Survey of Clinical Psychology Quiz Answers Part 3 – Flashcards
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A(n) _____ approach to psychotherapy involves selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients.
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eclectic.
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A study conducted in a controlled laboratory setting is most like a study examining _____.
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efficacy
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According to a survey of experts in the field of clinical psychology (Norcross, Hedges, & Prochaska, 2002), which of the following is likely to happen in the near future?
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a rise in the use of cognitive and behavioral approaches to psychotherapy
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In addition to effectiveness and efficacy, other ways to measure psychotherapy outcome include
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medical cost offset and the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy.
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A(n) _____ statistically combines the results of many separate studies to create numerical representations of the effects of psychotherapy as tested across massive numbers of settings, therapists, and patients.
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meta-analysis.
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The dodo bird verdict has been challenged by some psychotherapy researchers, including _____.
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Dianne Chambless.
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According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the popularity of cognitive therapy
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has increased.
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Psychotherapy outcome researchers have proposed that _____ is a common factor across diverse forms of psychotherapy.
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hope/positive expectations and the therapeutic relationship.
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The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists is _____.
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psychotherapy.
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Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome
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typically have stronger internal validity.
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The extent to which a psychotherapy works in "real-world" settings such as clinics, private practices, and hospitals is best described as the _____ of that form of psychotherapy.
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effectiveness.
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A survey of clinical psychologists (Norcross & Karpiak, 2012) found that the format of psychotherapy that was practiced by the highest percentage of clinical psychologists was _____.
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individual.
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The term common factors refers to the idea that
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various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental, shared components.
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The correct order of Lambert and Ogles's (2004) three-stage sequential model of common factors is
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support, learning, action.
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According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the popularity of psychodynamic psychotherapy
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has generally decreased.
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The 1995 psychotherapy study published in Consumer Reports magazine
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is an example of an effectiveness study.
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Chiles et al. (1999) conducted a review of over 90 studies of the effect of psychotherapy on medical costs and found that, in comparison to clients receiving no psychotherapy, clients receiving psychotherapy
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None of these.
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Researchers have measured the outcome of psychotherapy by
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assessing the reduction in spending on medical services when psychotherapy is provided, surveying clients about their experiences in psychotherapy, and using PET and fMRI scans to view changes in the brain subsequent to psychotherapy.
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An approach to psychotherapy in which specific therapy techniques are viewed as the treatment of choice for specific disorders is best described as the _____ approach.
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prescriptive.
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Despite the overwhelming evidence offered by efficacy studies,
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the studies' results are not always heeded by those who practice therapy in the real world, there is a gap between those who conduct efficacy research on psychotherapy and those who practice it, and some practicing clinicians complain that researchers who conduct the studies do so in an artificial, contrived, and irrelevant manner.
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According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ is the part of the mind that generates defense mechanisms.
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ego.
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Displacement is a defense mechanism characterized by
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redirecting the unconscious wish toward a safer target.
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_____ is the defense mechanism in which the ego projects an id impulse onto other people around us.
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projection.
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_____ occurs when a patient forms a relationship with a therapist in which he unconsciously and unrealistically expects the therapist to behave like important people in his life.
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Transference
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In _____, the therapist's primary task is to identify the "script" that the client appears to be unknowingly following, which is likely to be based on previous important relationships, and to refuse to enact that script in the therapeutic relationship.
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time-limited dynamic therapy
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Psychodynamic psychotherapy refers broadly to the approach authored by _____ and all subsequent adaptations or expansions of it.
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Sigmund Freud
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According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ is the part of the mind that generates all pleasure-seeking, selfish, indulgent, animalistic impulses.
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id
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Prior to Freud,
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mental health professionals did not acknowledge mental activity occurring outside our awareness.
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Relative to its prominence in the early and mid-1900s, psychodynamic psychotherapy is currently
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less prominent.
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The term _____ succinctly captures the primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy.
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insight
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Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irvin Yalom are most closely associated with _____ psychotherapy.
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existential.
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According to the humanistic approach, conditional positive regard from others brings forth _____.
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conditional positive self-regard
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Humanistic psychotherapists believe that individuals are born with a tendency toward healthy growth. The term that best describes this tendency is _____.
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self-actualization.
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The quality of _____ describes a match between a therapist's real and ideal selves.
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NOT congruence. NOT empathy.
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According to the humanistic approach, there are three essential therapeutic conditions that characterize successful therapist-client relationships. These three essential therapeutic conditions include _____.
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empathy.
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Of the following therapies based on humanistic principles, which has accumulated the most empirical evidence for its efficacy in recent decades?
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motivational interviewing
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According to Carl Rogers, the three essential therapeutic conditions were _____ to psychotherapy to be successful with any client.
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necessary and sufficient
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According to the humanistic approach, there are three essential therapeutic conditions that characterize successful therapist-client relationships. These three essential therapeutic conditions include _____.
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unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness.
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_____, developed by William Miller, is a contemporary application of the principles of humanism.
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Motivational interviewing
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The primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy is
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to foster self-actualization.
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According to Carl Rogers, the therapist's _____ determine(s) the success of therapy.
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attitude toward the client
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According to Rogers, the term _____ is synonymous with positive regard.
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prizing.
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_____ is a pioneer of the humanistic approach to psychotherapy.
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Carl Rogers
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According to the humanistic approach, psychological health is enhanced by
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a match between the real self and the ideal self.
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Positive psychology
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All of these are correct.
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According to the humanistic approach, _____ is the root of psychopathology.
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incongruence
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_____ was founded by Fritz Perls, and it emphasizes a holistic approach to enhancing the client's experience.
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Gestalt Therapy.
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_____, according to humanists, is essentially the warmth, love, and acceptance of those around us.
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Positive regard
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Jill is a 13-year-old girl whose mother loves her "no matter what." According to humanistic psychotherapists, Jill's mother
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None of these.
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In humanistic psychotherapy, _____ takes place when a therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or restating the client's statements in a way that highlights the client's feelings or emotions.
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reflection.
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The primary goal of behavioral psychotherapy is
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observable behavior change.
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_____ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients' social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date.
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Assertiveness training
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The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of _____.
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exposure therapy
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B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with _____.
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operant conditioning
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In the early 1900s, _____ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs should apply to humans also.
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John Watson
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_____ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy.
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Relaxation training
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"If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change." This statement summarizes the rationale behind _____.
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contingency management
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The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with _____ psychotherapy.
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behavioral
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Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is/are primarily based on operant (rather than classical) conditioning?
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None of these are correct.
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According to behavioral therapists,
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client behaviors are the problem.
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Thorndike's law of effect states that
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actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur, and actions followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to occur.
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The form of behavioral therapy that involves clients learning from the experiences of others, rather than their own experiences, is _____.
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observational learning.
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Teacher training is an indirect intervention based on the principles of _____ psychotherapy.
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behavioral
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_____, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety.
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Systematic desensitization
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The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as _____.
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extinction
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Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that
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the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement.
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Parent training is an indirect intervention based on the principles of _____ psychotherapy.
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behavioral
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The goal of _____ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client.
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behavioral activation
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For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support.
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exposure plus response prevention
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Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavioral psychotherapy
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employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures.
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is the therapy approach created by _____.
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Albert Ellis
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Homework assigned as a part of cognitive therapy
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may be written, will often be discussed at the subsequent session, and may be behavioral.
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According to the cognitive approach to psychotherapy, psychological problems arise from
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illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives.
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The primary goal of cognitive psychotherapy is
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logical thinking.
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Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is most closely associated with _____.
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Steven Hayes
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There are two widely recognized pioneers of cognitive psychotherapy. Which of the following is NOT one of those pioneers?
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William Miller
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The use of cognitive psychotherapy for medical problems
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has increased significantly in recent decades.
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Aaron Beck has argued that the cognitive triad, which includes _____, is a powerful determinant of mental health and depression levels.
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thoughts about the external world, thoughts about the self, and thoughts about the future
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Which of the following forms of therapy most strongly emphasizes the use of teaching as a therapy tool?
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cognitive
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The cognitive thought distortion defined as expecting the worst in the future when it is actually unlikely to occur is _____.
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catastrophizing
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Dialectical behavior therapy, developed by Marsha Linehan, has been found effective in the treatment of _____.
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borderline personality disorder
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The term third-wave therapies is most often applied to _____.
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therapies based on mindfulness and acceptance.
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The cognitive thought distortion defined as assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events is _____.
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personalization
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Cognitive therapy
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tends to be brief, structured, and targeted, has become the prominent approach to psychotherapy in the early part of the 21st century, and represents a reaction against behavioral and psychodynamic approaches.
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Cognitive therapists
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NOT believe that psychopathology results directly from the things that happen to us. NOT use free associations to unlock insight into clients' pasts.
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Compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy tends to
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None of these.
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According to Ellis' ABCDE model, "C" represents _____.
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emotional consequence
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Which of the following is true regarding cognitive psychotherapy?
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Cognitive psychotherapy is typically more structured and less spontaneous than humanistic psychotherapy.
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_____ refers to being able to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or wishing things were otherwise.
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Mindfulness
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Since the 1980s, the popularity of cognitive psychotherapy among clinical psychologists has _____.
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increased
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Irvin Yalom's approach to group psychotherapy has been labeled _____.
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interpersonal
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The _____ approach to psychotherapy has been adapted for use with groups of clients (rather than individual clients).
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psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive
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The genogram is an assessment technique used most often by _____ therapists.
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family
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_____ plays the same role in group therapy that the therapeutic relationship/alliance plays in individual therapy.
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Group cohesiveness
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Exception questions, such as "When was this not a problem for you?" or "When was this not so bad?" and the formula-first session task, in which clients consider what aspects of their lives they want to remain the same, are important components of _____.
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solution-focused therapy
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Which of the following is NOT one of the seven stages through which typical intact middle-class American families proceed?
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resignation and acceptance of death
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_____ is NOT one of the 11 therapeutic factors for group psychotherapy according to Irvin Yalom.
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International factors
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Which of the following statements is true of group therapy?
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One advantage of having cotherapists is the ability to foster recapitulation of the family group.
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In group therapy, the group typically and ideally contains about _____ members.
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7
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Two parents in conflict with one another each make efforts to recruit their child to their side in order to support their position in the conflict. According to family therapists, this exemplifies _____.
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triangulation
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The Conflict Tactics Scale assesses _____.
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abuse and violence within families
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_____ has emerged as a leading figure in the interpersonal approach to group therapy.
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Irvin Yalom
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_____ is one of the 11 therapeutic factors for group psychotherapy according to Irvin Yalom.
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Instillation of hope
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A therapist frequently asks clients these questions: "Are your problems present every hour of every day? When they are not so bad, what have you done to make them better?" These questions suggest that this therapist is most likely following which approach to therapy?
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solution-focused
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Irvin Yalom
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believes an individual's disorder is a byproduct of his disturbed way of getting along with other people.
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The notions of family structure, subsystems, and boundaries are important components of the type of family therapy practiced by _____.
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Salvador Minuchin
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A basic premise of _____ therapy is that by "editing" the "life stories" clients tell themselves, clients can improve their mental health.
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narrative
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Group therapists typically encourage clients toward examining
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here-and-now relationships with fellow group members.
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In humanistic play therapy,
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None of these are correct.
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According to research, which of the following influences children's resilience or vulnerability to psychological problems?
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environmental factors, including poverty, child factors including difficult temperament, and parental factors including low parent IQ
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Cognitive-behavioral techniques for children have been found beneficial in treating
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depression, anxiety disorder, and ADHD
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The Spanish version of the WISC-IV
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includes no change in item content in spite of linguistic translation.
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The House-Tree-Person test and the Roberts Apperception Test are examples of _____ used with child clients.
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projective/expressive techniques
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Compared to psychodynamic play therapists, humanistic play therapists tend to emphasize
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reflection of the child's feelings and the development of a therapeutic relationship characterized by acceptance and empathy.
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When the client is a child, the clinical psychologist's interview process typically includes
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the child and adults who know the child well.
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_____ are standardized paper-and-pencil forms that parents, teachers, or other adults complete regarding a child's presenting problems.
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Behavior rating scales
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For both children and adolescents, the most commonly used specific assessment technique is the
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
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Grotberg (2003) identified three factors that contribute to resilience in children:
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external supports, inner strengths, interpersonal problem-solving skills.
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Which of the following statements is NOT true?
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DSM-5 does not allow children to be diagnosed with anorexia, bulimia, or substance use disorders.
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In the first psychological clinic, founded by Lightner Witmer in the late 1800s,
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child clients were assessed and treated.
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Most of the specific forms of psychotherapy that have demonstrated empirical benefits for specific disorders of childhood are
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cognitive-behavioral.
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The TEMAS is most similar in format to which of these assessment tools?
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TAT.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic functions of play therapy identified by Brems (2008)?
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imitative relearning
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Parent training programs have been developed for
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ADHD, separation anxiety, and conduct disorder.
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Self-instructional training was originally developed by
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Donald Meichenbaum.
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_____ is a form of behavioral therapy in which therapists teach parents to use techniques based on conditioning to modify problematic behavior in their children.
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Parent training.
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When assessing a child patient,
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a multisetting approach is recommended, a multisource approach is recommended, and a multimethod approach is recommended.
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IQ and achievement tests
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assess intellectual functioning.
