question

_____% of men diagnosed with prostate cancer live 5+ years

answer

99%

question

Number of men expected to die from prostate cancer in 2009

answer

26,000

question

Incidence of prostate cancer is highest among what race of men? Lowest?

answer

Highest: African-American men Lowest: Asia, North Africa

question

Lifetime risk for man getting prostate cancer is ____ in ______.

answer

1 in 6

question

______% of men over age 65 diagnosed with prostate cancer

answer

70%

question

Prolonged exposure to what is a risk factor for prostate cancer?

answer

androgen

question

What type of diet is a risk factor for prostate cancer?

answer

high fat

question

Recent evidence from 40 studies suggest what type of benefit of physical activity as it relates to prostate cancer?

answer

no consistent benefit

question

____to____% reduction in risk (physical activity and prostate cancer)

answer

10-30%

question

Cooper Clinic Prostate Cancer Cohort Study: Dose-dependent reduction in prostate cancer with _____________. But, only the __________ had a statistically significant reduction.

answer

higher fitness levels. most fit men

question

Cooper Clinic Prostate Cancer Cohort Study: RR for high fit was _____ compared to the least fit men.

answer

0.25

question

Cooper Clinic Prostate Cancer Cohort Study: Protection limited to men younger than....

answer

60 years

question

Cooper Clinic Prostate Cancer Cohort Study: Men expending 1,000 to 2,000 kcal/wk or 3,000+ kcal/wk had a _____ reduction in risk compared to those expending <1,000 kcal/wk.

answer

2/3

question

Cooper Clinic Prostate Cancer Cohort Study: Men who expended 2000-3000 kcal/wk had a ______ reduction in risk that was not statistically significant.

answer

1/3

question

Lung Cancer: How many case-control studies? Cohort studies?

answer

6 15

question

_____% reduction in lung cancer when physically active (includes control for smoking)

answer

20%

question

Lung cancer: Moderate activity reduces risk by _____% High level of activity reduces risk by _____%

answer

15% 30%

question

____________ and _____________ may reduce amount of carcinogens and length of time integration in airway.

answer

improved ventilation and perfusion

question

Endometrial cancer: _____ case-control studies for a reduced risk of _____% _____ cohort studies found a reduced risk of ______%

answer

13 case-control: 30% 7 cohort: 23%

question

Lowered body weight and fatness may reduce risk of _______ and _______ when dealing with endometrial cancer.

answer

inflammation and immune suppression

question

CRF and Digestive System Cancer Mortality: CRF was _________ associated with death High fit men had ____ risk of colon, colorectal, and liver cancer deaths.

answer

inversely lower

question

How many women expected to die from breast cancer in 2010?

answer

40,000

question

______% of women diagnosed with cancer live 5+ years.

answer

80%

question

Chance of developing invasive breast cancer at some time in a woman's life is ____-_____%

answer

12-14% (1 in 8)

question

Chance breast cancer will be responsible for a woman's death is about ____ in ______ (____%)

answer

1 in 35 3%

question

_____% of breast cancer is associated with inherited gene mutation.

answer

10%

question

Age risk factor for breast cancer... Each year more than ____% of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer are over the age of _____.

answer

70%; age 50

question

Race risk factor for breast cancer... What race is more likely to be diagnosed with it? What race is more likely to die from it?

answer

White American women are more likely to develop breast cancer African American women are more likely to die of breast cancer

question

Genetic risk factor for breast cancer... Having one first-degree relative with breast cancer __________ a woman's risk Having two first-degree relatives increases her risk ______ fold.

answer

doubles five fold

question

Genetic risk factor for breast cancer.... Two breast cancer susceptibility genes found on which chromosomes? Mutations of these genes increase a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer to ______% to ______%

answer

BRCA1: on chromosome 17 BRCA2: on chromosome 13 60% to 85%

question

Menstrual history risk factor for breast cancer.... Women who started menstruating before age 12 have a ____% greater breast cancer risk than those who started at age 15 or later.

answer

50%

question

Menstrual history risk factor for breast cancer... Women who reached natural menopause at or after age 55 have ______ the risk of women who experience menopause before age 45.

answer

twice the risk

question

Parity risk factor for breast cancer... Women who have not given birth to children have about a ____% increase in risk compared with women who have.

answer

30%

question

Hormone therapy risk factor for breast cancer... The Women's Health Initiative randomized clinical trial showed a _____% increased risk of breast cancer after about 5 years of hormone therapy.

answer

24%

question

Mammogram guidelines: when should specific ages get a mammogram?

answer

45-54 years old, every year Ages 55 and up, biennially

question

Under the old guidelines, if 10,000 when get annual mammograms from ages 40 to 49, this results in ____ lives saved, ______ deaths, and _____ women being treated unnecessarily.

answer

5 lives saved 30 deaths 36 treated unnecessarily

question

~30 case-control and 30 cohort studies demonstrate that both job and leisure activity are associated with ~______% reduction in breast cancer risk. (_____% reduction in post-menopausal women)

answer

20% 30%

question

10 Sisters Study: Relative risk of reproductive cancers, breast cancer, and non-reproductive cancer in non-athletes compared to athletes while in college. ____% of former athletes and _____% of non-athletes reported current exercise.

answer

Reproductive: 2.5 Breast: 1.86 Non-reproductive: 3.34 74% former athletes 57% non-athletes

question

LA County Study: Odds ratio of women who participated for 3.8 hours or more per week in exercise activities from menarche to 1 year before cancer diagnosis: 3.8 hours or more per week of exercise for 10 years after menarche:

answer

.50 .70

question

25,000 women surveyed at two time points. Found that the more _________ the activity, the more reduction in risk. Effect was stronger for what women?

answer

vigorous Effect stronger for premenopausal women

question

Women's Health Initiative Study: Measured women's MET hours/week in physical activity and their relative risk for developing breast cancer. RR for no, 40 MET hours/week

answer

no: 1.00 >or=5: .90 5.1-10: .82 10.1-20: .89 20.1-40: .83 >40: .78

question

Netherlands Case-Control Study: Measured on leisure time PA and what type of job you had. Found that....

answer

higher levels of occupational physical activity were associated with lower breast cancer risk

question

Linear dose-response supported in _____ out of _____ breast cancer studies.

answer

16 out of 28

question

More of a dose-response relationship in _________ studies compared to ________ studies.

answer

case-control cohort

question

What is thought to provide the greatest benefit to reduced risk of breast cancer in women??? (in regards to PA)

answer

Lifetime of regular vigorous PA

question

CRF and Breast Cancer Mortality Study: _____ breast cancer deaths in average follow up of 16 years. Low CRF OR= Moderate CRF OR= High CRF OR=

answer

68 Low= 1 Moderate= .66 High= .44

question

What is the goal when it comes to the exposure of estrogen as it relates to breast cancer risk? What helps with this?

answer

You want a decreased lifetime exposure to estrogen. (either a delay in menarche, earlier menopause, or both) This reduces circulating estrogen Physical activity reduced the cumulative lifetime exposure to estrogen.

question

Obesity is related to _________ estrogen levels and increased conversion of ___________ to ___________.

answer

higher androgens to estrogen

question

Physical activity could protect both pre- and post-menopausal women by converting excess ___________ to ___________________.

answer

estradiol to 2-hydroxyesterone

question

______ to ______% of cancer cells produce an enzyme called telomerase

answer

80-90%

question

Telomerase does what?

answer

an enzyme that blocks the shrinking of telomeres, thus resulting in uncontrolled division of a cell into a tumor

question

Cancer cost what in 2010?

answer

$263 billion

question

Estimated New Cancers expected for men and women in 2010? Total?

answer

Men: 789,000 Women: 739,900 1.53 million

question

Estimated cancer deaths expected for men and women in 2010? Total?

answer

Men: 299,200 Women: 270,000 569,000 (23% of all deaths)

question

How many men and women will develop some form of cancer during their lifetimes?

answer

1/2 of men 1/3 of women

question

Since the 1930s, the death rates for most cancers has ________ until the mid 1990s and then ___________

answer

stayed about the same then decreased

question

All forms of cancer on the graph decreased over time except for ________ which saw an increase in the 19____s for men and the 19___s for women.

answer

lung cancer Men: 1940s-50s Women: 1970s-80s-90s

question

Cancer Incidence Rates by Gender... who gets cancer more?

answer

Men have higher rates than women

question

Cancer Incidence Rates by Race... who gets cancer more?

answer

Women: White women more than black women Men: Black men more than white men

question

Top 3 US Cancer Cases for Men (2010)

answer

1. Prostate (28%) 2. Lung (15%) 3. Colon/rectum (9%)

question

Top 3 US Cancer Cases for Women (2010)

answer

1. Breast (28%) 2. Lung (14%) 3. Colon/rectum (10%)

question

Top 3 US Cancer Deaths for men (2010)

answer

1. Lung (29%) 2. Prostate (11%) 3. Colon/rectum (9%)

question

Top 3 US Cancer Deaths for women (2010)

answer

1. Lung (26%) 3. Breast (15%) 4. Colon/rectum (9%)

question

Harvard Alumni Study and All-Site Cancer Deaths The men who expended fewer than 500 kcal each week in physical activity had a _______% higher risk of cancer death than did men who expended 500 kcal or more each week.

answer

50%

question

Harvard Alumni Study and All-Site Cancer: Studied leisure time physical activity and found that ___________ kcal/week of leisure time PA provides a threshold protective effect against mortality from all-site cancer.

answer

500-2000 kcal/week

question

In the NHANES I study, men reporting little or no exercise had a relative risk of ______ compared to the men who reported being active. The study traced what type of activity?

answer

1.8 Traced recreational activity

question

ACLS (Fitness and All-Site Cancer) What was relative risk for women who were the least fit? Men?

answer

Women: 16! (this is compared to highest fit women at RR=1) Men: 4

question

Physical activity has an overall _____-______% risk reduction in all-site cancer risk?

answer

20-30%

question

Top 4 Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer

answer

1. Hx in 1st degree relative 2. Hx of colorectal cancer or polyps 3. Hx of breast, ovarian, or uterine cancer 4. Inflammatory bowel disease

question

_____% of colon cancer occurs after age 50

answer

90%

question

What type of diet is a risk factor for colon cancer?

answer

High fat and meat diet

question

Recommendation from WHO is to have a dietary fat <_____% total kcal to reduce risk of colon cancer

answer

<30% total kcals

question

Recommendation from WHO is to maximize dietary intake of ________, __________, ___________, and _______. Recommendation is to minimize dietary ______, ________, and _______ foods.

answer

Maximize: bran fiber, vegetables, fruits, and dietary calcium Minimize: salted, pickled, and smoked foods

question

~40 population-based cohort and 40 case-control studies of leisure time or occupational physical activity and colon cancer have been reported. Risk reduction for men _______. RR for women ______.

answer

RR for men= 0.76 RR for women= 0.79

question

Physical activity and risk of colon cancer show a _____% reduction in men and _____% reduction in women.

answer

25% in men 20% in women

question

It is estimated that colon cancer rates in the U.S. could be reduced by ____% if the _____% of the adult population that is sedentary would increase leisure-time physical activity by ____MET hours each week.

answer

7% 25% 10 MET Hours

question

What type of activity is needed to create a dose-response relationship between exercise and colon cancer risk? How many kcal/week needed to see this dose-response?

answer

moderate-vigorous activity 1000 kcal/week

question

One thing physical activity does to gastrointestinal time....

answer

Decreases gastrointestinal time. Increased motility decreases the exposure to carcinogens.

question

Which prostaglandins are affected by physical activity (relating to colon cancer)? How? What does each do?

answer

PG-F and PG-E2 -PG-F increases: increases gut motility and inhibits the division and spread of colon cancer cells -PG-E2 decreases: decreases gut motility and increases colonic cell proliferation

question

What happens to inflammation markers as a result of physical activity as it relates to colon cancer? What are the markers?

answer

C-reactive protein IL-6 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) Decrease as a result of physical activity (elevated levels have been linked with increased cancer risk)

question

_________ is an important growth factor for colon cancer cells._________ can enhance tumor development by stimulating cell proliferation or inhibiting apoptosis.

answer

Insulin

question

The reduction in rates of colon cancers among physically active people on average is ______%

answer

24%

question

Some ____-_____ minutes a day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity appears required for reduced risk of colon cancer.

answer

30-60

question

Who is the Grecian who described the plague in Athens?

answer

Thucydides

question

What did Edward Jenner discover?

answer

that injection of cowpox virus into humans resulted in inoculation against human smallpox

question

What type of immunity provides the initial defense against various infectious agents and cancer?

answer

Innate Immunity

question

What type of immunity is able to recognize highly specific antigens as a result of previous exposure and offers different responses to different types of microbes?

answer

Adaptive Immunity

question

Immune cells important for innate immunity

answer

Monocytes (phagocytes), granulocytes, natural killer cells

question

Immune cells important for adaptive immunity

answer

Lymphocytes such as T and B cells

question

Lymphocytes can be broken down into what 3 classes?

answer

1. B lymphocytes (adaptive) 2. T lymphocytes (adaptive) 3. Natural killer cells (innate)

question

B lymphocytes can be broken down into what 2 classes? And what are their functions?

answer

1. Plasma Cells: secrete antibodies that seek out intruders and help destroy them 2. Memory B Cells: have prolonged lifespan that helps them to "remember" specific intruders and destroy them faster

question

T lymphocytes can be broken down into what 2 classes? And what are their functions?

answer

1. Helper T Cell (CD4+): helps activate B cells after it itself has been activated by an antigen presenting cell. When the receptor of the helper T cell recognizes the antigen, it is then activated and can activate the B cells. 2. Cytotoxic T Cell (CD8+): Specializes in attacking cells of the body that have been infected by viruses and bacteria

question

Natural Killer Cells do not require what in order to recognize an antigen?

answer

prior exposure

question

_______ secreted by macrophages is the key activator of helper t cells

answer

IL-1

question

2 categories of phagocytes and what they protect against...

answer

1. Macrophages (viruses) 2. Neutrophils (bacteria)

question

3 main functions of macrophages:

answer

1. Host defense 2. Wound healing: clean up debris of dead tissue so you can rebuild new tissue 3. Regulation of other immune cells: want to terminate the inflammation after the wound is clean

question

What type of cells are the most efficient Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)?

answer

Dendritic cells

question

Granulocytes can be broken down into what 3 classes? What do they do/protect against?

answer

1. neutrophils (phagocytose bacteria) 2. eosinophils (allergies) 3. basophils (secrete histamine; bind with IgE)

question

___________ are scavengers. They search, engulf, digest, & metabolize.

answer

Phagocytes

question

_________ captures an antigen from a virus. What happens after that?

answer

Macrophage It then alerts the T-cell The antigen binds with recognition sites on T-cells

question

Helper T cell activates __________

answer

phagocytosis

question

#1 target of HIV are the ________ cells

answer

helper T

question

Humoral immunity is dependent upon which lymphocytes? Which cells do what?

answer

B-lymphocytes Plasma cells: secrete antibodies Memory B: remember antigens

question

Cellular immunity is dependent upon which lymphocytes? Which cells do what?

answer

T-lymphocytes Helper T: cytokine secretion and activation of B cells Cytotoxic T: lysis of virus-infected cells

question

Helper T cells are differentiated into ____ and _____.

answer

Th1 Th2

question

Th1 cells activate _________ and _________. They provide _______ immunity.

answer

macrophages and cytotoxic t cells cellular immunity

question

Th2 cells activate _________. They provide _______ immunity.

answer

B lymphocytes humoral immunity

question

A cell such as a macrophage or a dendritic cell, that engulfs antigens and presents them to B or T lymphocytes in a recognizable form

answer

Antigen-presenting Cell

question

Cytotoxic T cells recognize ________ proteins

answer

MHC1

question

Helper T cells recognize __________ proteins

answer

MHC2

question

Any of a class of antibody proteins released by cells that mediate cellular actions of other cells.

answer

Cytokines

question

What happens during rolling adhesion?

answer

A protein is expressed on the cell membrane. Called selectin: it's selecting the WBC to the endothelial cell The WBC rolls slowly on the endothelial cells

question

__________ are one class of "adhesion molecules".

answer

selectins

question

What happens during tight binding?

answer

involves the binding of integrin molecules on the WBC (LFA-1) with adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface (ICAM-1)-- so that WBCs stop rolling and tightly adheres to endothelial cell

question

______ means "walking through"

answer

diapedesis

question

What happens during diapedesis?

answer

WBC is moving through the cell membrane into the infected tissue

question

Cells in the marginal pool are.....

answer

when cells are still potentially available for circulation but are currently unavailable because they are bound to endothelial cells

question

Which lymphokines are increased during exercise?

answer

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors

question

Which lymphokines are decreased during acute exercise?

answer

IL-2

question

What is increased thanks to acute levels of exercise?

answer

1. Blood levels of granulocytes (mainly neutrophils) 2. Blood levels of monocytes 3. Phagocytic activity of macrophages 4. Blood levels of NK cells

question

What is decreased thanks to acute levels of exercise?

answer

1. Blood levels of T lymphocytes 2. NK cell cytotoxicity (with strenuous exercise)

question

What is increased thanks to chronic exercise?

answer

1. NK cell cytotoxicity 2. Risk of upper respiratory infection (strenuous exercise)

question

What is decreased thanks to chronic exercise?

answer

1. Risk of upper respiratory infection (with moderate exercise) 2. Tumor growth

question

What is a myokine?

answer

A peptide released by contracting skeletal muscle

question

The increase in the number of monocytes in the blood after acute exercise is best explained by...

answer

an influx of cells from the marginal pool

question

_______ and _______ are usually elevated during and immediately after a session of moderate-to-high intensity exercises

answer

NK cells and neutrophils

question

After heavy, prolonged exercise, numbers of __________ and __________ can be depressed below normal levels for up to 6h

answer

lymphocytes and NK cells

question

Exercise temporarily ________ the phagocytic function of macrophages

answer

increases

question

_______ cells are more responsive than helper T and B lymphocytes

answer

Cytotoxic T

question

A study by Dishman found that the cumulative effect of acute exercise was an __________________

answer

increase in NK cytotoxicity

question

Study on risk of URI and Running found that....

answer

an increase is number of miles run per week increased the RR of developing an upper respiratory infection

question

In the study with mice and exposure to flu, the mice that had underwent prolonged exercise had what type of survival rates? What %?

answer

Low survival rates 30% survival

question

In the study with mice and exposure to flu, the control mice (the ones that were sedentary) had what % survival rate?

answer

middle (43%)

question

In the study with mice and exposure to flu, the mice that underwent moderate exercise had what % and type of survival rate?

answer

Best survival rate 82%

question

Lifetime prevalence of anxiety: ______ Lifetime prevalence of mood: ______ What are the next two highest prevalences?

answer

Anxiety: 29.9% Mood: 21.4% 3. Sleep 4. Substance Abuse

question

What are the two criteria you must meet ONE of in order to be diagnosed with depression?

answer

1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day 2. Loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities

question

How many criteria must you meet in order to be diagnosed with depression?

answer

-One of the top 2 -5 of the "others"

question

What are the "others" criteria that you must meet 5 of in order to be diagnosed with depression?

answer

1. Significant weight loss or gain without dieting 2. Sleep disturbances 3. Feelings of lethargy or restlessness 4. Fatigue or loss of energy 5. Motor disturbance 6. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt 7. Reduced ability to think or concentrate 8. Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

question

_____% of females and _____% of males in the U.S. aged 15-54 will have a major depressive episode in their lifetime. (National Co-morbidity Study)

answer

21% of females 13% of males

question

Depression accounts for _______ of mental health care costs (how many billion per year?)

answer

1/3 $85 billion

question

Women's lifetime odds are ____% higher than men's for any anxiety disorder. _____% higher for any mood disorder.

answer

anxiety: 60% mood: 50%

question

What is the general age pattern for lifetime prevalence of depression?

answer

gets higher with age, then at 60+ it drops off

question

How many people with depression have a favorable response within 6-8 weeks of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy?

answer

less than half

question

_____% of people with depression seek treatment

answer

30%

question

How many people with depression go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed?

answer

half

question

How many people who are correctly diagnosed have never taken antidepressants?

answer

half

question

How many people are prescribed the proper medication does?

answer

Less than 1/3

question

What is anxiety?

answer

A state of worry, apprehension, or tension that often occurs in the absence of real or obvious danger

question

5 types of anxiety disorders

answer

1. Phobias 2. Panic disorder 3. OCD 4. PTSD 5. GAD

question

_____% of females and _____% of males in the U.S. aged 15-54 will have an anxiety disorder in their lifetime. (Co-morbidity study)

answer

31% females 19% males

question

State anxiety...

answer

the immediate response to a conscious or unconscious threat that has somatic and cognitive symptoms

question

Trait anxiety...

answer

Chronic generalized anxiety that predisposes a person to appraise events as threatening

question

How much in mental health care costs each year from anxiety disorders?

answer

about $85 billion now

question

Only _____% of people with anxiety seek treatment.

answer

25%

question

What is the general age pattern for lifetime prevalence of anxiety?

answer

tendency for prevalence to go up with age until you get to 60+

question

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

answer

Unrealistic or excessive worry about two or more life circumstances

question

How many studies of depression? How many studies of anxiety?

answer

Depression: ~150 (~30 prospective cohort studies) Anxiety: ~50 (~3 prospective cohort studies)

question

What % of population studies show lower depression or anxiety symptoms among physically active adults and youth

answer

85%

question

What is the typical reduction in risk of symptoms for all the population studies done on depression and anxiety?

answer

20-30% risk reduction

question

What's the adjusted odds ratio from 16 prospective, observational studies from 1995 - 2007? How many were statistically significant?

answer

OR= .82 10 of 16 effects were statistically significant

question

Alameda County Study found that a ____________ may influence risk for depression, although result were not statistically significant. Which group had highest RR for depression?

answer

change in activity level Those who were active then became inactive had greatest RR for depression Those who were never active were second highest

question

The Harvard Alumni study found that the more you do (sports or PA) ......

answer

the smaller the relative risk for depression.

question

The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health found that women who got an hour or more of moderate-intensity PA each week had a _____ to ______ lower odds of elevated depression symptoms.

answer

30 to 40%

question

The Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health found that women who were the least active in 1996 (<_____ MET-min per week) but increased to ______ or more MET-min per week in 2001 had ____% reduction in odds compared with those who stayed least active.

answer

<200 MET-min 600 or more MET-min 20% reduction

question

The ACLS study by Dishman found that the each minute decrease in treadmill time led to a ___% increase in odds of symptoms for depression in women and a _____% increase for men.

answer

Women= 5% Men: 1.5%

question

14 Randomized Control Trials on Depressed patients have what mean effect size?

answer

-1.1 SD

question

At least 12 RCT with 500 depressed patients compared to no treatment control show a mean effect size of _____. How many of them reported a clinically meaningful reduction in symptoms?

answer

-1.1 SD 4 studies

question

90 RCTs of ~10,500 patients with a chronic illness other than depression show a mean effect size of _____.

answer

-.30 SD

question

A 12-week aerobic exercise plan found an effect size of _____ when subjects who exercised had lower depression scores that the controls who did not exercise.

answer

ES= .91

question

A 10-week progressive resistance training plan in elderly subjects had a significantly larger reduction in depressive symptoms on several outcome measures compared to those who just received health education. What was the effect size for their BDI score and their DSM score?

answer

BDI: 4.1 DSM: 4.8

question

The 12 week RCT of riding a stationary bike alone and in the dark showed that the highest dose of physical activity improved depression score by ____% and for others _________.

answer

50% remission

question

National Comorbidity Study found that with more participation in exercise came....

answer

lower odds of being diagnosed with major depression, GAD, panic, phobia, social phobia, or agoraphobia

question

Effects from 40 RCTs of patients and anxiety symptoms found a mean effect of .....

answer

.29 SD

question

Studies on exercise effects on state anxiety (transient feelings) found an effect size of....

answer

~.50 SD

question

Studies on exercise effects on trait anxiety (persistent feelings) found an effect size of....

answer

~.40 SD

question

3 neurotransmitters affected by depression.

answer

1. Serotonin 2. Norepinephrine 3. Dopamine

question

Cognitive mechanisms for reducing depression...

answer

1. distraction 2. restructured thinking 3. self-esteem

question

Social mechanism for reduced depression...

answer

social support

question

Physiologic mechanisms for reducing depression...

answer

1. Endorphins 2. Brain blood flow 3. Neurotransmitter levels

question

Where does the norepinephrine system originate from?

answer

The locus coeruleus

question

Where does the serotonin system originate from? Where is it located?

answer

the raphe nuclei

question

Where does the dopamine system originate from?

answer

the ventral tegmental area (VTA)

question

6 brain regions that seem to be most involved in the expression of human emotion

answer

1. Prefrontal Cortex 2. Amygdala 3. Hippocampus 4. Ventral Striatum (nucleus accumbens) 5. Cinculate Cortex 6. Insular Cortex

question

What does the prefrontal cortex do? Where is it located?

answer

-stores memories of the consequence of behaviors or experiences that were aversive or pleasurable -this permits an emotion to be sustained long enough to direct behavior toward the goal that is appropriate for that emotion

question

What does the amygdala do? Where is it located?

answer

-plays a key role in integrating overt behavior, autonomic responses, and hormonal responses during stress and emotion -it influences the pleasantness or unpleasantness of a situation

question

What does the hippocampus do? Where is it located?

answer

-processes memories of the environmental context in which emotion occurs before those memories are stored in the brain region where they were experienced

question

The _______ contains the nucleus accumbens.

answer

basal ganglia

question

What does the nucleus accumbens do? Where is it located?

answer

-it's in the pathway of dopamine neurons in the midbrain that are key in what is known as reward-motivated behavior -plays a role in regulating approach behaviors that result in pleasure (drive, urges, cravings)

question

What does the cingulate cortex do? Where is it located?

answer

-helps regulate attention during the processing of pleasure or displeasure during an emotion -also called "the old brain" -helps us control our rage

question

What does the insular cortex do? Where is it located?

answer

-receives sensory inputs from the autonomic nervous system, especially cardiovascular responses, and sends signals to the central amygdala and the hypothalamus, which each regulate cardiac and endocrine responses during stress

question

What is the ventral tegmental area (VTA)?

answer

a group of neural cell bodies in the underside of an area at the top of the brain stem, between the pons and the 4th ventricle of the brain

question

What do antidepressant drugs do to the re-uptake mechanisms of neurotransmitters and why is that beneficial?

answer

They block the re-uptake mechanisms in order to allow the neurotransmitter to stay in the synapse longer.

question

What parts of the brain have increased opioid activity with exercise?

answer

1. Orbitofrontal Cortex 2. Insular Cortex 3. Anterior Cingulate Cortex

question

Drugs that reduce depression work by inhibiting what transporter? What does it do?

answer

Norepinephrine transporter It leaves the norepinephrine that has been released in the synapse for longer in hopes of it getting taken up for use

question

What do BZDs do for anxiety?

answer

They have the ability to open chloride channels but only in the regions of the brain where fear and anxiety occur

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