question

The definition of relative poverty takes into account which important factor when determining poverty based on a percentage of median income?

answer

location

question

The Gini coefficient is:

answer

a measure of economic inequality

question

Welface hinders work because:

answer

all of the above

question

What was the problem with the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program?

answer

...

question

Status consumption has been discussed earlier in the text in the chapter on stratification. How does this affect poverty?

answer

It, along with the media, give us goals that are unreachable for most of us, thus plummeting us into debt.

question

Attempts at establishing an absolute poverty measure can be traced to:

answer

England beginning in the late 1700s

question

An economist surveying lottery winners found people who had zero earnings and who had zero earning and who were not in the workforce before winning:

answer

increased their commitment to work

question

Your test mentions outcomes that people believe stem from receiving welfare. Which of the following is NOT a result mentioned in your text?

answer

feeling of incompetence

question

According to Daniel Patrick Moynihan, what is the root cause of African Americans' economic problems?

answer

the matrifocal family

question

If you were unemployed and were to win a modest amount of money in the lottery (say. $20,000 a year), research suggest that:

answer

your chance of getting a job is greatly increased.

question

Marlin told fellow inmates that they should not get involved with a woman who has children because the children's father can pop back into her life and the new boyfriend may get burned. In the culture of poverty, the irony of Marlin's statement is that:

answer

the instability of the household is perpetuated.

question

When Marlin was asked what would have made a difference when he was growing up, he responded that parents need:

answer

more quality time with their children

question

According to the underclass thesis, the poor are:

answer

deviant and dangerous to mainstream society

question

What was one of the major outcomes with Clinton's 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act?

answer

It limited the amount of time one could receive benefits.

question

One of the results of the negative income tax experiment was that more and more women left their marriages. This was because:

answer

they were less financially dependent on their (possibly) abusive husbands.

question

From her research, Susan Mayer concluded that it was not poverty, but rather _____, that really mattered.

answer

wealth

question

As discussed with the culture of poverty theory, the adaptive practice of "swapping" is:

answer

the exchange of time, money, and resources

question

A study of Cherokee children whose income greatly increased due to legalized gambling on reservations found that:

answer

their behavioral problems decreased.

question

James Rosenbaum (2000) found that the people most likely to benefit from being moved from low-income ghetto neighborhoods were the:

answer

children

question

What do policy experts mean by the terms perverse incentives and unintended consequences?

answer

Aiding the poor creates more problems than it solves.

question

Gated communities are example of what factor that is mixing with wealth inequality to increase the gap between the rich and the poor?

answer

economic segregation

question

According to the culture of poverty theory, what happens once survival adaptations are in place?

answer

They hold poor people back

question

Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority was a class-action suit that alleged public housing was:

answer

de facto government segregation.

question

Government offices administering food stamps:

answer

are not always optimally located for recipients.

question

n the 1980s, journalisht Ken Auletta coined the phrase "underclass". He said the underclass was different from the "rest of us" in what way?

answer

They tended to be more dangerous to the rest of us.

question

The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act is also referred to as:

answer

the "end of welfare as we know it."

question

What is meant by the phrase "busted her digit"?

answer

cashing one's welfare check

question

Some policy experts believe that welfare creates more problems than it solves because it discourages people from finding work. This is also known as:

answer

a perverse incentive

question

Which nations has one of the highest poverty rates in the advanced world?

answer

The United States

question

A study of Cherokee children whose income greatly increased due to legalized gambling on reservations found that:

answer

their behavioral problems decreased.

question

When the official poverty line was first set, food made up the largest percentage of household budgets. In today's society, what now makes up the largest percentage?

answer

housing

question

Susan Mayer wrote What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances. Her findings were similar the what Marlin Card was suggesting would have helped his chances in life. Which of the following might have addressed this issue?

answer

Parenting classes

question

In the 1970s Edward Banfield wrote The Unheavenlt City and asserted that people in poverty were not future-oriented. What was wrong with this assertion?

answer

He did no field research

question

Herrnstein and Murray questioned whether poverty was a side effect of ____ conditions, or whether it actually caused limited opportunities for children.

answer

biological

question

What term do economist use to describe the relative value of present consumption versus future savings?

answer

discount rate

question

Your text defines poverty as a condition of deprivation due to:

answer

economic circumstances

question

A lot of people who are eligible for food stamps in the United States don't apply for them. Why?

answer

They can't get to the Department of Social Services due to lack of transportation.

question

One of the results of the negative income tax experiment was that more and more women left their marriages. This was because:

answer

they were less financially dependent on their (possibly) abusive husbands.

question

One of the explanations of continued racism in America is:

answer

we colonized others within the country itself, as with slavery

question

Your text list several explanations for why the US has the highest inequality of all English-speaking nations. Which of the following is NOT and explanation your text cites?

answer

the system of inequality is the US originated in Europe

question

According to your text, what drives American poverty rates?

answer

lopsided economic rewards

question

Why did only 14% of H&R Block filters take the offer of a 50% match to divert some of their tax refund to an IRA?

answer

employment instability

question

Which of the following is a practice that supports the culture of poverty argument?

answer

multifamily households

question

Why is it difficult for almost half of Americans to save for retirement?

answer

They don't have pension of retirement savings plans.

question

One can best equate homeopathy to:

answer

vaccines

question

It is suggested that Asian and Pacific Islanders have the lowest infant mortality rates because:

answer

they do better economically.

question

What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the US than in Guatemala?

answer

They had access to a better diet.

question

The main problem of fee-for-service doctors have an incentive to:

answer

have patients return for unnecessary visits.

question

The American values of hard work self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?

answer

John Henry

question

Fee-for-service caused a situation where physicians could control the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:

answer

supplier-induced demand.

question

Doctors are typically more concerned with the opinion of their:

answer

peers

question

Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?

answer

All of the above.

question

Under HMOs, doctors usually don't get more money each time patients com in, so the incentive might be to

answer

undertreat the patient.

question

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:

answer

social inequality.

question

The Whitehall Study found that men in lower ranks had all the following risk factors EXCEPT:

answer

cancer

question

In 1986 the EMTALA was passed. It made:

answer

it a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms.

question

Hypertension is directly related to stress, which can be attributed to being poor. However, poor African Americans in the US have similar rates of hypertension as middle- and upper-class African Americans. How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?

answer

All African American may still experience discrimination

question

One concern of using technology such as amniocentesis in countries such as China and India is:

answer

aborting female fetuses.

question

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

answer

Medicaid

question

Massachusetts passed a law that could leave less than 1% of the state's population.

answer

uninsured

question

Which of the following is NOT one the factors associated with the positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health?

answer

Lower status people tend to be less motivated to take care of themselves physically because they anticipate dying young anyway.

question

While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians, they could also be detrimental to patients. Why?

answer

A patient could be undertreated.

question

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and white may be a sign of:

answer

social inequality

question

Which of the following factors, mentioned in your text, is NOT important in prediction mortality rates?

answer

religion

question

Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than _______ Americans.

answer

500,000

question

Some insurance companies base the cost to consumers on:

answer

the risk the individual poses.

question

Human growth spurts take place at all of the following times EXCEPT:

answer

early adulthood.

question

The eradication of African river blindness (onchocerciasis) illustrates the connection between:

answer

health and economic development.

question

When you are applying for insurance, several factors are taken into account when determining the amount of your coverage. Which of the following is NOT taken into account?

answer

number of siblings

question

Which of the following is NOT an obligation of the sick role?

answer

try to treat illness with over-the-counter medicines firsst

question

One of the key traits of the medical profession is its focus on:

answer

peers

question

What did Mechanic and Meyer find to be the most important factor in rating their doctor?

answer

interpersonal confidence

question

Poor children can be covered medically by:

answer

both Medicaid and SCHIP.

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990?

answer

increase in the death rate of patients under a doctor's care.

question

Which of the following is NOT a volunteer organization in which physicians volunteer to help poor nations?

answer

Equal Health for All

question

Your text suggest that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world require:

answer

eliminated malaria.

question

Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s. Which of the following might be a reason?

answer

More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe.

question

Which government program provides medical care for the elderly and the young with disabilities?

answer

Medicare

question

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

answer

underlying personality differences.

question

When it comes to health care, Western societies are:

answer

reactive.

question

Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:

answer

socioeconomic status.

question

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

answer

stethoscope

question

When you are applying for insurance, several factors are taken into account when determining the amount of your coverage. Which of the following is NOT taken into account?

answer

number of siblings

question

One of the things that may have led Dr. Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health) continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

answer

his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.

question

Which federal government program for children matches the state funding while still allowing states to set their own criteria for eligibility and control the disbursement of funds?

answer

SCHIP

question

The Whitehall Study was later expanded to include:

answer

women

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors associated with the positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health?

answer

Lower status people tend to be less motivated to take care of themselves physically because they anticipate dying young anyway.

question

The researchers in the Whitehall Study examined what occupational sector?

answer

civil servants

question

What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases?

answer

increasing access to clean water

question

The Whitehall Study found all of the following factors important in determining health outcomes EXCEPT:

answer

family health history.

question

According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research, time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time that women spend on housework. What explanation is given for her finding?

answer

Standards of cleanliness have also risen, so even more cleaning is expected.

question

According to research in Conley's The Pecking Order, how does the average income of daughters raised by stay-at-home mothers compare to that of daughters of working moms?

answer

They are less likely to earn as much as their brother(s).

question

Talcott Parsons and other functionalists argued that the nuclear family was necessary in modern industrial society. Problems with the functionalist argument are highlighted in all of the research findings below EXCEPT:

answer

Research shows married parents provide better homes for their children than divorced ones.

question

According to the text's discussion, cohabitation:

answer

increases the risk of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce.

question

According to research presented in Chapter 12, if the typical American mother has two shifts, then the typical black American mother has how many?

answer

three

question

Sociologist Barbara Risman calls families in which both men and women genuinely share the paid and unpaid labor equally:

answer

"fair families."

question

About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?

answer

about 2 years

question

In his book The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today (2009), sociologist Andrew Cherlin proposes that America's "love-hate" relationship with marriage stems from all of the following EXCEPT that:

answer

Americans are polyamorous by nature and have difficulty committing themselves to one person for a lifetime.

question

At any given point in the past few decades, about how many mothers raising children by themselves have had to go on welfare to get by in the United States?

answer

about half

question

Which of the following is true regarding motherhood in the Zambian culture?

answer

Zambian mothers don't nurture their daughters in the way that Western mothers do.

question

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, a majority of Latinos in the United States come from which two countries?

answer

Mexico and Puerto Rico

question

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, what percentage of Latinos in the United States come from Mexico?

answer

60%

question

Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?

answer

their extrafamilial female networks

question

In the United States, the dual-earner family type:

answer

is now the most common family type

question

Marital rates among blacks in the United States have declined since:

answer

the 1960s.

question

As discussed in Chapter 12, which group of women is least likely to get an abortion?

answer

Latino women

question

Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This arrangement is known by sociologists as:

answer

cohabitation.

question

Approximately what percentage of Americans marry at some point in their lives?

answer

90%

question

Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States, although most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. What factors might discourage exogamy (intermarrying among different racial and ethnic groups)?

answer

facing ostracism from within one's tightly knit community

question

It's commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:

answer

increasing steadily since 1900.

question

Which of the following factors did NOT contribute to the development of the ideal of the traditional family (male breadwinner and female homemaker) in post-World War II America?

answer

higher education levels

question

Structural changes brought on by the industrial revolution had major consequences for families. Which of the following was NOT a change that occurred?

answer

Women and children were expected to make and use their own food, clothes, and goods while men worked in the factories.

question

In much of the Western world, the choice of a marriage partner tends to be influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following does NOT explain this tendency?

answer

People are oftentimes attracted to people who are their complete opposite, for "opposites attract."

question

In the 1960s many social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as:

answer

a detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems.

question

Who of the following has argued all along that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause, of racial oppression and poverty?

answer

Du Bois

question

Which of the following trends is NOT true in the western world today?

answer

The number of people choosing to cohabitate is on the decline.

question

Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:

answer

"the leisure gap."

question

In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as

answer

the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.

question

Neoclassical economists typically look at a member's power in the family as a direct expression of that member's utility to the family unit. This measure of power tends to be based upon gender and what other factor?

answer

income

question

In the United States, the dual-earner family type:

answer

is now the most common family type.

question

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, what happened?

answer

Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

question

Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:

answer

thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing.

question

Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family?

answer

Husbands and wives were partners not only in making a home but in making a living.

question

When a society has rules that limit marital choices to people within their own social group, such as within their social class or religion, this is known as:

answer

endogamy.

question

As your text points out, single mothers and poverty often go hand in hand. What is the primary reason their employment opportunities typically limit them to low-wage work?

answer

Single mothers are often unskilled and have less education than average.

question

Structural changes brought on by the industrial revolution had major consequences for families. Which of the following was NOT a change that occurred?

answer

Women and children were expected to make and use their own food, clothes, and goods while men worked in the factories.

question

n his book The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today (2009), sociologist Andrew Cherlin proposes that America's "love-hate" relationship with marriage stems from all of the following EXCEPT that:

answer

Americans are polyamorous by nature and have difficulty committing themselves to one person for a lifetime.

question

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, what happened?

answer

Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

question

Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who live together in a multigenerational household are considered a(n):

answer

extended family

question

Some people may have several spouses over their lifetimes, but in the United States they are legally allowed only one at a time. The legal institution is known as:

answer

monogamy.

question

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history?

answer

The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.

question

Family forms with vertical kinship ties are known as:

answer

"beanpoles."

question

Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following is true about her experiences EXCEPT:

answer

She felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."

question

Most Latino families in the United States are shaped by which of the following?

answer

a devout tradition of Catholicism

question

Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?

answer

their extrafamilial female networks

Sociology Test- Chapter 10, 11, 12 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards