracers
question
_______ are used to diagnose medical problems
answer
radioisotopes
question
iodine-131 is used to detect...
answer
thyroid probs
question
technetium-99 is used to detect...
answer
brain tumors and liver disorders
question
phosphorus-32 us used to detect...
answer
skin cancer
question
used to kill cancerous cells (gamma rays)
answer
radiation therapy
question
narrow beam of gamma rays is directed at cancerous tissue
answer
teletherapy
question
salts of radioisotopes are sealed and implanted in _______
answer
tumors
Atomic Mass Units
Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry – Flashcards 30 terms
30 terms
Preview
Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry – Flashcards
question
Mass of individual particles vs. mass of entire atom
answer
Individual particles more
question
Binding energy
answer
E=mc^2 Energy that holds atom together Loss of mass converted to binding energy when creating atom
question
Neutron function
answer
Glue that holds nucleus together by filling in space to prevent protons from crashing into each other
question
Radioactivity
answer
Natural process by which some atoms spontaneously disintegrate, emitting both particles and energy as they transform into different, more stable atoms. Also called radioactive decay
question
Why does radioactive decay occur?
answer
Because unstable isotopes tend to transform into stable isotopes
question
Energetic stuff about radioactivity
answer
Negative delta G Thermodynamically favorable Nothing about speed
question
Radiation
answer
Particles or energy released during decay
question
Energy of radiation
answer
E=hc/wavelength
question
Shortest to longest wave types
answer
Gamma, x-ray, UV, visible, IR
question
Primordial vs. cosmogenic when formed
answer
P - Formed during or very soon after universe creation C - synthesized through high E cosmic radiation interacting with certain nuclei or through decay of primordial
question
Half lives - Primordial vs. cosmogenic
answer
Primordial - either stable or very long Cosmogenic - vary greatly
question
Naturally always remaking ______ nuclei
answer
Cosmogenic
question
3 reasons nuclei unstable
answer
Consider in order: Too big Odd/even protons vs. neutrons Ratio of neutrons/protons
question
Nuclei size threshold for size
answer
83
question
Nuclei threshold for naturally occurring
answer
92
question
Which 2 radioactive and not naturally occuring
answer
Tc and Pm 43 and 61
question
Most stable when referring to even/odd neutrons and protons and why
answer
Most stable is even for both because nuclear particles like to pair up similar to electrons
question
Ratio of neutrons to protons
answer
If Z 1.1 If Z>20 then should be 1.4 --> 1.6
question
Gamma decay
answer
Occurs if nucleus is in excited state Will emit gamma ray
question
Which type of radiation always accompanies nuclear reaction?
answer
Gamma
question
If atom is too big, which type of decay
answer
Alpha decay
question
If ratio of neutrons to protons too high, which kind of decay?
answer
Beta emission
question
If ratio of neutrons to protons too low what happens?
answer
If Z20, then electron capture
question
Electron capture accompanied by
answer
X ray radiation
question
What happens during electron capture?
answer
Nucleus literally pulls inner core e- into the nucleus...causes relaxation of higher energy orbital...relaxation gives off X-ray
question
Alpha particle
answer
question
Beta particle
answer
question
Gamma radiation
answer
question
Positron
answer
or B+
question
Electron capture
answer
+ X-ray
Atomic Mass Units
Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry Worksheet Answers – Flashcards 37 terms
37 terms
Preview
Nuclear Chemistry Worksheet Answers – Flashcards
question
Radiation
answer
a general term for any type of energy that emanates or radiates outward in all directions
question
Electromagnetic radiation (ER)
answer
radiation moving at the speed of light, ranging from high-energy gamma rays to low energy radio waves; includes visible light
question
Electromagnetic spectrum
answer
all forms of electromagnetic radiation
question
Ionizing radiation
answer
radiation with sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules (higher energy ER); damages DNA
question
Non-ionizing radiation
answer
radiation with insufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules (lower energy ER)
question
Marie Curie
answer
studied radioactivity and completed much of the pioneering work on nuclear changes. Won two Nobel Prizes (the first for discovering radioactivity; the second for discovering the radioactive elements radium and polonium)
question
Nuclear reactions
answer
involve changes in particles in an atom's nucleus and thus cause a change in the atom itself
question
Isotope
answer
atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons and, therefore, a different mass number and atomic mass
question
Hyphen notation
answer
(example) U-238
question
Nuclear notation
answer
(example) ⁴2 He
question
Transmutation
answer
change in identity of a nucleus because of a change in the number of its protons
question
Radioactive isotope
answer
an isotope with an unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay
question
Radioactive decay
answer
the spontaneous break-down of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied by the emission of nuclear radiation
question
Nuclear radiation
answer
particles or ER emitted from a nucleus during radioactive decay
question
Alpha particle (a)
answer
helium nucleus (+2); 2 protons and 2 neutrons bound together emitted from a radioactive nucleus ⁴2 He
question
Beta particle (B)
answer
electron (-) ejected at a high speed when a neutron changes into a proton and an electron 0-¹ B
question
Gamma ray (y)
answer
form of high-energy ER (∅); often emitted during and simultaneous to, a or B radioactive decay 00 y
question
Half-life
answer
time needed for decay of one-half the atoms in a sample of radioactive material
question
Nuclear bombardment
answer
nucleus is bombarded with alpha particles, protons, neutrons or other particles
question
Nuclear fission 1
answer
process in which a heavy nucleus splits to form medium-weight nuclei; Ex: TMI
question
Chain reaction
answer
in fission reactions, neutron are emitted; these neutrons can split more nuclei and a chain reaction can occur
question
Critical mass
answer
mass of fissionable material needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction
question
Nuclear fusion
answer
the process in which light weight nuclei combine to form heavier, more stable nucleus; Ex: the sun
question
Nuclear fission 2
answer
the process in which a very heavy nucleus splits to form medium-weight nuclei; Ex: TMI (nuclear power plant)
question
Mass defect
answer
the missing mass of a nuclear reaction that is converted into energy
question
mass number
answer
The _ is written after the hyphen next to the name of the isotope.
question
decreases
answer
During a nuclear reaction the stability of the nucleus _ as it gives off small amounts of energy.
question
radioactive
answer
Gamma emission, beta decay, and alpha decay are produced during the process of _ decay.
question
shortest
answer
The least stable isotope would have the _ half-life.
question
Nuclear binding energy
answer
the source of energy in a nuclear reaction
question
fission
answer
After uranium-235 absorbs a neutron it breaks into smaller isotopes and releases more neutrons during a _ reaction.
question
Gamma radiation
answer
used to image the human body because it easily travels through dense objects
question
multiplying
answer
The purpose of the control rods in nuclear power plants is to absorb some of the neutrons, thus keeping the chain reaction from _.
question
more
answer
When a uranium nucleus splits the mass of the uranium is _ than the mass of Ba¹⁴¹, Kr9², and 2 neutrons produced.
question
proton
answer
The decay of barium and krypton change a neutron into a _ within the nucleus during a beta decay.
question
The Law of Conservation of Mass number
answer
the sum of the mass number on the reactant side must equal the sum of the mass number on the product side
question
The Law of Conservation of change (atomic #)
answer
the sum of the atomic number on the reactant side must equal the sum of the atomic number on the product side
Atomic Mass Units
Chemistry
Electron Dot Diagram
Human Anatomy And Physiology 1
Match The Following
2.2 Basic Atomic Structure – Flashcards 12 terms
12 terms
Preview
2.2 Basic Atomic Structure – Flashcards
question
Atom
answer
The smallest particle of an element that still retains the chemical properties of that element.
question
electrons, protons, neutrons
answer
3 subatomic particles atoms are made of
question
electrons
answer
1.Possesses negative electrical charges. 2.Are found orbiting the nucleus of an atom (the electron cloud) 3.Are 1/1837th of the mass of a single proton or neutron
question
protons
answer
1.Possess a positive electrical charge. 2.Are found clumped together within the nucleus of an atom. 3.Has a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (AMU) or 1 Dalton (Named after John Dalton.)
question
neutrons
answer
1. Possesses no electrical charge and are therefore referred to as neutral. 2. Are also found clumped together within the nucleus an atom. 3. Has a mass of 1 AMU or 1 Dalton.
question
Nuclear forces
answer
These are short-range proton-to-neutron OR proton-to-proton OR neutron-to-neutron attractive forces that help hold together the nucleus of an atom. These forces are greater than the repulsive same charge electrical forces exhibit by protons.
question
Atomic theory 1
answer
All matter is composed of extremely small particles called "atoms".
question
Atomic theory 2
answer
Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties. This has since been modified based on isotopes and ions.
question
Atomic theory 3
answer
Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. a. This has since been modified based upon current studies in quantum physics. Such examples include muons and quarks.
question
Atomic theory 4
answer
Atoms of different elements combine in simple different ratios to form chemical compounds.
question
Atomic theory 5
answer
In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.
question
Dalton's main flaws in the atomic theory
answer
Atoms are not indivisible. The are divisible into several subatomic particles. All atoms of a given element may not have identical properties as their masses may vary slightly (ie. isotopes).
Atomic Mass Units
Biology
atomic structure quizlet – Flashcards 12 terms
12 terms
Preview
atomic structure quizlet – Flashcards
question
nucleus
answer
the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth.
question
proton
answer
The proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p or p+, with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge and mass slightly less than that of a neutron.
question
electron
answer
The electron is a subatomic particle. It is believed to be an elementary particle because it cannot be broken down into anything smaller. It is negatively charged, and may move almost at the speed of light.
question
neutron
answer
The neutron is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton.
question
atomic number
answer
In chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus. It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z.
question
mass number
answer
The mass number (A), also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. Because protons and neutrons both are baryons, the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion.
question
isotopes
answer
each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.
question
energy levels
answer
the fixed amount of energy that a system described by quantum mechanics, such as a molecule, atom, electron, or nucleus, can have.
question
electron cloud
answer
Electron cloud is an informal term in physics. It is used to describe where electrons are when they go around the nucleus of an atom.
question
orbital
answer
each of the actual or potential patterns of electron density that may be formed in an atom or molecule by one or more electrons, and that can be represented as a wave function.
question
electron configuration
answer
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals.
question
ground state
answer
the lowest energy state of an atom or other particle.
