Sociology: Demography Chapter – Flashcards
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Demography
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The study of population: size, composition, and distribution
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Mortality
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Number of deaths in a population
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Fertility
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Number of births that occur to an individual or population
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Migration
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Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of resettling
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Census
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An enumeration of all households
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Vital Records
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System to keep track of births, deaths, marriages and divorces
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Sample surveys
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collect data from a sample group
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Fecundility
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a woman's physiological ability to have children.
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Variables affecting fertility
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Fecundity, sexual unions, birth control/abortion. Also social and cultural factors.
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Fertility rates
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2.1 children in U.S. Racial differences in fertility rates. Fertility low in teens, peaks in 20's in U.S.
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What race has the highest fertility rates
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Mexican Americans and Hispanics
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Crude Death rates
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Number of deaths per 1,000 per year. Higher in regions with high prevalence of disease Developed countries can have higher death rate
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Infant Mortality rate
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number of babies per 1000 births in any year who died before age of 1.
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Life Expectancy Number
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Number of years an average person can expect to live. Female is 80 and males are 75 years old. Caucassian have the highest life expectancy of all races.
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Highest death rates
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African Americans. United States data for 2003 show that at every age up to 70, African-American mortality rates are double the rates for the white population.
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Stage 1 (Preindustrialization Stage)
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Birth and death rates high, high IMR. Little population growth.
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Stage 2 (Onset of Industrialization)
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Death rates decline while fertility remains high. Marked by population growth.
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Stage 3 (Industrial Economy)
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Birth rates fall, death rates remain low, population is fairly stable.
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Stage 4 (Post-Industrial)
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Demographic transition complete.
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Ideational (culture changes post WWII)
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Individualism, materialism, gender egalitarianism Delay marriage, rise divorce, cohabitation
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Other structural changes & technology
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Women entered labor force; higher education Smaller/ mobile families High cost of "quality" children (non-kin child care, etc) Contraceptive technology ("the pill")
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International Migrants
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Moving between countries
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Internal Migrants
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Moving within the country
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Immigration
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moving into the country
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Emmigration
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Moving out of the country
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Chain Migration
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Movement in which prospective migrants learn about job opportunities, transportation, and housing in a place they want to move from relatives or friends from their home area who have migrated ahead of them
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Push-pull theory
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People move because the are pushed out of the former location and pulled somewhere else
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Implementing Strategy
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A goal (education, a better job, a nicer house, a more pleasant environment, and so on) might be attained by moving.
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migration facts
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Most young adults are more likely to migrate than any other population. Women have the same rates as men for migration.
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Sex Ratio
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# of males for ever 100 females in a population In 2007, sex ratio = 97 India = 106
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Age-sex pyramid
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Geographical representations of the age and sex of a population
