Which of the following would not be a topic of concern to environmental sociology?

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Sociology: Demography Chapter – Flashcards 31 terms

Ember Wagner

31 terms

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Sociology: Demography Chapter – Flashcards

question

Demography

answer

The study of population: size, composition, and distribution

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Mortality

answer

Number of deaths in a population

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Fertility

answer

Number of births that occur to an individual or population

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Migration

answer

Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of resettling

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Census

answer

An enumeration of all households

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Vital Records

answer

System to keep track of births, deaths, marriages and divorces

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Sample surveys

answer

collect data from a sample group

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Fecundility

answer

a woman's physiological ability to have children.

question

Variables affecting fertility

answer

Fecundity, sexual unions, birth control/abortion. Also social and cultural factors.

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Fertility rates

answer

2.1 children in U.S. Racial differences in fertility rates. Fertility low in teens, peaks in 20's in U.S.

question

What race has the highest fertility rates

answer

Mexican Americans and Hispanics

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Crude Death rates

answer

Number of deaths per 1,000 per year. Higher in regions with high prevalence of disease Developed countries can have higher death rate

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Infant Mortality rate

answer

number of babies per 1000 births in any year who died before age of 1.

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Life Expectancy Number

answer

Number of years an average person can expect to live. Female is 80 and males are 75 years old. Caucassian have the highest life expectancy of all races.

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Highest death rates

answer

African Americans. United States data for 2003 show that at every age up to 70, African-American mortality rates are double the rates for the white population.

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Stage 1 (Preindustrialization Stage)

answer

Birth and death rates high, high IMR. Little population growth.

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Stage 2 (Onset of Industrialization)

answer

Death rates decline while fertility remains high. Marked by population growth.

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Stage 3 (Industrial Economy)

answer

Birth rates fall, death rates remain low, population is fairly stable.

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Stage 4 (Post-Industrial)

answer

Demographic transition complete.

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Ideational (culture changes post WWII)

answer

Individualism, materialism, gender egalitarianism Delay marriage, rise divorce, cohabitation

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Other structural changes & technology

answer

Women entered labor force; higher education Smaller/ mobile families High cost of "quality" children (non-kin child care, etc) Contraceptive technology ("the pill")

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International Migrants

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Moving between countries

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Internal Migrants

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Moving within the country

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Immigration

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moving into the country

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Emmigration

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Moving out of the country

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Chain Migration

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Movement in which prospective migrants learn about job opportunities, transportation, and housing in a place they want to move from relatives or friends from their home area who have migrated ahead of them

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Push-pull theory

answer

People move because the are pushed out of the former location and pulled somewhere else

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Implementing Strategy

answer

A goal (education, a better job, a nicer house, a more pleasant environment, and so on) might be attained by moving.

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migration facts

answer

Most young adults are more likely to migrate than any other population. Women have the same rates as men for migration.

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Sex Ratio

answer

# of males for ever 100 females in a population In 2007, sex ratio = 97 India = 106

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Age-sex pyramid

answer

Geographical representations of the age and sex of a population

STUDY

Birth And Death Rates Environmental Sociology The Environmental Movement

Soc 001 Chapter 15 – Flashcards 77 terms

Ann Ricker

77 terms

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Soc 001 Chapter 15 – Flashcards

question

Demography

answer

study of size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population (435)

question

Fertility Rate

answer

a measure of population growth through reproduction; often expressed as the average number of births per 1,000 people in the total population or the average number of children a woman would be expected to have (435)

question

Mortality Rate

answer

a measure of the decrease in population due to deaths; often expressed as the number of deaths expected per 1,000 people per year in a particular population (435)

question

Infant Mortality

answer

average number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a particular population (435)

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Life Expectancy

answer

average age to which people in a particular population live (435)

question

Life Span/Longevity

answer

the uppermost age to which a person can potentially live (437)

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Migration

answer

movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of resettling (437)

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Immigration

answer

entering one country from another to take up permanent residence (437)

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Emigration

answer

leaving one country to live permanently in another (437)

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Internal Migration

answer

movement of a population within a country (437)

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Net Migration

answer

net effect of immigration and emigration on an area's population in a given time period; expressed as an increase or decrease (437)

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Malthusian Theorem

answer

the theory that exponential population growth will outpace arithmetic growth in food production and other resources (437)

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Malthusian Trap

answer

Mathus's prediction that a rapidly increasing population will overuse natural resources, leading inevitably to a major public health disaster (438)

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Neo-Malthusians

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contemporary researchers who worry about the rapid pace of population growth and believe that Malthus's basic prediction could be true (438)

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Anti-Malthusians

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contemporary researchers who believe the population boom Malthus witnessed was a temporary, historically specific phenomenon and worry instead that the worldwide population may shrink in the future (439)

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Demographic Free Fall

answer

decrease in fertility rates among populations that have industrialized their economies as children become an economic liability rather than an asset (439)

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Demographic Transition

answer

a theory suggesting the possible transition over time from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, resulting in a stabilized population (439)

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Family Planning

answer

contraception, or any method of controlling family size and the birth of children (440)

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Growth Rate

answer

expression of changes in population size over time figured by subtracting the number of deaths from the number of births, then adding the net migration (440)

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Natural Increase

answer

change in population size that results from births and deaths; linked to a country's progress toward demographic transition (440)

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Rural

answer

relating to sparsely settled ares; in the United States, any county with a population density between 10 and 59.9 people per square mile (440)

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Urban

answer

relating to cities; typically describes densely populated areas (440)

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Urbanization

answer

movement of increasing numbers of people from rural areas to cities (441)

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Metrapolis

answer

an urban area with a large population, usually 500,000 to 1 million people (441)

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Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)/Agglomeration

answer

one or more adjacent counties with at least one major city of 50,000 or more inhabitants that is surrounded by an adjacent area that is socially and economically integrated with the city (441)

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Megapolis/Megacity

answer

a group of densely populated metropolises that grow dependent on each other and eventually combine to form a huge urban complex (441)

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Global Cities

answer

a term for megacities that emphasized their global impact as centers of economic, political, and social power (441)

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Urban Density

answer

concentration of people in a city, measured by the total number of people per square mile (441)

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Suburbanization

answer

beginning after WWII, the shift of large segments of population away from the urban core and toward the edges of cities (442)

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Urban Sprawl

answer

a derogatory term applied to the expansion of urban or suburban boundaries, associated with irresponsible or poorly planned development (442)

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Edge Cities

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centers of employment and commerce that began as suburban commuter communities (442)

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Smart Growth

answer

term for economic and urban planning policies that emphasize responsible development and renewal (442)

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White Flight

answer

movement of upper- and middle-class whites who could afford to leave the cities for the suburbs, especially in the 1950s and 60s (443)

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Urban Renewal

answer

efforts to rejuvenate decaying inner cities, including renovation, selective demolition, commercial development, and tax incentives (443)

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Gentrification

answer

transformation of the physical, social, economic, and cultural life formerly working-class or poor inner-city neighborhoods into more affluent middle-class communities (443)

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Rural Rebound

answer

population increase in rural counties that adjoin urban centers or possess rich scenic or amenity values (443)

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Utopia

answer

literally "no place"; an ideal society in which all social ills have been overcome (445)

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Dystopia

answer

opposite of a utopia; a world where social problems are magnified and the quality of life is extremely low (445)

question

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)

answer

a model of food production and distribution in which small farms recruit subscribers to purchase shares of the farm's harvest; subscribers or shareholders pay at the beginning of the year, and then receive regular deliveries of the farm's produce throughout the growing and harvest seasons (446)

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Social Atomization

answer

a social situation that emphasizes individualism over collective or group identities (446)

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Urbanites

answer

people who live in cities (447)

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Alienation

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decreasing importance of social ties and community and the corresponding increase in impersonal associations and instrumental logic (448)

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Altruism

answer

unselfish concern for the well-being of others and helping behaviors performed without self-interested motivation (448)

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Bystander Effect/Diffusion of Responsibility

answer

the social dynamic wherein the more people who are present in a moment of crisis, the less likely any one of them is to take action (448)

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Civil Inattention

answer

an unspoken rule governing interactions in public places, whereby individuals briefly notice others before ignoring them (449)

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Pluralistic Ignorance

answer

a process in which members of a group individually conclude that there is no need to take action because of the observation that other group members have not done so (450)

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Community

answer

a group of people living in the same local area who share a sense of participation, belonging, and fellowship (450)

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Social Ecology

answer

the study of human populations and their impact on the natural world (451)

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Environment

answer

in sociology, the natural world, the human-made environment, and the interaction between the two (451)

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Biosphere

answer

the parts of Earth that can support life (451)

question

Environmental Sociology

answer

the study of the interaction between society and the natural environment, including the social causes and consequences of environmental problems (452)

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Renewable Resources

answer

resources that replenish at a rate comparable to the rate at which they are consumed (452)

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Nonrenewable Resources

answer

finite resources that can become exhausted; includes those that take so long to replenish as to be effectively (452)

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Biodiversity

answer

the variety of species of plants and animals existing at any given time (453)

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Pollution

answer

any environmental contaminant that harms living beings (453)

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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

answer

a government agency organized in 1969 to protect public health and the environment through policies and enforcement (454)

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Greenhouse Gases

answer

any gases in Earth's atmosphere that allow sunlight to pass through but trap heat, thus affecting temperature (454)

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Greenhouse Effect

answer

the process in which increased production of greenhouse gases, especially those arising from human activity (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane) cause changes to Earth's atmosphere (454)

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Global Warming

answer

gradual increases in Earth's temperature, driven recently by an increase in greenhouse gases and other human activity (454)

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Global (or Solar) Dimming

answer

a decline in the amount of light reaching the Earth's surface because of increased air pollution, which reflects more light back into space (455)

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Treadmill of Production

answer

term describing the operation of modern economic systems that require constant growth, which causes increased exploitation of resources and environmental degradation (458)

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New Ecological Paradigm

answer

a way of understanding human life as just one part of an ecosystem that includes many species' interactions with the environment; suggests that there should be ecological limits on human activity (458)

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Anthropocentric

answer

literally "human centered"; the idea that needs and desires of human beings should take priority over concerns about other species or the natural environment (458)

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Human Exceptionalism

answer

the attitude that humans are exempt from natural ecological limits (458)

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Environmental Movement

answer

a social movement organized around concerns about the relationship between humans and the environment (459)

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Conservation Era

answer

earliest stage of the environmental movement, which focused on the preservation of "wilderness" areas (459)

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Modern Environmental Movement

answer

beginning in the 1960s, the second major stage of the environmental movement; focused on the environmental consequences of new technologies, oil exploration, chemical production, and nuclear power plants (459)

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Mainstream Environmentalism

answer

beginning in the 1980s, the third major stage of the environmental movement; characterized by enhanced organization, improved promotional campaigns and political tactics, and an increased reliance on economic and scientific expertise (460)

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Earth Day

answer

an annual event conceived of by environmental activist and former senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970 (460)

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Grassroots Evironmentalism

answer

fourth major stage of the environmental movement; distinguished by the diversity of its members and belief in citizen participation in environmental decision making (460)

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NIMBY

answer

short for "Not In My Back Yard"; originally referred to protests that aimed at shifting undesirable activities onto those with less power; now sometimes used without negative connotations to describe local environmental activists (461)

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Green Party

answer

a U.S. political party established in 1984 to bring political attention to environmentalism, social justice, diversity, and related principles (461)

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Ecoterrorism

answer

use of violence or criminal methods to protect the environment, often in high-profile, publicity-generating ways (461)

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Environmental Justice

answer

a movement that aims t remedy environmental inequities such as threats to public health and the unequal treatment of certain communities with regard to ecological concerns (462)

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Environmental Racism

answer

any environment policy or practice that negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities because of their race or ethnicity (462)

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Sustainable Development

answer

economic development that aims to reconcile global economic growth with environmental protection (462)

question

Ecological Footprint

answer

an estimation of the land and water area required to produce all the goods an individual consumes and to assimilate all the wastes she generates (462)

STUDY

Environmental Science Environmental Sociology Industrial Revolution

GEO 103 – Cordoba – Flashcards 69 terms

David Dunn

69 terms

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GEO 103 – Cordoba – Flashcards

question

what is the geography?

answer

the study of environmental and human interactions

question

What are the two main divisions of geography?

answer

human and physical

question

describe the theory of plate tectonics

answer

-the lithosphere floats on top of the asthenosphere -how the earth is structured

question

the crust of the earth

answer

lithosphere

question

the area of magma-like material beneath the crust of the earth

answer

asthenosphere

question

-two plates moving away from each other -magma like material finds its way to the surface and creates a new surface

answer

divergent plate boundaries

question

-two plates and one goes underneath another one -called subduction process -this buckling affect creates mountain chains

answer

convergent boundaries

question

-displacement -road or river as a boundary going to be driven apart

answer

transform plate boundaries

question

how do mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys form?

answer

-mid-ocean ridge found in ocean floors -rift valleys found on land -both occur in divergent boundaries

question

what are the two types of tectonic plates?

answer

-oceanic -continental

question

what is pangea?

answer

super continent

question

what is climate?

answer

average weather conditions over a period over a period of 30 years

question

what is weather?

answer

current conditions

question

list the factors that influencing climate

answer

-water -coast/inland -physcial terrain -global circulation

question

suns rays, curvature of earth, diffusion of energy

answer

beam spreading

question

bouncing back energy from clouds

answer

beam depletion

question

how does the earth perform thermoregualtion?

answer

ocean and wind currents

question

what is the intertropical convergence zone?

answer

the area of activity right along the equator whre most of the convective (uplift of warm air into the atmosphere) takes place

question

what are hadley cells?

answer

air currents that dominant the tropical regions of the planet

question

How do oceans impact our climate?

answer

-warm ocean currents bring heat and moisture -cold ocean currents bring cold air and no precipiatation

question

What are like the geographic limits of Europe?

answer

eastern boundary is most ambiguous (western Russia is kind of like Europe)

question

what type of climates do we find in Europe?

answer

-mediterranean -continental mid-latitude -marine-coastal -highlands

question

What factors impact the European climate?

answer

-gulf stream (North Atlantic Drift): warm water current that starts in the gulf of mexico -the shape of Europe (lots of peninsulas; surrounded by water)

question

What are the four major European Peninsulas?

answer

-scandinavian -italian -iberian -balkan

question

What is the North Atlantic Drift Current? And how does impact the climate in Europe?

answer

-warm water current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, travels between Florida and Cuba, travels up the eastern seaboard, and then shoots across the atlantic without this, much of Europe would be very cold

question

what are the main factors that impact the climate in the Mediterranean Basin of Europe?

answer

-heat waves from the saharan desert during the summer months -cold air mass from the Central Plateaus of Europe during the winter months

question

What are Katabatic winds? And provide two examples in Europe.

answer

-cold air mass from the Highlands -in france center of france to southern france; Balkan to coast of Italy

question

What are heat waves?

answer

warm air mass

question

low elevation (flat), major river valleys, densely populated

answer

european lowlands

question

high elevation (hills and valleys), lots of forests and vegetation (especially in central Europe there is more moisture), in the Iberian peninsula (less moisture in the air)

answer

central plateaus

question

southern Europe, lots of mountains, youngest geology in Europe, tourism is very important here

answer

apline system

question

cold, oldest geology in Europe, vegetation varies (in the summer it's small and close to the ground, but there are some tundra forests), fjords due to glacier activity

answer

northwestern uplands

question

what are fjords?

answer

flooded valleys that were carved by glaciers

question

What is the difference between fjords and lochs?

answer

fjords are in the scandinavian region and lochs are in the British Isles

question

What is a glacier?

answer

an accumulation of snow that crystalizied and turned into a block of ice

question

What are the Polderlands? And where in Europe do we find them?

answer

-low-lying areas that were formerly under water (part of the ocean basin) -they were drained and had walls built around them to keep out the water -located in the Netherlands (Lowlands)

question

how did the age of exploration help the future (i.e. 300 years later) the industrialization of Europe?

answer

-the funds brought back (precious minerals and metals) -these funded the industrialization of Europe

question

Describe the three waves of industrialization

answer

-Great Britian (1st wave) in the 1850s - 1870s -Northwestern Europe (2nd wave) 1870s-1890s -Southern and Eastern Europe (3rd wave) 1914-1917 (end of WWI)

question

What is the golden triangle?

answer

-the industrial core of Europe -London/England, Paris/France, Berlin/Germany

question

How was the European Economy disrupted in the first half of the 20th century?

answer

-1st half: WWI, Great Depression, WWII -2nd Half: eastern Europe, cold war

question

What is the marshall plan?

answer

economic aid package from the U.S. to Western European countries to rebuild their infrastructure after WWII

question

what are centralizied/command economies?

answer

-economic system favored by soviet Union -very rigid, controlled, and regulated -everything dictated by government

question

what is the European Union?

answer

a group of countries in Western Europe that came together to promote economic growth and peace

question

What were the original goals of the European Union?

answer

-autonomy from U.S. -stop Germany and France from fighting -economic efficiency: removal of tariffs (tax) and quotas (limit,goal) (both are regulators of trade)

question

What is difference between the European Union and the Euro Zone?

answer

-part of the union: do not have to use the currency -Euro Zone: the group of countries in the European Union that also use to Euro for their currency

question

what regions of europe have the highest GDP per capita? Which have the lowest?

answer

-highest: Northern and Western Europe -lowest: Southen and Eastern Europe

question

what is considered the economic core of Europe? What are some of its characteristics?

answer

-the golden triangle (north and central Europe) -highly urbanized, expensive, strong manufactoring and industrialized

question

where is the new emerging European core?

answer

the southern crescent

question

what has led to creation of this core?

answer

-less urbanization and expensive (less demand) -the high speed train connects this area with the rest of Europe

question

what were the migrations flows to Western Europe between 1945 and 1972? And Why?

answer

-migrants from former colonies of Western European countries -easier to assimilate into the host culture -sharing same language, religion, and traditions -better economic opportunities

question

what were the migrations flows to western Europe in the early 1990's? And Why?

answer

-collapse of the Soviet Union -migrants from Soviet territories, Russia, and eastern Europe -more stability and economic opportunity

question

What are some of the current migration flows to Western Europe?

answer

migrants from Africa and Asia

question

what is a demographic transition model?

answer

graph/model/theory that explains the relationship between population growth and the economy

question

what are the four stages of the demographic transition model

answer

-early stages -later stages -middle

question

high birth and death rates

answer

early stages

question

high population; stable birth and death rates; lag in birth rate gives to plateau

answer

later stages

question

growth period leads to stabilization; transitional period: population goes up

answer

middle

question

what does the European demographic pyramid tells about the region's future ability to remain economically productive?

answer

-family sizes are getting smaller -age brackets describe the distribution of population -next generation is smaller, problems for the aging population -extra labor supply needed

question

how does Europe's population growth rate compare to other regions in the world?

answer

very slow, the slowest in the world

question

what is the Notting Hill Carnival?

answer

cultural event/celebration in London brought by the Caribbean Island people

question

answer

landlocked

question

is russia a landlocked country?

answer

not exactly but it kind of is

question

in what way can Russia be considered a landlocked country?

answer

-their main water outlets are frozen for most of the year -need for warm water ports

question

what type of climates do we find in russia, central asia, and Caucus region?

answer

-continental mid-latitude mostly -some arid and polar

question

what factors play a major role in determining the climate of this region?

answer

latitude and continentallity

question

which is the dominant (covers the greatest area) climate biome of the region?

answer

continental mid-latitude

question

what is a climate biome?

answer

geographic region defined by its climate where the plants and wildlife have adapted to those conditions

question

Which is the dominant (covers the greatest area) climate biome of the region?

answer

taiga

question

How does the vegetation changes in the region as we travel from north to south?

answer

-low, peaks, and goes low again -not enough sun in the north, lack of moisture in the south

STUDY

AP Environmental Science Environmental Economics Environmental Science Environmental Sociology Genuine Progress Indicator Improve The Environment Per Capita Consumption

Chapter 5 mastering environmental science – Flashcards 59 terms

Stephen Sanchez

59 terms

Preview

Chapter 5 mastering environmental science – Flashcards

question

What is the term that refers to the substances and forces that sustain our society and everyday lives?

answer

natural resources

question

What are ecosystem services?

answer

These are essential processes such as soil formation, nutrient cycles, the pollination of plants, etc.

question

Which of the following groups advocates economies that neither grow nor shrink but remain stable?

answer

ecological economists

question

What is meant by "market failure"?

answer

This occurs when markets do not take into account the environment's positive effects on economies (such as ecosystem services) or when they do not reflect the negative impacts of economic activity on people or the environment (external costs).

question

What costs are associated with transactions that can result in damage to the environment, human health, and property?

answer

external costs

question

What type of economic discipline maintains that society, like natural populations, cannot surpass environmental limitations?

answer

ecological economics

question

Which of the following correctly illustrate the two ways that economic growth can occur?

answer

increased inputs to the economy and improvements in efficiency through technology

question

The principle that "internal costs," which are the costs and benefits borne by the buyer and seller alone, represent the true and full economics of all transactions is a principle of ________.

answer

neoclassical economics

question

Which of the following best explain the "free rider" predicament?

answer

This allows one party to "get away" with an environmental impact while other parties continue to use best environmental practices.

question

"If domestic gas prices rise to $5 per gallon, conservation will increase, alternative fuels will be developed, and energy efficiency and our quality of life will improve." This view is consistent with ________ economics.

answer

environmental

question

A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of ________.

answer

steady-state economies that, like natural systems, neither grow nor shrink

question

Rising per capita consumption of goods and rising population growth lead to ________.

answer

more resource extraction, waste and pollution

question

What event is credited with leading to the passage of the Clean Water Act?

answer

the Cuyahoga River catching fire

question

The role of an administrative agency is that of _______.

answer

enforcement and elaboration of laws passed by Congress

question

What is the title of the book by Rachel Carson that refers to the absence of birdsongs due to the poisoning of birds by pesticides?

answer

Silent Spring

question

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) _________.

answer

gave citizens the right to see and comment on proposed government projects through the creation of environmental impact statements

question

Which of the following was NOT part of public policy during the early years of the United States?

answer

The SuperFund

question

According to the figure, the basis for government policy regarding environmental issues ________.

answer

comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectors

question

Environmental policy aims to ________.

answer

promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources

question

Lobbying, legal action, and campaign funding are all means used by ________ to influence governmental environmental policies.

answer

the public sector

question

Which statement is correct concerning international law?

answer

An example of customary law is the idea that no nation should use its resources in ways that adversely affect its neighbors.

question

Regarding the issue of global warming, until the hurricane season of 2005, the federal government's official stance was that the information available from the scientific community was neither conclusive nor persuasive. This governmental position was probably due to ________.

answer

the private sector's reluctance to change manufacturing and land use strategies

question

Which type of advertising assists consumers in choosing products that are grown or manufactured with environmentally friendly methods?

answer

ecolabeling

question

Most of the environmental progress made over the past few decades has come about through __________ methods.

answer

command-and-control

question

A company that produces household cleaners decides to produce a "green" version of its products, even though the formulas are virtually unchanged compared to the original formulas. This is an example of __________.

answer

greenwashing

question

Legislation passed by Congress is known as ________.

answer

statutory law

question

An environmental impact statement is required ________.

answer

for any federal action that may affect U.S. environmental quality

question

The social changes in the United States in the 20th century gave rise to environmental laws concerned primarily with ________.

answer

reducing pollution caused by industry

question

The first national park in the world was ________.

answer

yellowstone

question

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________

answer

required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government

question

Juanita and Sam attend a beach party and notice that the local beach appears to have a great deal more trash washed up on shore than it did when they were young. The water doesn't appear nearly as clear, and there seems to be less evidence of small water creatures living in the shallows. An afternoon at the local library convinces them that one major cause is the new factory nearby. After some discussion, they decide their next step should be ________.

answer

talking to a local environmental group about solutions

question

The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________.

answer

fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples

question

Which kind of development would be promoted if a government worked on finding a balance between economic security, environmental protection, and social equity?

answer

sustainable

question

What does the y-axis show?

answer

the price of a good or service

question

What does the blue graph line represent?

answer

the supply of a good or service

question

As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that sellers are willing to supply to the market ________.

answer

increases

question

As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that buyers are willing to purchase ________.

answer

decreases

question

When does the equilibrium price of a product (good or service) occur?

answer

when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product

question

What will occur if the demand for a product increases but the supply of that product remains the same?

answer

A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase.

question

Which of these behaviors is not involved in determining the market price of a product?

answer

consumers seeking to maximize external costs

question

In 1962 environmental costs amounted to approximately 1 trillion dollars. By 2002 environmental costs had:

answer

quadrupled

question

Between 1972 and 1992, GDP increased by approximately 2 trillion dollars. In comparison, GPI:

answer

Increased only slightly.

question

If current manufacturing, consumption, and energy use trends continue, an increase in global population with time will likely result in:

answer

A higher GDP and higher environmental costs

question

Assume that the GDP and benefits for 2012 are the same as GDP and benefits for 2002. If the 2012 environmental costs increase by 100% but the social and economic costs decrease by 50%, the new GPI for 2012 would be:

answer

Lower than GPI in 2002

question

Which of the following would lead to a GPI value closer to the GDP value for any given year?

answer

Adopting manufacturing processes with lower energy and resource use.

question

ORder?

answer

Farmer, DDT, small aquatic, Fish, Birds eat, Birds with DDT, Few baby

question

birds?

answer

osprey and brown pelican

question

order again?

answer

DDT dieldrin mercury PCBs DDE

question

According to Gary Sirota, the proposed Bajagua wastewater treatment plant is a beneficial solution because __________.

answer

all contractual obligations must be met before service fee is due

question

Serge Dedina suggests that the private sector is best suited for __________.

answer

providing innovative wastewater treatment technology for informal housing settlements throughout Tijuana

question

Both Sirota and Dedina agree that the transborder pollution problems need to be solved. In contrast, they disagree on the issue of ______.

answer

allowing private industry to take a lead role in managing a public resource

question

Gary Sirota sees the proposed Bajagua Project as a win-win scenario for the public due to the larger treatment capacity of the proposed plant and the lower cost per gallon. How might Serge Dedina respond?

answer

The private sector should never build a plant, regardless of benefits, because water is a public resource that needs public oversight.

question

If population numbers continue to increase in Tijuana and San Diego, which of the following scenarios are most likely, based on the current situation?

answer

Sewage-contaminated water and beach closures will increase.

question

Who initially promoted settlement by whites in what is now western Montana?

answer

the fed gov

question

Which of the following depends on a guaranteed water supply on the Flathead Reservation?

answer

agriculture

question

You are a member of the Kootenai tribe of western Montana. What did the government initially say about your tribe's fishing rights in the region?

answer

Your tribe had far-reaching fishing rights.

question

According to the rules of the water compact, which of the following farmers would get the most water?

answer

a farmer who irrigates 200 acres of potatoes and 400 acres of wheat

question

Who allowed non-Native American people to move onto the Flathead reservation in the early 1900s?

answer

the fed gov

question

Why are so many farmers in the Flathead region concerned about access to water?

answer

the soil is sandy

STUDY

Environmental Sociology Introductory Sociology Resource Mobilization Theory Social Change Sociology

HSB4U Chapter 2 – Social Changes 55 terms

Mary Browning

55 terms

Preview

HSB4U Chapter 2 – Social Changes

question

Social change

answer

the transformation of culture and social organization/structure over time

question

Four Characteristics of Social Change

answer

1. It happens everywhere, but the rate of change varies from place to place. 2. Social change is sometimes intentional but often unplanned. 3. Social change often generates controversy. 4. Some changes matter more than others do.

question

Anthropology's view on social change

answer

Change occurs slowly

question

invention

answer

Inventions produce new products, ideas, and social patterns.

question

discovery

answer

Discovery is finding something that has never been found before, or finding something new in something that already exists

question

diffusion

answer

Diffusion is the spreading of ideas and objects to other societies, This would involve trading, migration, and mass communication

question

mass media's influence on social change

answer

The \"mass media\" is a vital factor in the speed of social change. IT permits rapid diffusion of ideas, making theses manifest in the private and relaxing environments of the home, where audiences are at their most susceptible

question

Sociology's view on social change

answer

Change is inevitable

question

Tension & Adaption

answer

Another reason social change happens is due to immense tension that eventually requires some for adaptation.

question

Environmental factors

answer

Change can be through the impact of environment factors such as droit and famine. The degree of natural disasters between different countries and regions also lead the different social changes between the countries.

question

Economic & political advantages

answer

International shifts in economic or political advantage also have great impacts on social change. e.g. \"globalization\" plays a major role in our modern society affecting the global economy, political structures and dynamics, culture, poverty, the environment, gender, etc.

question

Demographic change

answer

Change occurs from an increase in the population or human migration between the areas.

question

Social movements

answer

Change can also occur from people joining together for a common cause. This is called a social movement. Social movements are classified according to the kind of change they are seeking.

question

The role of values and ethics

answer

Changing values and ethics in society over time can have a tremendous impact on social change.

question

Elite groups

answer

Groups with a substantial amour of wealth and power may determine which direction social change will take.

question

Technology and information

answer

Internet technology has an enormous impact on the globalization of culture and ideas. It has considerably increased the speed of social change. It is also a valuable tool for social change organizations.

question

Psychology's view on social change

answer

Change occurs at an individual level. It is necessary to change individuals' attitudes before their behaviour can be changed.

question

Cognitive Dissonance

answer

It occurs when our beliefs or attitudes are not in line with our actions or behaviours. Psychologists suggest that the tension experienced with cognitive dissonance can cause an individual to change wither their attitude or behaviour so that they match up.

question

Behaviour Modification Programs

answer

we must move through a number of stages before we can successfully change e.g. Alcoholic Anonymous, Boot Camps.

question

1. pre-contemplation

answer

denial and refusal \"I don't have a problem!\"

question

2. contemplation

answer

questioning occurs at this stage \"Do you think I should do something about the problem?\"

question

3. preparation

answer

investigation or analysis occurs at this stage \"What is this problem doing to my personal well being?\"

question

4. action

answer

involves commitment \"I have to keep going or I will never change\"

question

5. maintenance

answer

begins 6 months after the Action stage. It involves transitioning into a new way of life \"I should avoid people who will drag me back to my old habits\"

question

6. termination

answer

only 20% get to this stage. It involves completion. \"I don't have to work at this anymore, I don't want to go back to my old ways.\"

question

Conditions of Social Change

answer

1. leadership (charismatic leader) 2. modernizing elites 3. a population ready for change

question

1. Leadership

answer

- A charismatic leader is someone who has a large vision, magnetic style, strong popular support, and aspects of extraordinary character. - A charismatic leader places great demands on his followers, promises them rewards for their support, yet maintains a distance between the leader and the led.

question

2. Modernizing Elites

answer

Groups of people who create significant social change and influence the direction in which it goes.

question

3. A population ready for change

answer

- If a population is not ready for the kind change the leader proposes nothing will happen. - Vision must match the \"mood\" of the public. Otherwise no one listen, and the potential leader will be quickly forgotten.

question

Impediments to Social Change

answer

1. traditional cultural values 2. expense

question

1. Traditional cultural values

answer

- Traditional cultural values can sometimes conflict with advances or change in society. - Many societies will make changes to accommodate both traditional and progressional needs.

question

2. Expense

answer

- Some changes might be too expensive - These programs are expensive and the demand for new programs might be declined as a result. - The government can only offer as many programs as the taxpayer is able to finance (i.e. National daycare has been declined).

question

Why is there pressure to conform

answer

- an unwillingness to conform could risk \"social rejection\" - an individual who is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or social interaction is a victim of \"social rejection\" - conformity acts as a scapegoat in order to avoid bullying and criticism from peers

question

The effects of conformity

answer

- chameleon effect - group think

question

chameleon effect

answer

the mimicking of the body language or actions of a person with who we are interaction with or admire or look up to (e.g. Bieber cut)

question

group think

answer

the effects of collective pressure on the decision-making abilities of individual members of a group

question

The Asch experiment

answer

- Solomon E. Asch performed in the 1950s that demonstrated the power of conformity in groups. - \"vision test\": how the remaining student would react to participant answers - examine the extent to which pressure from other people could affect one's perceptions - 1/3 subjects conformed

question

Conformity in contemporary society

answer

- most people conform to the standard values and norms without even realizing they are doing so - some degree of conformity is necessary for societies to function

question

Conformity and youth

answer

- pre-teens and teenagers face many issues related to conformity - pulled between the desire to be seen as unique individuals and desire to belong to a group where they feel accepted (e.g. fashion trend, hair style, music, smoking are all conforming to a social norm)

question

Conformity pros

answer

- encourage polite social interactions and creates predictable behaviours - order and stability are maintained in society as a result - can create a sense of safety - can create a sense of belongingness

question

Conformity cons

answer

- discourage social change - can lead people to resist the temptation to do things differently - can encourage people to accept practices that are wrong or unethical

question

Alienation pros

answer

- spurs reformers into actions as it leads individuals to struggle to challenge the status quo - individuals can become leaders of historic movements in society

question

Alienation cons

answer

- can be so severe that people give up and accept life in the margins of society, in crime or dire poverty - can lead to suicide, drugs or substance abuse

question

Asch conformity experiment variations

answer

1. size of the opposing majority 2. subject's \"ally\"

question

LICO (Low-Income Cut-Off line)

answer

an income threshold below which a family will likely devote a larger share (30%+) of its income on the necessities of food, shelter, and clothing than the average family.

question

Technology negative side effects

answer

1. access to harmful information (e.g. pornography, h-bomb) 2. people are always plugged in (e.g. cell phone) 3. differentiate work & life

question

Speed of technology change

answer

1. faster renewal rate 2. acceleration (faster life) 3. impatience 4. immediate feedback from networks (e.g. emails, texts)

question

Future Shock

answer

dizzy disorientation brought on by the premature arrival of future

question

Hyperculture

answer

the virtues of sacrifice and long-term commitment so essential to effective parenthood, become rare. - deterioration in family relationships - loss of critical thinking

question

Overdependence on Technology

answer

- anxious without tech - isolation - internet addiction - don't back up computer = loose everything

question

Techosis

answer

an overblown dependency or attachment to tech

question

Health (Tech Effect on Family)

answer

Reproductive technologies - more infertile parents are having children - life support machine made parents live longer

question

Work (Tech Effect on Family)

answer

Telecommuting - facilitate a good balance between family life and work commitments, relieving the conflicting pressure

question

Home Maintenance (Tech Effect on Family)

answer

Vacuums, dishwashers - efficiency - more time for family activities - young members of the family can easily share in the workload

question

Home Entrainment (Tech Effect on Family)

answer

TV, computers, DVD - may bring the family together or may represent time away from the family

STUDY

AP Human Geography Environmental Sociology Global Climate Change Sea Level Rise World Geography

Human Geog Ch. 4 – Flashcards 20 terms

Mike Bryan

20 terms

Preview

Human Geog Ch. 4 – Flashcards

question

Preservation, deep ecology, and ecofeminism are radical environmental perspectives found only in the core.

answer

False

question

Which of the following environmental philosophies is currently the most conventional?

answer

conservation

question

To ecofeminists, ________ is at the center of today's environmental problems.

answer

patriarchy

question

The contemporary view of nature dominant in the United States is most strongly linked to the

answer

Judeo-Christian tradition, in which nature is to be dominated or tamed by Man.

question

Vandana Shiva is most well-known for

answer

her work protecting environmental diversity & sustainability through such things as organic farming, fair trade and the use and preservation of native seeds.

question

The idea that "nature is a social creation" means that

answer

the physical world means different things to different people at different times.

question

Which of the following is most influential in anticipating a population's impact on nature?

answer

its affluence

question

Henry David Thoreau

answer

is often credited as the originator of U.S. ecological philosophy, an American naturalist and activist, lived for 2 years in nature in solitude

question

Which of the following energy resources is renewable?

answer

Hydropower

question

The region with the greatest number of urban areas vulnerable to sea level rise is

answer

Southeast Asia

question

The foundations of the U.S. environmental movement of the 20th century are drawn from the ideas of

answer

Marsh

question

Global temperature increases over the last century have been greatest

answer

at the Arctic

question

Political ecologists emphasize

answer

the impact of political and economic forces on local cultures and resource use

question

The 1992 Earth Summit was concerned primarily with this type of issue.

answer

global environmental issues

question

One conceptual theory (i.e., I = PAT) for understanding the factors contributing to environmental impacts relates them to

answer

technological level, level of affluence, and population size

question

The environmental justice movement emphasizes the disproportional burdens that the ________ face from the negative consequences of economic development.

answer

poor

question

Whereas environmental preservationists advocate that certain habitats, species, and resources should be off-limits and left entirely alone, conservation approaches encourage

answer

respectful and sustainable used of natural resources.

question

Which of the following is NOT evidence of global climate change?

answer

disappearing rainforests

question

International efforts to protect biodiversity have included efforts to halt "bioprospecting," the corporate practice of

answer

exploiting indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants for commercial purposes.

question

Human adaptations to and uses of the natural environment

answer

have been occurring for hundreds and thousands of years.

STUDY

Environmental Sociology Introductory Sociology Sociology

Sociology 13-15 – Flashcards 56 terms

Charles Clay

56 terms

Preview

Sociology 13-15 – Flashcards

question

If Joaquin falls and breaks his leg, his doctor will probably use

answer

curative medicine.

question

The process through which issues that were once seen as personal come to be seen as medical is called

answer

medicalization

question

According to the textbook, one problem generated by medical advances that allow people with HIV to live much longer than they used to is that

answer

the fact that people can live longer with HIV may serve as a disincentive for people to protect themselves against it.

question

A person who is interested in studying why sexually transmitted diseases spread faster in some college sororities and fraternities than others might be interested in:

answer

epidemiology.

question

Which of the following would not be an attribute that leads to a longer life?

answer

being male rather than being female

question

Allison would like to utilize "concierge medicine," but she hasn't signed up. What is the most likely reason?

answer

It is too expensive

question

What is a food desert?

answer

an area with little access to healthy, fresh food

question

John's parents have diabetes, so John should be careful not to eat too much sugar. Unfortunately, there is no grocery store by his house, so every morning he buys donuts from the convenience store. When our individual disease risks are amplified by social factors such as inequality, what is this called?

answer

deprivation amplification

question

On what basis did Milton Friedman criticize the American Medical Association?

answer

It is a monopoly that artificially restricts the supply of doctors

question

Which of the following is an example of a locavore?

answer

someone who lives in Maryland and eats food grown in Maryland

question

If someone calls in sick from work, we would expect them to stay in bed or visit the doctor

answer

the sick role

question

Which of the following is NOT part of the health care reform bill passed in 2010?

answer

Government officials will choose which doctor a patient can see.

question

What is rescission?

answer

when insurance companies revoke someone's coverage after that person gets sick

question

When Damien went to the doctor, he was asked if he had any previous illnesses. He was also asked questions about his ethnicity, where he grew up, and what religion he practiced. The doctor wanted to make sure that he considered Damien's background before treating him. This is an example of

answer

cultural competence.

question

We now have the technology available to keep someone breathing and to keep their heart beating, even if their brain no longer functions. However, there is a debate about whether it is ethical to do so. A sociologist who is interested in studying this conflict would want to research:

answer

bioethics.

question

Shawn is an athlete, and in a game last week he tore the ACL ligament in his knee. To deal with the pain, he took aspirin and he also got acupuncture. Shawn practiced:

answer

integrative medicine.

question

Wealthy industrialized countries that do not provide universal health care for their citizens include:

answer

only the United States.

question

Which of the following claims supports the view that perceptions of health and beauty are shaped by social context, and are not just biological?

answer

Women who would be considered of healthy weight in Senegal are considered overweight in the United States.

question

Skyler is interested in studying how many people live in New Mexico, what race they are, and where the state is most densely populated. What kind of study research would Skyler do?

answer

demography

question

The number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people is referred to as the:

answer

mortality rate.

question

When a culture transforms over time, the process is called:

answer

social change.

question

Baby Boom" was a term used to describe the increased number of children born directly after World War II and its impact on current patterns of labor and retirement. This is an example of which factor that leads to social change?

answer

demographic factors

question

Which of the following was an early theory on collective action that suggested individuals who joined a crowd or mob became "infected" by a mob mentality and lost the ability to reason?

answer

contagion theory

question

Millions of people watch the Super Bowl at the same time on game day, but they don't all watch it together-some throw parties while others watch alone. This similar behavior is called

answer

mass behavior.

question

Jessica used to wear slap-bracelets and bell-bottom jeans. According to the textbook, these are examples of a/an

answer

fad

question

Which of the following is true concerning a tragedy of the commons?

answer

The benefit is to the individual, but the cost is shared by all

question

Branimir donates blood every month, even though he has never needed a blood transfusion and he may never need one in the future. He does this because people must be willing to donate even if they'll never need it in order for the blood donation system to work. This is an example of

answer

public goods dilemma.

question

Sean is the leader of a social group that meets once a week. The group's ideological commitment is to promote or resist social change

answer

social movement

question

Which theory of social movements focuses on the actions of oppressed groups who seek rights and opportunities already enjoyed by others in society

answer

relative deprivation theory

question

According to Armand Mauss, what happens in the fourth stage in a social movement

answer

The movement declines.

question

Which of the following U.S. social movements is best seen as a regressive movement?

answer

the Tea Party movement that began in 2009

question

Alex is leading a regressive social movement. Which of the following would be the one Alex is leading?

answer

a movement that encourages members to downsize in all areas of their lives to return to a simpler approach to life

question

Pangri wanted a new cell phone. Her parents told her she didn't need a new cell phone because her old phone still worked, although it didn't have advanced features like Web access. Pangri shouted in anger, "Technological determinism is part of this society and I need a new phone!" What was she referring to?

answer

the idea that technology plays a defining role in shaping society

question

The internet was available long before online classes were available. It took schools and universities a while to adapt to the new technology. Why?

answer

cultural lag

question

The fact that MTV can now be seen in about 166 countries is an example of

answer

cultural diffusion.

question

When Jarin traveled abroad, she noticed that many youths in Middle Eastern countries were being influenced by the values and goals projected by shows on MTV or in American movies. This could be considered an example of:

answer

cultural imperialism.

question

When Mychel traveled abroad, she noticed that many places were surprisingly similar to her hometown. The process by which societies lose their uniqueness by becoming increasingly similar is called:

answer

cultural leveling

question

Jennifer is interested in postmodernity, which focuses on _____________ rather than material things

answer

ideas and cultural debates

question

The fact that McDonald's restaurants are now in India can be seen as an example of

answer

cultural leveling.

question

The dramatic decline in the population of Vietnam due to refugees leaving the country during the Vietnam War is an example of:

answer

emigration.

question

The Industrial Revolution led many people to move from __________ areas.

answer

rural to urban

question

Janine lives in New York City. It is a fairly quick trip for her to get to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C. This network of nearby and closely tied urban areas is

answer

megalopolis.

question

The transformation of the physical, social, economic, and cultural life of formerly working-class or poor neighborhoods into more affluent middle-class communities is called:

answer

gentrification.

question

Greg lives in a city, so he feels like he has a great deal of freedom and choices. However, sociologists argue that this freedom prevents city dwellers from developing intimate personal relationships or community, a situation that is often referred to as:

answer

alienation

question

The bystander effect contends that during a moment of crisis, the more people present to witness the event,

answer

the less likely anyone will provide assistance

question

Azka wants to study human populations and their impact on the natural world. This would be called

answer

social ecology

question

Joe wants to study the interaction between society and the natural environment, including the social causes and consequences of environmental problems. This would be called:

answer

environmental sociology.

question

Herrica is looking for a renewable resource. Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource?

answer

oxygen

question

Which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable resource

answer

oil

question

Which of the following is true concerning consumption and resource depletion

answer

In 1950, rainforests covered twice as much area as they do today

question

In 1950, rainforests covered twice as much area as they do today

answer

term describing the operation of modern economic systems that require constant growth, which causes increased exploitation of resources and environmental degradation

question

Marc was part of the conservation era of the environmental movement, which focused on

answer

the preservation of wilderness areas.

question

Jessica was part of the modern environmental movement, which focused on:

answer

the environmental consequences of new technology, oil exploration, and nuclear power plants.

question

To prevent the clearing of a redwood forest in California, July "Butterfly" Hill practiced which form of environmental activism?

answer

conducting a 2-year-long tree sit

question

Anastacia is part of a grassroots environmental group. This is distinguished from mainstream environmentalism by:

answer

its belief in citizen participation in environmental decision-making.

question

Ginger is interested in an area's variety of species of plants and animals existing at a particular time, so she would study that area's

answer

biodiversity.

STUDY

Environmental Sociology Internal Combustion Engines Introductory Sociology Social Movements Sociology World System Theory

social change and the environment – Flashcards 76 terms

Thomas Alday

76 terms

Preview

social change and the environment – Flashcards

question

the alteration of culture and society over time, is a vital part of social life.

answer

Social change

question

Social change has included four social revolutions, a change from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft societies, capitalism and industrialization, modernization, and global stratification

answer

four social revolutions

question

Theories of social change include evolutionary theories, cyclical theories, and conflict theories.

answer

Theories of social change include 3 evolutionary theories

question

identified technology as the basis for social change. The processes of social change are innovation, discovery, and diffusion

answer

William Ogburn

question

refers to the symbolic cultures lagging behind changes in technology.

answer

Cultural lag

question

social movements can be classified as alterative, redemptive, reformative, or transformative

answer

social movements can be classified as

question

involve a large number of people who are organized to promote or resist social change

answer

Social movements

question

Because the mass media are the gatekeepers for social movements, their favorable or unfavorable coverage greatly affects a social movement, and tactics are chosen with the media in mind.

answer

question

Social movements go through distinct stages: initial unrest, mobilization, organization, institutionalization, and finally decline.

answer

Social movements go through distinct stages:

question

The solutions to environmental problems range from education, legislation, and political activism to ecosabotage

answer

question

sabotaging the efforts of people thought to be legally harming the environment.

answer

ecosabotage

question

Environmental sociologists attempt to study the relationship between human societies and the environment. Environmental sociologists are generally also environmental activists.

answer

Environmental sociologists

question

(1) the domestication of plants and animals, from which pastoral and horticultural societies arose; (2) the invention of the plow, leading to agricultural societies; (3) the industrial revolution; and (4) the information revolution, resulting in postindustrial societies.

answer

four social revolutions:

question

agricultural to industrial economic activity was accompanied by a change from Gemeinschaft societies (daily life centers on intimate and personal relationships) to Gesellschaft societies (people have fleeting, impersonal relationships) societies

answer

question

(daily life centers on intimate and personal relationships)

answer

Gemeinschaft societies

question

(people have fleeting, impersonal relationships) societies

answer

Gesellschaft societies

question

identified capitalism as the basic reason behind the breakup of feudal (agricultural) societies. As people were thrown off the land, they moved to cities, where they were exploited by the owners of the means of production.

answer

Karl Marx, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft

question

saw religion as the core reason for the development of capitalism; as a result of the Reformation, Protestants no longer feltSOCIAL CHANGE 219 assured that they were saved by virtue of church membership and concluded that God would show visible favor to the elect. They believed that prosperity was that visible sign.

answer

Max Weber, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.

question

Modernization (the change from agricultural to industrial societies) produces sweeping changes in societies. Modern societies are larger, more urbanized, and subject to faster change. They stress formal education and the future and are less religiously oriented. They have smaller families, lower rates of infant mortality, and higher life expectancy; they have higher incomes and more material possessions. They are Gesellschaft societies with more formal social control and more tolerance of differences.

answer

f, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.

question

When technology changes, societies change. Today, the technology of the industrialized world is changing traditional societies. For example, the export of Western medicine to the Least Industrialized Nations reduced death rates but did not affect high birth rates. Rapidly increasing populations strain the resources of the Least Industrialized Nations, leading to widespread hunger and starvation and the mass migration to cities and to the Most Industrialized Nations.

answer

f, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.

question

unilinear and multilinear.

answer

Evolutionary theories of social change are

question

follow the same path, evolving from simple to complex through uniform sequences.

answer

Unilinear theories assume that all societies

question

different routes can lead to a similar stage of development, thus, societies need not pass through the same sequence of stages to become industrialized.

answer

Multilinear theories assume that

question

Both unilinear and multilinear theories assume the idea that societies progress toward a higher state.

answer

question

examine great civilizations, not a particular society; they presume that societies are like organisms—that they are born, reach adolescence, grow old, and die.

answer

Cyclical theories

question

proposed that at first, a civilization is able to meet challenges, yet when it has become an empire, the ruling elite loses its capacity to keep the masses in line "by charm rather than by force," and the fabric of society is ripped apart

answer

Toynbee

question

proposed that Western civilization was on the wane; some analysts think that the current crisis in Western civilization may indicate that he was right.

answer

Oswald Spengler

question

identified three processes of social change: (1) inventions, which can be either material (computers) or social (capitalism); (2) discovery, which is a new way of seeing things; and (3) diffusion, which is the spread of an invention, discovery, or idea from one area to another. Ogburn coined the term cultural lag to describe the situation in which some elements of a culture adapt to an invention or discovery more rapidly than others.

answer

William Ogburn

question

work, schools, capabilities, nature of business

answer

tech. and changes

question

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

answer

ex proactive social movement

question

Ku Klux Klan (KKK

answer

example of reactive social movements

question

suggests that a cultural crisis can give birth to a wave of social movements. According to Zald, when a society's institutions fail to keep up with social changes, many people's needs go unfulfilled, massive unrest follows, and social movements come into being to bridge the gap.

answer

Mayer Zald

question

Two types seek to change people but differ in terms of the amount of change desired: Alterative social movements seek to alter only particular aspects of people (e.g., the Women's Christian Temperance Union)

answer

David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

question

Two types seek to change people but differ in terms of the amount of change desired, redemptive social movements seek to change people totally (e.g., a religious social movement such as fundamental Christianity that stresses conversion).

answer

David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

question

Two types seek to change society but also differ in terms of the amount of change desired: Reformative social movements seek to reform only one part of society (e.g., animal rights or the environment)

answer

David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

question

Two types seek to change society but also differ in terms of the amount of change desired: transformative social movements seek to change the social order itself and to replace it with their own version of the ideal society (e.g., revolutions in the American colonies, France, Russia, and Cuba).

answer

David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

question

simply means the presentation of information in an attempt to influence people.

answer

Propaganda

question

asserts that because the Least Industrialized Nations have become dependent on the Most Industrialized Nations, they are unable to develop their own resources.

answer

Dependency theory

question

occurs as the movement becomes bureaucratized and leadership passes to career officials who may care more about their position in the organization than about the movement itself.

answer

Institutionalization

question

rain containing sulfuric and nitric acid; the result of burning fossil fuels

answer

acid rain:

question

a social movement that seeks to alter only particular aspects of people (

answer

alterative social movement:

question

benefits (such as tax breaks or stadiums) given corporations to locate or to remain in an area

answer

corporate welfare:

question

William Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovation

answer

cultural lag

question

a view of history and power in which each arrangement, or thesis, contains contradiction, or antithesis, that must be resolved; the new arrangement, or synthesis, contains its own contradictions, and so on

answer

dialectical process

question

the spread of invention and discovery from one area to another; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change

answer

diffusion:

question

a new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change

answer

discovery:

question

actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment

answer

ecosabotage

question

the greater impact of pollution on the poor and racial minorities

answer

environmental injustice

question

a subdiscipline of sociology that examines how human activities affect the physical environment and how the physical environment affects human activities

answer

environmental sociology

question

the buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere that allows light to enter but inhibits the release of heat; believed to cause global warming

answer

greenhouse effect

question

the combination of existing elements and materials to form new ones; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change

answer

invention

question

a rare type of social movement that seeks to change the social order not just of society but of the entire world (

answer

metaformative social movement

question

the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies

answer

modernization

question

another term for postindustrial society

answer

postmodern society

question

a social movement that promotes social change

answer

proactive social movement

question

in its broad sense, the presentation of information in the attempt to influence people; in its narrow sense, one-sided information that may distort reality

answer

propaganda

question

how people think about some issue

answer

public opinion

question

a social movement that resists social change

answer

reactive social movement

question

a social movement that seeks to change people totally

answer

redemptive social movement

question

a social movement that seeks to reform some specific aspect of society

answer

reformative social movement

question

a stage at which social movements succeed or fail on the basis of their ability to mobilize resources such as time, money, and people's skills

answer

resource mobilization

question

the alteration of culture and societies over time

answer

social change

question

large numbers of people who organize to promote or resist social change

answer

social movement

question

an organization that is developed to further the goals of a social movement

answer

social movement organization

question

a world system in which we use our physical environment to meet the needs of humanity and leave a sound environment to the next generation

answer

sustainable environment

question

a social movement that seeks to change society totally

answer

transformative social movement

question

a social movement that seeks to change some social condition throughout the world

answer

transnational social movement

question

These sociologists found that propaganda relies on seven basic techniques, which they labeled "tricks of the trade."

answer

Alfred and Elizabeth Lee

question

Marx analyzed the emergence of capitalism and developed the theory of dialectical materialism

answer

Karl Marx

question

These sociologists investigated the resource mobilization of social movements and found that although there may be a group of angry and agitated people, without this mobilization they will never become a social movement.

answer

John McCarthy and Mayer Zald

question

His theory of social development once dominated Western thought. It said that societies pass through three stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization.

answer

Lewis Henry Morgan

question

Ogburn identified three processes of social change: invention, discovery, and diffusion. He coined the term cultural lag to describe a situation in which some elements of culture adapt to an invention or discovery more rapidly than others

answer

William Ogburn

question

Spengler wrote The Decline of the West, in which he proposed that Western civilization was declining

answer

Oswald Spengler

question

This historian suggests that each time a civilization successfully meets a challenge, oppositional forces are set up. Eventually, the oppositional forces are set loose, and the fabric of society is ripped apart.

answer

Arnold Toynbee

question

Weber argued that capitalism grew out of the Protestant Reformation.

answer

Max Weber

question

In analyzing social movements, Zald suggested that they were like a rolling sea, hitting society like a wave.

answer

Mayer Zald

STUDY

International Relations Maintaining The Status Quo World System Theory

POLI 270 – Flashcard 135 terms

Carol Rushing

135 terms

Preview

POLI 270 – Flashcard

question

The agent-structure debate revolves, in part, around the role of individuals on the outcomes in International relations. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Normative claims can be subjected to empirical tests to prove their validity. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Having a set of intensively held values

answer

Allows personal beliefs to influence empirical inquiry

question

Popper opposed an "open society" of scholars that embraces theoretical and methodological diversity. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

To think theoretically one must

answer

Assume an underlying order to human affairs

question

The "paradigm mentality" leads to research approaches that

answer

Are narrow and rigid

question

The best way to encourage theoretical creativity and imagination is to

answer

Have several competing theories

question

Systematic thinking about "International Relations" requires that we define the unit of analysis. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Thinking theoretically requires a willingness to sacrifice detail and embrace broad observations. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Positivism dominates what school of International Relations theory?

answer

Realism

question

E.H. Carr maintains that the nature of politic is such that a. Priority should be given to power. b. priority must be given to morality c. political power follows moral authority d. None of the above

answer

d. None of the above

question

Hedley Bull contends that

answer

Since the dawn of nation states, elements of international society have always been present

question

That moral principles should/ought to guide politics is an ideal embraced by

answer

Immanuel Kant

question

Kant argues that "reason instructs" and motivates us toward the goal of a world society of "perpetual peace" a. True b. False

answer

True

question

The concept of sovereign states as the supreme, independent, and final authority in international politics is very typical of normative thinking. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Just War Theory is a

answer

Normative theory that defines the conduct of war

question

Hugo Grotius argued that international law is based upon: a. natural law b. customary practices c. power politics d. international treaties e. all of the above except C f. all of the above except A

answer

all of the above except C

question

A theory of international politics based on "value judgments" and "moral perspectives" is considered

answer

Normative Theory

question

Divorcing norms from decisions we make about international relations may be difficult, but is possible according to normative theory. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

"A prince therefore who desires to maintain himself must learn to be not always good, but to be so or not as necessity may require." This sage advice was given by Immanuel Kant. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

The "English School" of International Relations Theory focused attention on

answer

the workings of an international society

question

Grotius argues that international law governs nations' behavior

answer

In times of war and peace

question

The "state" is generally assumed by realists to be

answer

a single rational actor

question

Realism holds that international relations are fundamentally:

answer

an amoral issue.

question

The Realist perspective originated with classical English authors such as Disraeli. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

The "Security Dilemma" is a phenomenon rooted in the anarchic international system. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Thomas Hobbes argued that:

answer

"Where there is no common power, there is no law: where no law, no injustice."

question

_____writes that "the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept."

answer

Thucydides

question

According to Thomas Hobbes, war is an evil that can be prevented by improving human nature. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

For realists, moral and ethical concerns are generally

answer

subordinated to considerations of power and interests.

question

Realism emphasizes the constraints placed on international politics by a. human nature b. the absence of international government c. the primacy of power and security d. all of the above e. only B and C

answer

d. all of the above

question

The "stag hunt" is Rousseau's illustration of

answer

the logic of international anarchy.

question

Realist agree that "low politics" (trade, domestic concerns, etc) are on par with "high politics" (security, war, etc.) in determining state behavior. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

"The Melian Dialogue" underlines considerations of

answer

power and interest in international politics

question

For Classical Realists, fear is not a fundamental cause of war. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

According to Rousseau, the underlying cause of conflict in international relations is

answer

the social context within which states exist

question

For realists, anarchy drives states to seek security primarily by

answer

seeking relative power over other states.

question

____ argued that imperialism inevitably emerged as a direct continuation in the development of monopoly capitalism.

answer

V.I. Lenin

question

Lenin's theory of imperialism focused on

answer

Advanced capitalist states

question

Marx's theory of revolution underestimated the power of

answer

Nationalism

question

For economic structuralists, the proper starting point of analysis is:

answer

the international system

question

Marxists (economic structuralists) assume that uneven development is the result of

answer

Structures of domination

question

Marx assumed conflict (fault-line) within society was driven primarily by

answer

Mechanisms of exploitation controlled by a particular class.

question

For Marx, the principle form of conflict in human history is

answer

Class struggle

question

Marxism rejects Realism's tendency to analyze politics and the international state system in isolation and the lack of focus on the relationship global capitalism. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

The capitalist world-system theory, like theories of realism, necessarily places the state at the center of analysis. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Dialectical Materialism is a theory developed by:

answer

Karl Marx

question

Neorealism claims that states are structurally predisposed to behave in generally predictable patterns, but to understand specific behaviors we must look at

answer

the internal disposition of states

question

A systems theory of IR relegates state-level issues to secondary importance in explaining the outcomes of state actions. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

State behavior is characterized by rational self-interested behavior determined by the systemic constraints of the international system. This statement fairly represents the view of Neorealism. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

A system is a mental image that helps us visualize international relations and explain

answer

Patterns and interactions of states

question

The structure of the system influences state behavior, but does not determine the outcome. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Neorealism highlights its constraints by only focusing on the influence of

answer

distribution of power among states

question

According to advocates of systemic theory, explaining international outcomes on the basis of state-level causes is an example of

answer

Reductionist theory

question

The international "system" is independent of the wishes of states but ________ determine system-level outcomes.

answer

competition among states

question

An "international system" is defined as:

answer

the phenomenon resulting from the interaction of actors

question

According to advocates of systemic theory, explaining international outcomes on the basis of state-level causes is an example of

answer

Reductionist theory

question

According to Neorealists, a theory of international relations that seeks explanation by looking at the human psyche is an example of:

answer

Reductionism

question

A decision-makers' "perceptions" are considered a "systemic cause" in Neorealist theory of IR. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Politics conducted in a condition of anarchy makes

answer

states functionally similar

question

The game of prisoners' dilemma is based on the assumption that states do act irrationally. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Waltz believes that it is not absolutely necessary to take into account

answer

The Domestic characteristics of states

question

Balance-of-power theory does not explain outcomes in international politics in which the system is anarchic and states seek to survive. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Neorealism assumes that economic cooperation is sought by states in an anarchic world. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Neorealist assume that one of the important effects of anarchy is

answer

Even states content to live in peace are condemned to a relentless struggle for security.

question

Balance-of-Power theory assumes that:

answer

balances are the natural and inevitable outcome of the struggle for power.

question

Neorealism focuses attention on

answer

states' concerns about relative gains in power

question

Waltz believes that taking into account which aspect(s) of structure is not necessary if the system is anarchic?

answer

the domestic characteristics of states

question

The ordering principle in any given system can be which of the following? a. Anarchy b. Autarky c. Hierarchy d. All of the above e. A or C

answer

e. A or C

question

Balance-of-Power is a theory used to explain the outcome of individual states' efforts to survive and enhance their power. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

The "structure" of the system is determined by

answer

the attributes of the system

question

The structure of a system is defined by a. its ordering principles b. the characteristics of actors in the system c. the distribution of capabilities across the system d. All of the above e. Only A

answer

All of the above

question

The structure of the system operates as a cause of state behavior, but not the only one a. True b. False

answer

True

question

That similar patterns of state behavior are observed in international politics is attributed to

answer

the structure of the system.

question

To say that a state is sovereign is to say that

answer

a state can decide for itself its policies.

question

The use of force and the threat of violence is what distinguish domestic politics and international politics. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

When cooperation occurs in international politics, the primary concern(s) of states is/are a. relative gains in power. b. the impact on the balance of power. c. absolute gains in power. d. Only A and B e. A, B and C are all correct

answer

Only A and B

question

A set of principles, norms, rules and procedure around which actors' expectations converge is an

answer

International regime

question

For liberals, anarchy is mitigated by a. International Regimes b. State level economic reform c. International institutions d. All of the above e. Only A and C

answer

Only A and C

question

Like realists, neoliberals assume that there is a logical link between the conditions of anarchy and war. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

For liberals, states are less inclined to resort to international hostility if a. They share a common political and economic regime-type b. They engage in commercial rivalry with other states c. They would suffer from the interruption of free trade d. All of the above e. Only A and C

answer

Only A and C

question

Economic self-interest is a disincentive for war when

answer

Trade creates mutual dependence

question

Liberal Institutionalists believe that states are more concerned with maximizing absolute gains than ensuring relative gains. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Liberalism (Neofunctionalism) takes from game theory analysis of international politics a zero-sum perspective rather than a positive-sum perspective. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Liberals assume that international organizations can be independent actors in their own right. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Liberals generally take _______ of how states affect international relations and outcomes.

answer

An inside-out view

question

From the perspective of liberalism, people are reasoning beings concerned with self-preservation and self-improvement and Liberals therefore assume that

answer

States can learn to secure international peace

question

Robert Keohane argues that strong states with a long time horizon

answer

Can facilitate cooperation when dealing with a global collective goods problem

question

Stephen Brooks argues that the key to understanding the relationship between international commerce and war is

answer

The globalization of production

question

A liberal theory that explains how states collaborate to achieve common goals is

answer

Functionalism

question

Voluntarism assumes that system structure takes precedence over agency. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Liberals believe that the moral aspirations of states will not be thwarted by the absence of an overarching global authority. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Post-structuralism focuses our attention on competing representations of history and rejects the idea of a "true" account of history written by the dominant power. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

What do post-positivist theorists mean when they say that "theory is always for someone and for some purpose"?

answer

All theories are rooted in assumptions conditioned by human perspective

question

Realists rely on static definitions of the "national interests" to explain state behavior, but Constructivists (like Finnemore) contend that state action is motivated more by

answer

Changing international norms

question

Post-structuralists view state sovereignty as

answer

A questionable claim that the state is the primary and exclusive actor in IR

question

Constructivists believe that positivist theory is a firm foundation upon which we can base our explanation of reality. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Post-structuralism embraces a. The Enlightenment's views of scientific progress b. The Behavioralists's "scientific method" c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B

answer

Neither A nor B

question

For Constructivists, actors/agents (people and states) are atomistic rational actors, not inherently social and a product of social relationships. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

The fundamental orientation of Constructivism is theorizing about

answer

The normative and ideological impact on political actors

question

Constructivists (like Wendt) believe that neorealism's assumptions about international anarchy are:

answer

Socially constructed and subjective

question

According to constructivist theory, the security dilemma is an socially constructed feature of international relations, not an inherent aspect of anarchy. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

According to constructivist theory, states and individuals are subject to structural determinism. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

The end of the Cold War, and the "failure" of rationalist/positivitist IR theory (Neorealism and Neoliberalism) to predict and explain a fundamental change in the international system, motivated Constructivists to question these theories' assumptions about a. Anarchy b. Agent-structure relations c. The influence of ideas on state behavior d. All of the above e. Only A and B

answer

All of the above

question

Constructivist theories of International Relations are:

answer

Post-structural approaches to theorizing about identity and interest

question

Post-Structuralism takes issue with neorealist conceptions of the state as the primary unit of analysis by questioning (problematizing) the

answer

Origins of the state

question

Constructivists have criticized "rationalists/positivists" for being wrongheaded or misguided about a. Ontological issues b. Methodological questions c. Normative assumptions d. All of the above e. Only C

answer

All of the above

question

"Theory is always for someone and for some purpose" highlights the

answer

need to critically scrutinize all theory's ideological foundations

question

A major goal to Critical Theory is to

answer

emancipate us from unjust social and economic structures

question

A major focus of Critical Theorists is

answer

interpretation of observation

question

Critical Theory a. embraces the assumptions of human objectivity b. emphasizes the subjectivity of human inquiry c. rejects the notion of value-free social science d. All of the above e. Only B and C

answer

Only B and C

question

Phenomenology focuses on the interpretive understanding of human observation of the world around us. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

The current world order is assumed by Critical Theorists to be

answer

not natural, necessary, or historically invariable

question

Critical theorists reject as utopian concerns about a. universalizing certain moral and political principles b. reducing material inequality in the world c. respecting ethnic and cultural differences d. None of the above

answer

None of the above

question

The built-in bias of Neorealism and Neoliberalism toward stability and maintaining the status quo is viewed by Critical Theorists as

answer

typical of a problem solving/technical approach to IR Theory

question

Marxist ambitions of not just offering an alternative interpretation of the world but seeking to change the world are central to Critical Theory. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

On the Voluntarism-Determinism continuum, Critical Theorists fall on the

answer

Voluntarist extreme

question

Our assumptions about the essence of things in general is

answer

ontology

question

Self-reflection and probing the origins of knowledge are rejected by Critical Theorists in favor of rational accounts of International Relations. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Critical Theorists are not concerned with exposing ideological claims presented as objective theoretical explanations. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

For Critical Theorists, human observation and theory is subject to

answer

our inability to be completely independent of the world around us

question

Many feminists prefer historical or interpretive understandings of gender roles rather than methodologies that claim that facts are neutral. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

From a feminist perspectives

answer

states are just as likely to threaten human security as enhance it

question

The theoretical assumption that gender identities are natural or "human nature" (not socially constructed) a. reproduces the status quo in existing international power relations b. threatens the foundations of positivist international relations theory c. is rejected by feminist International Relations theory d. All of the above e. Only A and C

answer

Only A and C

question

Feminist perspectives on international organizations argue that

answer

these institutions reflect the norms and interests of hegemonic groups

question

The realist rational, unitary power-maximizing state perspective

answer

marginalizes a gendered analysis

question

Postmodern feminists, contrary to liberal and radical feminists, embrace the idea that women are a homogeneous group and embracing a uniform gendered perspective will undermine the "masculine" domination of IR. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Some feminists (radical feminists) argue that a. affirmative action will not solve the problem of gender in IR b. accounting for women's important role in IR will solve the problem c. the basic class/patriarchy structures in society must be changed d. All of the above e. Only A and C

answer

Only A and C

question

Gender is a set of a

answer

social and culturally constructed identities

question

Liberal or empirical feminists seek to bring in a gendered perspective by a. accounting for women's participation in international relations b. identifying ways to overcome barriers to women's under representation c. including women in national security/high politics circles d. All of the above

answer

All of the above

question

From a feminist perspective, gender permeates social life, and has profound, but often unnoticed effects on international relations. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

Feminists criticize international system beliefs that are masculine-biased as well as those that are gender-neutral. a. True b. False

answer

True

question

For feminists, social relations are a key unit of analysis for explaining

answer

unequal power relations

question

Mainstream structural theories of IR are embraced by some Feminist theories as adequate explanations of the human experience. a. True b. False

answer

False

question

Feminists' concern about gender inequality are in line with the concerns ctitical theorists have about the notion of security. a. True b. False

answer

True

STUDY

20th Century Asia And The Pacific World System Theory

Antrho 9, 10, 11 – Flashcards 47 terms

Charlotte Small

47 terms

Preview

Antrho 9, 10, 11 – Flashcards

question

The theory of religion that states that every human, animal, and thing has a supernatural spirit double is:

answer

animism

question

Rites of passage:

answer

use ritual to mark a person's movement from one status to another

question

While forms of religion may vary, Prof. Griffin argued that all groups include a belief

answer

in a supernatural realm

question

A good example of the social control aspect of religions and magic is the potential for an accusation of "witchcraft":

answer

which tends to fall on those who are disruptive in their behavior causing fights or disputes. ALL OF THESE a power which can be contained in many cultures by simply taking certain medicines or performing certain rituals for the rest of one's life. which tends to fall on those people who don't conform to their culture as well as others.

question

Malinowski found that the Trobriand Islanders used magic

answer

in psychologically stressful situations, such as sailing.

question

What frequently occurs during the liminal phase of a rite of passage?

answer

Reversals of ordinary behavior

question

Polytheism refers to

answer

belief in multiple gods.

question

What kind of religion is most frequently found among foraging bands?

answer

Shamanic

question

Cargo cults, which mix Melanesian and Christian beliefs, are:

answer

Religious responses to the expansion of the world capitalistic economy, often with political and economic consequences.

question

In terms of energy consumption, what nation consumes the most nonrenewable resources today?

answer

United States

question

Which of the following resulted from the growing demand for sugar in Europe?

answer

The transatlantic slave trade developed.

question

Which of the following statements about Marx is not true?

answer

He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests.

question

Higher wages and improved benefits for workers in core nations is possible because added surplus from the periphery enables companies to maintain high profit margins.

answer

True

question

In Del Guercio's reader article:

answer

Davis argued that it was the fear of becoming a zombie, not the fear of zombies themselves, which constituted the "social control" aspect of this religion.

question

According to Gmelch's article "Baseball Magic," players engage in this "magic" because

answer

it gives them a sense of control and confidence

question

Which of the following statements about world-system theory is not true?

answer

It deals exclusively with non-Western, horticultural societies.

question

The former Soviet Union, as well as the socialist and previously socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia, are sometimes referred to as

answer

The Second World.

question

What are the three positions that nations occupy in the world system?

answer

Core, periphery, and semiperiphery

question

According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification?

answer

Wealth, power, prestige

question

The modern world system is best understood as

answer

A global system in which nations are economically and politically interdependent.

question

According to the Lappe and Collins' article "Why can't people feed themselves?" the hunger problem in the world today is due to:

answer

ongoing historical processes

question

Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and American racial classifications?

answer

In the United States, social race is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil, racial identity can change from day to day.

question

In Japan, burakumin

answer

suffer from discrimination as members of a stigmatized minority group.

question

In chapter 11 of our textbook we learn that the largest minority ethnic group in the United States (using the terms of the U.S. Census Bureau) is:

answer

Hispanic

question

"Race" is

answer

culturally constructed.

question

What term refers to the devaluing of a group because of its assumed behavior, values, abilities, or attributes?

answer

Prejudice

question

Why is it important to understand that human racial categories are based upon perceptions of phenotypic features and not on genotypes?

answer

Because race is socially constructed, not biologically determined

question

What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status?

answer

Nationalities

question

When a dominant group compels a minority group to adopt the dominant culture, this is known as

answer

forced assimilation.

question

Which of the following statements would apply to both ethnicity and race?

answer

Both terms are cultural rather than biological categories.

question

The theory that people in risky or unpredictable situations will often resort to magic or religion to alleviate their fears is known as

answer

anxiety theory.

question

Halloween allows children, who are usually perceived of as innocent and powerless, to misbehave and demand candy from strangers. This is an example of:

answer

a ritual of inversion.

question

Which of the following statements about religions is not true?

answer

Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain social divisions.

question

What kind of magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it?

answer

Contagious magic

question

What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals?

answer

Magic

question

Which of the following points is not consistent with Chapter 10's discussion of world religions?

answer

There is no variation in the growth rate of different groups of Christians.

question

Industrialization and mass production have given rise to a culture of consumption.

answer

True

question

The term indigenous peoples is used to refer to

answer

the original inhabitants of particular territories.

question

Modern colonialism began

answer

during the European "Age of Discovery."

question

The anthropologist Lucas Bessire describes his work in the Gran Chaco jungle, which is said to have "one of the world's highest local deforestation rates" (at least when the article was written in 2008) because of:

answer

the clearing for extensive cattle-ranching

question

Lucas Bessire reports in his article "Isolation" that many southern Ayoreo groups were attacked by northern Ayoreo groups, starting in 1947, when those less isolated Native American groups obtained shotguns from:

answer

Christian missionaries in the newly established villages

question

Which of the following statements about British colonialism is not true?

answer

It lacked an intervention philosophy.

question

The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is known as

answer

colonialism.

question

Which of the following statements does not characterize the modern world system?

answer

The U.S. lags behind India and China in total energy consumption.

question

Rather than attempting to classify humans into racial categories on a biological basis, biologists and anthropologists are:

answer

focusing on individual physical traits and explaining why specific biological variations occur

question

"Hispanic" is a racial category referring to people who are biologically descended from indigenous Central or South American populations.

answer

False

question

The anti-Basque campaign waged during the Franco dictatorship in Spain is an example of

answer

forced assimilation.

STUDY

AP Human Geography Holy Roman Empire Multiple Nuclei Model Political Science Rural Urban Migration World Geography World System Theory

AP Human Geography, Unit 4, Political Geography, Key Issue Packet – Flashcards 116 terms

Keisha White

116 terms

Preview

AP Human Geography, Unit 4, Political Geography, Key Issue Packet – Flashcards

question

Define a Nation

answer

-culturally defined group of people -shared past, common future -relate to a territory and have political goals

question

Qualities of a Nation

answer

-single language -common history -similar ethnic background

question

Examples of a Nation

answer

Germany, Scots, Greece, Israel, Iran, Palestinians

question

What is a Nation-State

answer

-homogeneity of territory and culture

question

Qualities of a Nation-State

answer

-clear territory -boundaries match one ethnicity (or close) -substantial population

question

Examples of a Nation State

answer

Japan, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Israel, Turkey

question

What is a State

answer

-politically organized territory -permanent population -defined territory -government

question

Qualities of a State

answer

-provides services -demands taxes and adherence to laws

question

Examples of a State

answer

Spain, United Kingdom, Russia, Iraq, Germany

question

What is a Stateless-Nation

answer

-group of people with no state

question

Qualities of a Stateless-Nation

answer

-found in and across nation-states -lack sovereignty -lack a territory

question

Examples of a Stateless-Nation

answer

Kurds, Palestinians

question

State Characteristics

answer

size: big vs small demography: big vs small organization: democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, etc resources: natural or skilled population development: subsistence to tertiary power: both economic and military

question

Define sovereignty

answer

independence from control of its internal affairs by other states

question

List the 6 largest states in order

answer

1. Russia 2. Canada 3. United States 4. China 5. Brazil 6. Australia

question

How many micro states are recognized

answer

two dozen

question

What do many micro states have in common

answer

-many are islands -less than 1,000 square kilometers -most in Southern Hemisphere

question

Examples of micro states

answer

Monaco, Maldives, Bahrain, Dominica, Singapore, Barbados

question

When was the United Nations (UN) established? By whom?

answer

-end of world war II -by the Allies

question

Reasons memberships in the UN grew significantly

answer

1955- European countries liberated from Nazi Germany 1960- there were only 4 African states 1990's- break up of Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, & admission of several microstates

question

Who are the five permanent members of the Security Council?

answer

China, Russia, France, United Kingdom, and United States

question

Problem UN faces

answer

hard to keep peace

question

What part of Earth's surface are not part of a state?

answer

south pole

question

What states have laid claim to Antarctica

answer

Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, United Kingdom

question

Describe the Antarctic Treaty signed in 1959

answer

-no military activities -no one can own the land -research stations are permitted

question

What happened to the Arctic in 1982?

answer

Countries were permitted to submit a claim to it

question

Why do states want to lay claim in the Arctic?

answer

thought to be rich in energy resources

question

Define self-determination

answer

ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

question

What is a multi ethnic state?

answer

state that contains more than one ethnicity

question

What is a multinational state?

answer

country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination

question

Why is Denmark a fairly good example of a nation-state

answer

90% are Danes

question

List and describe the two regions of Denmark that prevent the country from being a perfect nation-state

answer

Faeroe Islands- 21 islands, nearly 50,000 inhabitants speak Faeroe Greenland- only 12% are considered Danish, the rest are Greenlanders who control their own affairs

question

How did communists suppress the issues of ethnicity and nationalism?

answer

-discouraged expressing cultural uniqueness -organized religion was minimized -centripetal forces -use of Russian languages

question

With the fall of Communist governments in the 1990's, what kind of problems have arisen in what places? Why?

answer

Problems occurred in the Balkans (Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia) where nation-states could not be outlined peacefully. Countries were dismantled because minority ethnicities opposed dominance by majority ethnicities

question

When the Soviet Union dissolved, how many countries formed?

answer

-15 in the 1990's -countries based on ethnicities -other than Russia, they can be divided into 4 groups based on location

question

Baltic Region of former Soviet Union created what 3 states

answer

Lithuania (closest to nation-state), Estonians, Lativans

question

Eastern Europe of former Soviet Union created what 3 states

answer

Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova (all are examples of nation-states)

question

Central Asia of former Soviet Union created what 5 states

answer

Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan

question

Caucasus of former Soviet Union created what 3 states

answer

Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia

question

Note the major religion and language of each of the Baltic States, (Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia)

answer

Estonia- Lutheran, speak Uralic, related to Finish Lithuania- Catholic, speak language in Balto-Slavic branch Latvia- Lutheran and catholic minority, speak language in Balto-Slavic branch

question

The ethnic divisions among the Eastern European states are blurred for what reasons?

answer

They speak East Slavic languages and all are Orthodox Christians

question

What did the majority of Moldovans want when they gained independence? Who opposed this?

answer

reunification with Romania Ukrainians and Russians in Moldova opposed

question

Where are the ethnic problems in Central Asia?

answer

Tajikistan- tension between Tajiks and Uzbeks, fighting left 15% homeless Kazakhstan_ tension between Kazakhs and Russians, but coexist peacefully

question

How many different nationalities (ethnicities) are found in the multinational state of Russia?

answer

question

For what two reasons does Russia resist the independence movement of Chechnya?

answer

Chechnya has large petroleum deposits and doesn't want other ethnicities to start a movement

question

What's the main problem with the Caucasus region?

answer

Territories occupied by the ethnicities don't match the boundaries

question

Define colony

answer

territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely indepnedent

question

define colonialism

answer

effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory

question

summarize three reasons Europeans sought colonies (GGG)

answer

God-promote Christianity Gold- extract useful resources and serve as captive markets for their products Glory- establish relative power through the number of their colonies

question

Which country had the largest empire? Second largest?

answer

1- United Kingdom 2- France

question

Contrast colonial policies of UK and France

answer

UK- on every continent, primarily eastern&southern Africa, S Asia, Canada, Middle East and Australia France- primarily in West Africa and SE Asia, attempted to assimilate French culture and educate an elite group for local administrative leadership

question

List the largest remaining colonies in the world who possesses each

answer

Greenland possessed by Denmark Hong Kong possessed by UK and Portugal

question

Define boundary

answer

An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory

question

Define frontier

answer

a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control

question

Define physical boudary

answer

coincide with significant features of the natural landscape

question

Define cultural boundary

answer

follow the distribution of cultural characteristics

question

What are 2 types of cultural boundaries that have often been used, give an example of each type of cultural boundary

answer

Geometric: straight lines drawn on a map Ex: U.S and Canada Ethnic: differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion Ex: Pakistan and India

question

Describe a compact states greatest advantage, shape, and examples

answer

good communication distance from center does not vary significantly Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda

question

Describe an elongated states biggest problem, shape, and examples

answer

poor internal communication long and narrow Malawi, Mozambique, Gambia

question

Describe prorupted states reason for protupting, shape and examples

answer

to provide access to resource, or separate states who would share a boundary compact but with large, projecting extension Namibia, Democratic Republic of Congo

question

Describe perforated states dependence of perforatee, shape, and examples

answer

must rely on for import and exports completely surrounds another state South Africa

question

Describe fragmented states different kinds, shape, and examples

answer

separated by water, separated by intervening state several discontinuous pieces Angolia, Tanzania

question

Define landlocked state

answer

lacks a direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries

question

Where are most of the world's landlocked states? Why?

answer

Africa Britain and France built railroads when they had control

question

What problems do landlocked states have?

answer

sending and receiving goods

question

List Africa's landlocked states

answer

Mali, Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland

question

Define democracy

answer

a country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office

question

Define autocracy

answer

A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people

question

What are the three areas democracies and autocracies differ

answer

-selection of leaders -citizen participation -checks and balances

question

Why has the world become more domocratic

answer

-diffusion from Europe and North America -widening of participation -replaces out of date structures -able to regulate tax and mobilize citizens in exchange for rights

question

Explain the Arab Spring

answer

-major protests in SW Asia and N Africa began 2010, forced several countries to convert to democracy from an autocracy -social media really helped

question

Define unitary state

answer

places most of its power in the hands of central government officials

question

Define federal state

answer

allocates strong power to units of local government within the country

question

Regarding unitary states, what are the two characteristics that tend to favor it for a country

answer

- few internal differences - strong sense of national unity

question

Where are unitary states most common

answer

Kenya, Rwanda, because they are small

question

Multinational states often adopt unitary systems for what reason? Example

answer

Values of one nationality imposed on others ex: Kenya and Rwanda, one ethnic group extends dominance over weaker groups

question

Why is the federal state system more effective for larger states?

answer

National capital may be too remote to provide control effectively over isolated regions

question

List good examples of federal states

answer

Russia, Canada, U.S, Brazil, India, Belgium

question

Why has tiny Belgium adopted a federal system?

answer

to accommodate the two main cultural groups

question

Why has an enormous China adopted a unitary system?

answer

to promote communist values

question

Why are boundaries of legislative districts occasionally redrawn? How often is this done int the US?

answer

-to ensure each district has the same population -US does every 10 years, (following the census)

question

What is gerrymandering?

answer

process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the political party in power

question

Describe wasted vote gerrymandering

answer

spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority

question

Describe excess vote gerrymandering

answer

concentrates opposition supporters into a few distrits

question

Describe stacked vote gerrymandering

answer

links distant ares of like-minded voters through odd shaped boundaries

question

How is this type of boundary redrawing different in the US than in Europe

answer

US- done by state legislature Europe- done by an independent commission to create compact homogeneous regions

question

How is gerrymandering combined with ethnicity for political use? (What type of gerrymandering and why)

answer

stacked vote gerrymandering because it is attractive for creating districts inclined to elect ethnic minorities By creating an ethnic district, it ensures the candidates election by that district

question

What happened in 1985 concerning gerrymandering?

answer

US declared gerrymandering illegal, but didn't require dismantling of the existing ones

question

Why is the idea of two superpowers a relatively new one?

answer

Before the Cold War there were more than two, specifically 8

question

Define balance of power

answer

condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances

question

Describe the history and purpose of NATO

answer

military alliance of 16 democratic states to prevent Soviet Union from overrunning smaller countries

question

Describe the history and purpose of the former "Warsaw Pact" countries.

answer

-defend each other in case of attack -provides Soviet Union with buffer between it and Germany

question

When was European Union formed

answer

1958

question

By what states was the European Union formed

answer

Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and Federal Republic of Germany

question

For what purpose was the European Union formed

answer

heal Western Europe's scars from WWII

question

What are some important changes in the European Union in recent years

answer

started with 6 countries, now larger addition of former members of COMECON

question

Briefly explain the Eurozone Crisis

answer

-single bank set interest rates -created euro -17 countries of the 27 in the European Union and 6 more

question

Define terrorism

answer

systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands

question

List typical methods/acts of terrorists

answer

-spread through fear -bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, taking hostages, assasination

question

Members and purpose of OSCE (Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe)

answer

members- 56 including US, Canada, Russia, and most European countries purpose- end conflict in Europe

question

Members and purpose of OAS (Organization of American States)

answer

members- all 35 Western Hemisphere states except Cuba purpose- promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among members

question

Members and purpose of AU (African Union)

answer

members- 53 African countries purpose- promoting economic integration in Africa

question

Members and purpose of The Commonwealth

answer

members- UK and 52 other states once under British controls purpose- economic and cultural cooperation

question

Why is terrorism different from other acts of political violence?

answer

attacks are aimed at ordinary people, not military targets or political leaders

question

List some places in which Americans were attacked by terrorists in the late 20th century and early 21st century

answer

- World Trade Center 1993 -Oklahoma City 1995 -USS Cole 2000

question

In what ways does Al-Qaeda, its religious and political views, and its methods pose a challenge to Muslims?

answer

How to express disagreements with US government policies yet renounce terrorism

question

In what ways does Al-Qaeda, its religious and political views, and its methods pose a challenge to Americans and Europeans?

answer

distinguish what are peaceful Muslim practices and abuse of Islam by terrorists

question

List three ways in which states (particularly in the Middle East in recent decades) have given support to terrorists.

answer

1. providing sanctuary for the terrorists 2. supplying weapons, money, and intelligence 3. planning attacks using terrorists

question

Countries that have supported terrorism

answer

Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Libya

question

Define fatwa

answer

religious decree that it was Muslims duty to wage war on US citizens

question

What is the Jihad

answer

holy war recruit Muslims in the name of Jihad

question

enclave

answer

country line within another country Ex: Lesotho (completely surrounded by South Africa)

question

Exclave

answer

a territory legally or politically attached to a territory with which it is not physically contiguous ex: Kaliningrad (part of Russia but not attached)

question

define supernational organization

answer

political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among national states (two or more) to promote shared objectives Ex: EU, NATO, NAFTA, and UN

question

what does NAFTA stand for

answer

North American Free Trade Agreement

question

define devolution

answer

breakup of a state or regions within a state Ex: Yugoslavia, and former USSR

STUDY

AP Human Geography Global Positioning Systems Least Developed Countries Macroeconomics World Geography World System Theory

Macroeconomics Ch 4-7 – Flashcards 107 terms

Judith Simpson

107 terms

Preview

Macroeconomics Ch 4-7 – Flashcards

question

Economics

answer

the Structure of economic activity in a community, region, country, group of contries

question

Gross Domestic Product GDP

answer

The market value of all final goods and services produced in the nation during a given period (usually a year)

question

Gross World Product

answer

The market value of all final goods and services produced in the world during a given period

question

Flow Variable

answer

A Measure of something over an interval of time, such as your spending per week.

question

Stock Variable

answer

A measure of something at a particular point in time, such as the amount of money in your wallet

question

Mercantilism

answer

The incorrect theory that a nations economic objective should be to accumulate previous metals in the public treasury; this theory prompted trade barriers to cut imports but other countries retailed to reducing trade and the gains from specialization

question

Expansion

answer

A period during which the economy grows as reflected by rising output, employment, income, and other aggregate measures *Problem: Not all jobs are full time or pay high

question

Contraction

answer

A period during which the economy declines as reflected by falling output, employment, income and other aggregate measures

question

Depression

answer

A severe and prolonged reduction in economic activity during the 1930's

question

Recession

answer

A period of decline in economic activity lasting more than a few months, as reflected by falling outputs, employment, income and other aggregate measures Ex. Greece

question

Inflation

answer

An increase in the economy's average price level

question

Leading economic Indicators

answer

Variables that predict, or lead to, a recession or recovery Ex. consumer confidence, stock market prices, business investments, and big ticket purchases (cars, houses)

question

Coincident Economic indicators

answer

Variables that reflect peaks and troughs in economic activity as they occur Ex. employment, personal income, industrial production

question

Lagging Economic Indicators

answer

Variables that follow or trail, changes in overall economic activity Ex. Interest rates, duration of unemployment

question

Aggregate Output

answer

(Real GDP) A composite measure of all final goods or services produced in an economy during a given period

question

Aggregate Demand

answer

The relationship between the economy's price level and aggregate output demanded with other things constant

question

Price level

answer

A composite measure reflecting the prices of all goods and services in the economy relative to prices in a base year

question

Real Gross Domestic Product (real GDP)

answer

The economy's aggregated output measure in dollars of constant purchasing power

question

Aggregate Demand Curve

answer

A curve representing the relationship between the economy's price level and (real GDP) aggregate output demanded per period with other things constant

question

Aggregate Supply Curve

answer

A curve representing the relationship between the economy's price level and the (real GDP) aggregated output supplied per period with other things constant

question

The Age of Keynes

answer

Post WW2 (early 1970's), General theory of employment, spoke of business pessimism--instability of aggregate demand, John Maynard

question

Federal Budget

answer

A plan for federal government outlays and revenues of specific period (usually a year)

question

Federal Budget Deficit

answer

A flow variable that measures the amount by which the federal government outlays exceed federal government revenues in a particular period (usually a year)

question

Demand-side Economics

answer

Macroeconomics policy that focuses on shifting the aggregate demand curve as a way of promoting full employment and price stability

question

Fiscal Policy

answer

Government spending, taxes, and monetary policies

question

The Great Stagflation

answer

(1973-80) World economic boom: Inflation, drop failures, oil, costs of war

question

Stagflation

answer

A contraction, or stagnation of a nations output accompanied by inflation of price level *Rising prices, unemployment and interest rates

question

Supply-side Economics

answer

Macroeconomics policy that focuses on a rightward shift of the aggregate supply curve through tax cuts or other changes that increase production incentives

question

Economic growth

answer

An increase in gross domestic product illustrated by an outward shift of the long run aggregate supply curve or the production possibilities curve. *Result of increase in Technology/ New improved resources

question

Productivity

answer

The ration of a specific measure of output (such as real GDP,) to a specific measure of input (such as labor) *In this case real GDP per hour of labor

question

Human capital

answer

accumulated knowledge, skill, and experience, of the labor force

question

Physical capital

answer

Machines, buildings, roads, modes of transportation, and other manufactured creations used to produce goods and services

question

Labor productivity

answer

Output per unit of labor; measured as real GDP divided by hours of labor employed to produce that outpur

question

Law of diminishing returns

answer

When the production possibilities frontier levels off because an increase in output no longer yields much satisfaction

question

Per-worker Production Function

answer

The relationship between the amount of capital per worker in the economy and average output per worker *The better technology the more output Ex. Typewriter--> Computers

question

Capital Deepening

answer

An increase in the amount of capital per worker one source of rising labor productivity *Technology would do this

question

Basic Research

answer

The search for knowledge without regard to how that knowledge will be used

question

Applied Research

answer

Research that seeks answers to particular questions or to apply scientific discoveries to develop specific products

question

Convergence

answer

A theory predicting that the standard of living in economies around the world will grow more similar over time, with poorer countries eventually catching up with the richer ones

question

Industrial Policy

answer

The view that government-- using taxes, subsides , and regulations should nurture the industries and technologies of the future, thereby giving these domestic industries an advantage over foreign competition EX. Chrysler was by Fiat b/c Obama said so

question

Expenditure Approach to GDP

answer

A method of calculating GDP by adding spending on all final goods and services produced in the nation during the year

question

Income Approach to GDP

answer

A method of calculating GDP by adding all payments for resources used to produce output in the nation during the year

question

Final Goods and Services

answer

Goods and services sold to final, or end, users

question

Intermediate Goods and Services

answer

Goods and services purchased by firms for further reprocessing and resale

question

Double Counting

answer

The mistake of including the value of intermediate goods plus the value of final goods in GDP-- Counting the same good more than once

question

Consumption

answer

Household purchases of final goods and services, except for new residences (Investments) * 2/3 of economy

question

Investments

answer

The purchase of new plants, new equipment, new buildings, and new residences plus net additions to inventories *10-11 percent of economy

question

Residential Construction

answer

Building new homes or dwelling places

question

Inventories

answer

Producers stock of finished and in-process goods

question

Government Purchases

answer

Spending for goods and services by all levels of government outlays minus transfer payments

question

Net Exports

answer

The value of a countries exports minus the value of its imports

question

Aggregate Expenditure

answer

(GDP) Total spending on final goods and services during a given period, usually a year

question

Calculating GDP

answer

C + I + GS + (X-M)

question

Aggregate income

answer

The sum of all income earned by resource suppliers in an economy during a given period

question

Value Added

answer

the difference at each stage of production between the selling price of a product and the cost of intermediate goods purchased from other firms

question

Disposable Income (DI)

answer

The income households have available to spend or save after paying taxes and receiving transfer payments

question

Net taxes

answer

Taxes minus transfer payments

question

Financial Markets

answer

Banks and other financial institutions that facilitate the flow of funds from savers to barrowers

question

Leakage

answer

Any diversion of income from the domestic spending stream; includes savings, taxes, and imports

question

Injection

answer

Any spending other than by households or any income other than from resource earnings; includes investments, government purchases, exports, and transfer payments

question

Depreciation

answer

The value of capital stock used up to produce GDP or that become obsolete during the year

question

Net Domestic Production

answer

Gross Domestic Product minus depreciation

question

Nominal GDP

answer

GDP based on prices prevailing at the time of the transaction (Current dollar value)

question

Base Year

answer

The year with which other years are compared when constructing an index; the index equals 100 in this year

question

Price Index

answer

A number that shows the average price of goods; Changes occur over time show changes in the economies average price level

question

Consumer Price Index

answer

(CPI) A measure of inflation based on the cost of a fixed market basket of goods and services

question

GDP price level

answer

A comprehensive price index of all goods and services included in the gross domestic product

question

Chain Weighed System

answer

An index that adjusts the weights from year to year in calculating a price index, thereby getting rid of much of the bias caused by a fixed price weighting system

question

Noise

answer

Things that get in the way to determine inflation

question

Indexing

answer

Protects purchasing power when inflation increases

question

Distortion of tax

answer

tax code not index

question

Shoe-leather

answer

Costs of economizing cash, increased costs of transactions caused by inflation

question

Unemployment rate

answer

The number unemployed as a percentage of the labor force

question

Discourage Workers

answer

These who drop out of the labor force in frustration because they can't find work

question

Labor force participation rate

answer

The labor force as a percentage of the adult population *starts at 16 because you can graduate high school and work

question

Frictional Unemployment

answer

Unemployment that occurs because job seekers and employers need time to find each other *3-6 months

question

Seasonal Unemployment

answer

Unemployment caused by seasonal changes in the demand for certain kinds of labor

question

Structural Unemployment

answer

Unemployment because 1. the skills in demand do not match those of the unemployed 2. the unemployed do not live where the Jobs are Ex. The coal miners in West Virginia so they had to move to find work

question

Cyclical Unemployment

answer

Unemployment that fluctuates with the business cycle * increasing during contraction and decrease with expassion

question

Full employment

answer

Employment levels when there is no cyclical unemployment *Only 6% unemployment

question

Unemployment Benefits

answer

Cash transfers for those who lose their jobs and actively seeking employment *Extends 2 years

question

Underemployment

answer

Workers are overqualified for their jobs or work fewer hours than they prefer *Employers may consider you a threat

question

Hyper Inflation

answer

A very high rate of inflation

question

Deflation

answer

a sustained decrease in the price level

question

Disinflation

answer

A reduction in the price level

question

Demand Pull Inflation

answer

A sustained rise in the price level caused by a rightward shift of the aggregate demand curve

question

Cost Push inflation

answer

A sustained rise in the price level caused by a leftward shift of the aggregate supply curve

question

Interest

answer

The dollar amount paid by barrowers to lenders

question

Interest Rate

answer

Interest per year as a percentage of the amount load

question

Nominal Interest Rate

answer

The interest rate expressed in current dollars as a percentage of the amount loaned; the interest rate on the loan agreement

question

Real Interest Rate

answer

The interest rate expressed in dollars of constant purchasing power as a percentage of the amount loaned; the nominal interest rate minus inflation rate

question

COLA

answer

Cost of living adjustments; the increase in a transfer payments or wage that reflects the increase of price level

question

Hysteresis

answer

The possibility that periods of high unemployment tends to increase the rate of unemployment *Over time high unemployment may become the norm

question

Theory of productivity and growth

answer

Increase standard of living: 1. improvement in the rules 2. better technology -> Increase in amount of resorces

question

Productivity

answer

Efficient use of resources

question

Labor Productivity

answer

Output per unit of labor *Increases with human and physical capital per worker

question

Labor

answer

70 percent of production cost, most commonly used to measure production because it's easily measured

question

Basic Research

answer

General search for knowledge

question

Consumption Function

answer

The relationship between consumption and income *70 percent of GDP

question

Marginal propensity to consume

answer

(MPC) The fraction of a change in income that is spent on consumption; the change in consumption divided by the change in income

question

Marginal propensity of save

answer

(MPS) The fraction of change in income that is saved; the change in income that caused it

question

Net Wealth

answer

The value of assets minus liabities

question

Life Cycle Model of consumption and savings

answer

Young people barrow, middle age pay off debts and save, older people draw down their savings; on average net savings over a lifetime are small

question

Investment Fuction

answer

The relationship between the amount business' plan to invest and the economies income

question

Autonomous

answer

"Independent"

question

Investment

answer

16 percent of GDP

question

Government Purchases

answer

19 percent of GDP

STUDY

Caste System In India George Herbert Mead Introductory Sociology Sociology World System Theory

Test Answers on Sociology Test 2 240 terms

Daniel Thompson

240 terms

Preview

Test Answers on Sociology Test 2

question

. Mrs. Butler is a 4th grade teacher. She has been teaching for 32 years and now has Robert Price Jr. in her class. Mrs. Butler remembers when she had his father, Robert Price Sr., in her class 25 years ago. Mrs. Butler believes that Robert Jr. will be a problem student, just as his father Robert Sr. was. She thinks that unruly behavior is genetic. Mrs. Butler supports the _____________ theory.

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A. Nature

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Rodney is 37 years old and he is engaged to Bridgette who is 32 years old. The two are taking a pre-marital class to help prepare them for the roles of husband and wife that they will take on when they get married. This is an example of:

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C. Secondary Socialization

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Affirmative Action is a program that was adopted by the government to correct problems created by discrimination against minorities. As such, affirmative action is an example of:

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C. Social Policy

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Stevie thinks that people are the way they are because of their environment. Stevie supports ______________ theory.

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A. Socialization

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Hezekiah is being released from prison after serving a 22 year sentence. Hezekiah needs to learn new values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in order to survive in the outside world. At the same time, he needs to abandon values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that were appropriate in the penitentiary. Hezekiah needs to experience:

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A. Resocialization

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Rachel works at a nursery and is faced with a moral dilemma. Mrs. Wilkinson is late picking up her child on a regular basis. The nursery rules state that the school has to charge parents $1.00 for every minute that they are late. However, Rachel knows that Mrs. Wilkinson is a low-income, single parent who cannot afford the late charges. Gilligan suggests that because Rachel is female, she will resolve this dilemma using the:

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B. Morality of Care

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According to the theory of the looking-glass self, Carlo is in the first stage of developing his 'self'. Carlo is:

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B. Imagining how his behaviors look to others

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Amelia is in a mental institution. There, she is isolated from outside influences so that she can be reformed and controlled. The mental institution is a:

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D. Total Institution

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The students at Washington High are gearing up for the student body elections. By participating in such elections, the teens are learning lessons about the importance of voting and representation. This is an example of the:

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C. Hidden Curriculum

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Twyla is a 4 year old preschooler. Her mother constantly yells at her and rarely offers encouragement. According to Erikson's eight stages of development, Twyla is at risk for developing:

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C. Guilt

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In her award acceptance speck, Roseanne thanked the many different people and groups that shaped her beliefs, behavior, and self-concept. She acknowledged:

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C. Agents Socialization

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Children at the elementary school are taught to place their right hand over their heart during the recitation of the pledge of allegiance. In this vein, the children are being taught the norms and values of the U.S. This is an example of:

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B. Primary Socialization

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Mrs. Nightingale is 76 years old. She fears death and wishes that she could relive her life. She would certainly make different choices if given another opportunity. According to Erikson's eight stages of development, Mrs. Nightingale is in the _________ stage.

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A. Integrity vs. Despair

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Little Billy is 7 years old. He would prefer to play his video game instead of doing his homework, but he knows that if he does so his father will spank him. From Little Billy's perspective, playing the video game s wrong because it will lead to pain. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Little Billy is in the __________________ stage.

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C. Preconventional

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The Madisons set a 10:00 pm curfew for their daughter Bethany, but Bethany wants to stay out until 11:00 pm. The Madisons listen to their daughter's input about how she has matured since the curfew was first established, but the parents still enforce the 10:00 curfew. This is an example of the ______________________ style of parenting.

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A. Authoritative

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Eddie is 5 years old. His ability to speak is growing rapidly. According to cognitive development theory, Eddie is in the _________________ stage.

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C. Properational

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According to Erik Erikson, the positive or negative resolution of each __________ that a person experiences will impact his/her ability to master future stages of development.

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C. Psycho-social Crisis

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The Lawson child is 22 months old. Whenever someone waves at her and says bye-bye, she waves back at them and repeats the words bye-bye. The Lawson child is in the stage when children copy the behaviors of those around them. This is the ____________ stage.

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B. Imitation

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Mrs. Keck is a first grade teacher. She likes to meet with all of the students' parents on the first day of class to get an idea about the environment that her students live in. Mrs. Keck believes that the environments of the students' home environment influences the way that they think, feel, and behave. Mrs. Keck supports the ______________ theory:

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A. Nurture

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Lauren's research focuses on older women's ability to think and reason. Lauren is researching:

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B. Cognitive Development

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Little Annie believes that using curse words are bad because her Daddy says that they are bad. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Little Annie is in the __________________ level.

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C. Conventional

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Zhongping's research focuses on how those who have wealth and power are socialized differently from those who do not have wealth and power. Zhongping's research supports the __________ perspective.

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C. Conflict

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The _____________ self is concerned with pleasing oneself.

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A. I

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Timmy is 8 years old and spends the day with his grandfather. When his grandfather loses his favorite rabbit's foot in the pond, Timmy is able to imagine the grief and disappointment that his grandfather is feeling. According to cognitive development theory, Timmy is in the ______________ stage.

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C. Concrete Operational

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According to Erikson, when all of the infant's needs are met, ______________________ develops.

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C. Trust

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The nature vs. nurture debate refers to a disagreement on the cause of behavior between social scientists and:

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B. Biologists

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Louise is a working-class mother. Helen is a middle-class mother. According to research, which of the following is most likely to happen:

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A. Louise will focus more on her children's obedience to authority

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Genie was a socially isolated child who lacked the skills to function effectively in society. As such, Genie was:

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C. Feral

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The Smith baby is 11 months old. Whenever her parents allow her to roam around the house in her walker, she grabs whatever she can and places the item into her mouth. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the Smith baby is in the ______________ stage.

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C. Sensorimotor

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At the maximum security prison, all inmates must submit to a body cavity search, in which officers inspect every opening of the inmate's body for contraband. According to symbolic interactionists, this process is required to:

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*Degrade the new inmates *Facilitate Resocialization *Control the Inmate (D.)

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When asked what magazines and newspapers she reads, Governor Sarah Palin stated that she reads the New York Times and The Economist. These are examples of:

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C. Mass Media

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Tina imagines how her parents will respond to her failing grades, interprets their screaming as a sign of disappointment, and develops a low self-concept. This process of reflection in developing the self is explained by the _____________________ theory.

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D. Looking-Glass Self

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Maggie tells her 15 year old daughter Karen that women should express their femininity by wearing make-up, keeping a clean house, and offering a gentle demeanor to others. This is an example of:

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B. Gender Socialization

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The Jeffersons provide a high level of support to their sons, but do not consistently enforce the rules. As such, the Jefferson have a(n) _________________ parenting style.

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B. Permissive

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Martha is a middle-aged woman who hopes to make a difference in the world. According to Erikson's eights stages of development, Martha is in the _________ stage.

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B. Generativity vs. Stagnation

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Lola understands abstract mathematical principles. According to cognitive development theory, Lola is in the ________________ stage.

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A. Formal Operational

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Janki is Hindu. Her religion teaches that premarital sex is wrong. Janki uses her religious beliefs to guide her decisions. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Janki is in the ________________ stage.

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C. Postconventional

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Demetrius is able to see his parents in a way that he never has before. He now understands that his mother has expectations and demands placed on her as a parent, wife, and secretary. According to George Herbert Mead, Demetrius is in the _______ stage.

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B. Game

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The _____________ self is concerned with obtaining favorable feedback from others.

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B. Me

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Nina is three years old. Nina likes to pretend to be her mother. She dresses up like her mother, and acts like she is cooking and supervising the children. According to George Herbert Mead, Nina is in the _______________________ stage.

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C. Play

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Learning that a red light means stop, a yellow light means approach with caution, and a green light means go is an example of:

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A. Socialization

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Terry is in elementary school. She is doing well in school and making new friends. According to Erikson's eights stages of development, Terry is in the __________________ stage.

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C. Industry vs. Inferiority

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Kirk and Carol are discussing their son and their daughter. They say that they want their son to grow up to be an independent and aggressive provider and they want their daughter to grow up to be a beautiful and passive nurturer. These parents are discussing their children's:

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B. Gender

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Mary and Luis Canova are strict disciplinarians. They expect absolute obedience from their children. Even more, the couple rarely expresses love and affection to their children. This is an example of the _________________ style of parenting.

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C. Authoritarian

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According to the theory of the looking-glass self, Richard is in the 2nd stage of developing his 'self'. Richard is:

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A. Interpreting others' reactions to his behavior

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Humans need other humans to develop normally.

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A. True

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Erik Erikson suggested that humans develop a personality in 12 stages.

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B. False

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Socialization is a never-ending process.

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A. True

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Boys advance through stages of moral development faster than girls.

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B. False

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Female participation in high school athletics increased 800% under Title IX.

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A. True

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Religious teens are less likely than non-religious teens to be delinquent.

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A. True

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Disciplining children is a cultural universal.

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A. True

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Children think like adults.

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B. False

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All total institutions are involuntary.

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B. False

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Primary socialization occurs during childhood.

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A. True

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1. After graduating from college, Donald landed a job at Microsoft that pays $93,000 per year. In this example, Microsoft is a(n):

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d. Utilitarian Organization

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2. Regina manages a day spa. She has developed personal relationships with all of the people that she supervises. She acknowledges their birthdays, encourages them when they are down, and rewards them for a job well done. Regina's employees truly enjoy her company and they follow her because they want to. This makes Regina a ______ leader.

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c. Permission

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3. When Christy entered high school, she noticed that most of her female classmates wore lipstick. Christy bought some lipstick and started wearing it so that she could fit in with the other young ladies. This is an example of:

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a. Conformity

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4. This is Katrina's first week on her new job at Jiffy Lube. She has had the opportunity to work with both of the shop managers. She notices that the morning manager assigns tasks to the employees without asking what they would prefer to do, while the evening manager asks for employee input in assigning the tasks. The morning manager has a(n) ______ leadership style, while the evening manager has a(n) _______ leadership style.

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d. Autocratic, Democratic

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5. Angelo is career criminal. He has been sentenced to serve the next 23 years in prison. Because Angelo is forced to go to prison against his own wishes, the prison represents a:

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d. Coercive Organization

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6. The Board of Trustees is made up of 15 members. Together, they oversee the State University. The board adopts rules, regulations, and policies for 27,000 students and 6,000 faculty and members. This small group's control of the university represents:

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b. Concentration of Power

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7. Destiny's Child is a musical group made up of three vocalists. The three members make up a:

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d. Triad

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8. The Middle Eastern Student Association was formed last semester on campus. When forming the group, the student organizers adopted by-laws, or rules and regulations to govern the group's activities. This reflects:

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a. Formal Structure

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9. Under the influence of groupthink, the boys at Ridgemont High decided to make a statement against the school uniform by wearing skirts on the first day of class. The fact that the entire group ignored the warnings that they would be suspended if they were not in uniform is an example of:

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c. Collective Rationalization

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10. Vilma works at the hospital as a certified nursing assistant. She does not like her boss Tyrone. Nevertheless, Vilma follows Tyrone's orders because Tyrone is her boss and has the title of supervising nurse. This mean's that Tyrone is a ______ leader.

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d. Positional

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11. Renee is a business consultant. She advises managers on how to increase productivity. Recently, Renee advised construction site managers that they should adopt the _______ leadership style if they aim to increase productivity.

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a. Democratic

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12. Brad was born in poverty. However, he is highly motivated and values education. Brad's motivation and values are a part of his:

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c. Social Capital

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13. The Gator fans at the University of Florida believe that their team is better than the Volunteers at the University of Tennessee. This reflects:

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a. In-Group Bias

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14. Chuiya believes that when ex-cons are released from prison, they must be provided with a new set of skills to be successful in society. As such, Chuiya volunteers at the Reichert Rehabilitation Center teaching ex-cons how to develop resumes and interview for jobs. For Chuiya, the Reichert Rehabilitation Center is an example of a:

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d. Normative Organization

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15. The Simmons family is planning their annual family reunion. Parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and siblings will meet on Cape Cod to celebrate their intimate and long lasting relationships. The Simmons family is an example of a(n):

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a. Primary Group

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16. Shakira owns the local bookstore and has seven employees. Shakira always asks her employees for their opinions before adopting a new policy. Shakira is a(n):

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c. Democratic Leader

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17. There are 14 members of the medical platoon stationed on the army base. These health care workers, who interact with one another and share a common identity, make up a:

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b. Social Group

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18. Rachel just signed up to join the soccer team. She has just formed a(n):

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c. Voluntary Association

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19.Giselle works at the public library. Her friend sees her there and asks, "Giselle, can you get me a job here?" Giselle replies, "You must go through the Human Resources Office to fill out an application and pass a series of tests in order to qualify for a position here." The fact that hiring is based on a worker's ability to perform a task reflects which characteristic of bureaucracy?

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d. Technical Qualifications

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20. Latoya likes to use Facebook, but her sister Shante likes to use MySpace. Both of these applications help the sisters maintain the ties that they have with others. As such, Facebook and Myspace help with:

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b. Social Networks

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21. In 1904, Mary McLeod Bethune founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls to provide black women with an opportunity to earn a college degree. The school is an example of a:

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b. Formal Organization

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22. The local bank recently installed five Automatic Teller Machines (Skill: ATM's) around town and fired two bank tellers. By taking these actions, the bank has been able to save money and customers have been given the convenience of conducting their business with the bank after hours. This is an example of:

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a. Formal Rationality

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23. At the advertising agency, decision-making power flows downward. The partners make the rules and pass them on to the junior partners, who then pass them down to the ad executives, who then pass them on to the administrative assistants. This reflects which characteristic of bureaucracy?

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c. Hierarchy of Authority

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24. Marsha thinks that she is fat although she weighs only 102 pounds and is 5 feet 7 inches tall. When her therapist asks Marsha what makes her think she is overweight, Marsha says that she is bigger than all of the supermodels that she sees on television and in fashion magazines. Because Marsha is comparing herself to the supermodels, they represent her:

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b. Reference Group

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25. At Big Al's restaurant, the hostess seats the customer, the waitress takes and serves the order, the cook prepares the food, the bus boy cleans the table, and the cashier collects the payment. These clearly defined roles and expectations reflect:

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c. Division of Labor

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26. The vice-president of Student Government received several anonymous notes from students who were discontent with the new budget. However, the vice-president did not share this information with the President. The vice-president wanted to protect the leader from views that contradicted the administration's position. This reflects which shortcoming of groupthink?

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c. Self-Appointed Mind Guards

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27. Students in the college town refer to the local residents as "Townies." The students feel disconnected from the Townies and often hold negative views towards them. From the students viewpoint, the Townies are a(n):

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b. Out-Group

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28. Beyonce wants to launch a new musical group. She wants to know how many members she should have in the group to ensure that the group stays together. She asks you how many people are in the most stable group. You correctly tell her:

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a. Two people

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29. The Science Club has an elected president, vice-president, treasurer, and secretary. This represents:

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c. Formal Structure

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30. The School Board Members in Gadsden County met today to vote on changing the dress code to allow students more variation in the school uniform. The board members voted against the proposal without discussing the potential benefits of such a change. Each member just conformed to what they believed was the consensus of the group. Because there was no objective thought in their decision, this reflects:

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a. Groupthink

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31. Every McDonald's employee is expected to treat each the customer the exact same way. When a customer approaches the counter, the employee is supposed to smile and say, "Welcome to McDonald's. May I please take your order?" The idea that all customers are treated the same way reflects which characteristic of bureaucracy?

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d. Impersonality

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32. Every McDonald's employee is expected to treat each the customer the exact same way. When a customer approaches the counter, the employee is supposed to smile and say, "Welcome to McDonald's. May I please take your order?" The idea that all customers are treated the same way reflects which characteristic of bureaucracy?

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b. Production

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33. Participation in voluntary organizations is:

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b. Decreasing

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34. When a judge ruled that Mary was a threat to herself and others, Mary was placed in the Crisis Stabilization Unit of the State Mental Hospital. Since this was against Mary's will, the State Mental Hospital represents a:

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c. Coercive Organization

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35. Fiona signed up to volunteer with the Voter Registration Council. The group will work together to register local high school graduates to vote in the upcoming election. This group has come together for a specific purpose and is an example of a(n):

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a. Secondary Group

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36. Although five men at the town meeting believed that it was wrong to deny women the right to vote, they kept their opinions to themselves and went along with the group. These men feared that they would be treated unkindly if they disagreed. This reflects which shortcoming of groupthink?

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d. Self-Censorship

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37. Groupthink is more likely to occur when there is:

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d. Cohesiveness, an external threat, and a strong leader

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38. When Jack joined the secret society of world leaders, he was told that membership was limited to 25 people, that he would be expected to develop an intimate relationship with his 24 "brothers," and that their relationship would last until death. Jack correctly concluded that the secret society of world leaders was expected to serve as a(n):

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a. Primary Group

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39. Fredrick is in a fraternity. He has 28 fraternity brothers on campus and he has a special friendship with each one. The friendships illustrate:

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b. Informal Structure

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40. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania are examining the behavioral modes that people use to influence group members. The researchers are examining:

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d. Leadership Styles

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41. Joanie volunteers with the Parent Teacher Association. Along with other concerned parents, Joanie tries to enhance the educational experience of the youth in her community. To Joanie, the Parent Teacher Association is an example of a(n):

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c. Normative Organization

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44. Ray and Sharon are the parents of twin teen-aged boys, Wendell and Kendall. Ray and Sharon make all the rules and assign all the tasks. They expect their children to do what they say without question. Ray and Sharon are:

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a. Methods of Succession

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45. Les Brown is a motivational speaker. He leads people by empowering them to do things that they never thought was possible. This means that Les Brown is a __________________ leader.

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c. Autocratic Leaders

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46. When the 11-member Board of Directors voted to cut employee health care benefits, there were 9 Board Members in favor of the cut and 2 who Board Members who did not vote. The resulting tally of 9-0 made it seem as if everyone supported the cut, when in fact all did not. This illustrates:

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a. People Development

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47. When Candy Lightner started the group Mothers Against Drunk Driving to eliminate driving while under the influence of alcohol, she was developing a:

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b. Illusion of Unanimity

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48. The high school is a formal organization that is divided into a hierarchy of different departments with the principal's office at the top, followed by the dean's office, the math, language, reading and science departments as well as the nursing office, the cafeteria, and the janitor's office. As such, the high school is a(n):

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b. Formal Organization

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49. When Myrna was admitted into the University, she applied for on-campus housing. She was randomly placed in a room with Tiffany. Myrna and Tiffany had a respectful roommate-relationship but after the year school year was over, they never saw one another again. This is an example of a(n):

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c. Bounded Relationship

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50. Rebecca works at Wal-Mart as a cashier. When she sees a customer shoplifting, Rebecca calls for security. Rebecca does not confront the thieving customer, because that is not her job. This reflects:

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b. Division of Labor

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51. Michelle feels very close to the Republican Party and is very loyal to the group when she votes. To Michelle, the Republican Party is a(n):

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a. In-Group

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52. A decision to attack a rival gang was made by the Blood Demons. Under the influence of groupthink, the Blood Demons were excessively optimistic, believing that they would win the fight. This belief that the desired outcome would occur is called:

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a. Illusion of Invulnerability

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53. Takaya and Okim are dating. They couple makes up a:

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d. Dyad

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54. Gwendolyn is a sociologist. Her research question is, "How does job satisfaction impact productivity in the workplace?" What type of theorist would ask such a question?

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c. A Symbolic Interactionist

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55. Harold was selected by his boss to be the shift leader at Arby's restaurant. Harold was completely happy being a crewmember and did not want to be promoted into a leadership position. During his shift, Harold often retreats to the office in the back of the restaurant, allowing the crew members to do what they want to do. Harold is a:

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d. Laissez Faire Leader

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56. Khalyani is aspiring to be a world-class chef. She has just been hired by the Hilton Hotel as an assistant chef. For Khalyani, the Hilton Hotel is an example of a(n):

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c. Utilitarian Organization

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57. The art gallery holds a monthly wine and cheese reception on the first Friday evening of every month. This is an opportunity for hip, young, professionals to meet people will similar values, beliefs, and social identities. The art gallery is helping the young professionals develop:

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b. Social Networks

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59. Missy has never been to a Bar Mitzvah before so she is unsure of the appropriate dress for the occasion. When she arrives, Missy checks out what the other women are wearing. She is pleased to see that most women are wearing elegant dresses like hers. The women at the party make up Missy's:

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c. Reference Group

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60. On New Year's Eve, thousands of people gather together in Times Square in New York City. The on-lookers wait for the ball to drop at 12:00 am and then celebrate the beginning of a new year. The people gathered are an example of a:

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B. Crowd

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61. Positional leaders occupy the highest level of influence.

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B. False

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62. Secondary groups typically involve more emotion than primary groups.

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B. False

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63. A weak leader increases the likelihood of groupthink.

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B. False

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64. Contract networks provide emotional support.

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B. False

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65. The style of leadership directly impacts the level of leadership.

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B. False

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66. Ethnocentrism is an example of in-group bias.

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A. True

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68. A person can change his/her leadership style.

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A. True

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69. Attitudes are a part of social capital.

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A.True

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70. All organizations have informal structures.

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A. True

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67. A strong leader increases the likelihood of groupthink.

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A. True

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58. On a recent visit to the dentist, Professor Bush learned that her dentist was looking for a new receptionist. When Professor Bush found out that her student Toussant was looking for a job, she referred Toussant to the dentist and Toussant was hired on the spot! Dr. Bush is an example of Toussant's"

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a. Social Capital

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1. Marquita is working on a project for her sociology class. She asks every student living in her dorm how much money they expect to make on their first job. She finds that most students expect to make between $40,000 and $80,000 per year upon graduation. Marquita concludes that most of the graduates will be:

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b. Middle Class

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2. Lorenzo believes that social stratification in society is inevitable. Lorenzo is a(n):

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a. Functionalist

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3. Roz is a 34 year old public defense attorney. She is dating Peter, a garbage collector. Roz is embarrassed about introducing Peter to her colleagues because Peter's job has a low level of respect and esteem. Roz is concerned about Peter's:

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d. Prestige

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4. Omar is a functionalist. He believes that the amount of pay associated with a job depends on:

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b. How important the job is for society

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5. Malcolm was born into a poor family. Both of his parents were also born into poor families. Even more, Malcolm's grandparents were born into poor families. This reflects:

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c. Residual Poverty

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6. Sita is giving a class presentation on the voting behavior of Americans. She correctly tells her classmates that people with higher incomes are:

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a. More likely than people with low incomes to vote

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7. Some people believe that every American should be guaranteed health care by the government. These people suggest that health care should be provide through a(n):

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b. Entitlement Programs

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8. Michael is a member of the working class. He tells his son that for every working class person who moves up to the middle class, there is a middle class person that moves down to the working class. Michael is teaching his son about:

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c. exchange mobility

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9. Brett and Katherine are newlyweds. They have moved into a moderate apartment and they do not have much furniture. Although they don't have much money, Brett wants to go out and get furniture today. He tells Katherine that they can rent-to-own furniture for $100 a week over the course of 10 years. Katherine suggests that they wait until they can buy the furniture outright, to avoid heavy interest charges. Katherine's way represents:

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b. Delayed Gratification

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10. Barbara earns minimum wage and lives paycheck to paycheck. She has 3 dependent children and is below the government's poverty line. Barbara is a part of the:

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c. Lower Class

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11. Wanda is moving to Japan to teach English classes to children. Because she will be out of the country for five years, Wanda wants to sell all her material possessions including a condominium, a car, furniture, and electronics. The possessions along with the money that Wanda has in the bank are valued at $330,000. This reflects Wanda's:

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a. Wealth

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12. Angela Bauer has a Master's of Business Administration and earns a high salary as an advertising executive. However, she is not a part of the elite class. Angela is:

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c. Upper Middle Class

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13. Stephanie is a welfare recipient. She receives subsidized housing and food stamps. However, Stephanie does not like to talk about it. Stephanie is using the following coping strategy to deal with negative perceptions of welfare recipients :

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d. Distancing

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14. Norm aims to become a wealthy man within the next ten years. He wants to know if wealthy men are more likely to be single or married. Norm asks his sociology professor and the professor replies:

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a. The wealthiest people in the U.S. are married

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15. Jawanna works at the school cafeteria. When most students go home for the summer months, the cafeteria temporarily downsizes the staff. Jawanna is usually out of work between May and August. This temporary state reflects:

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b. Marginal Poverty

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16. At the 20 year class reunion, classmates learned that Davey Chappelle had become a millionaire. Davey was the only millionaire out of his class and there was a lot of buzz at the reunion about how Davey made his fortune. Sara Hollinger, who always had a crush on Davey, tells her classmates that, "Davey, like all self-made millionaires, made it because he was smart and hardworking." Sara Hollinger supports the:

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c. Meritocracy Argument

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17. Levi is a physician. He has the ability to get the nurses to do what he wants them to do. He tells them what to do with the patients and when to do it. This ability to impose his will on others reflects Levi's:

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a. Power

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18. Which of the following is true concerning neighborhoods and social class:

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d. There has been an increase in the concentration of poor people and affluent people in neighborhoods

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19. Wesley's grandfather was a sharecropper, farming someone else's land. Wesley's father was a farmer who farmed his own land. Wesley owns an international dairy company that responsible for providing milk products to people all around the world. This reflects:

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b. Intergenerational Mobility

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20. Jenny went to college intending to meet a potential mate, not to receive a degree. She dated fourteen guys in three years. Today, Jenny will rank the fourteen young men in terms of their wealth, power, and prestige in order to determine who will make the best husband. Jenny is using a system of:

answer

c. Social Stratification

question

21. Mona makes $600 per night as a private dancer. This figure represents Mona's:

answer

b. Income

question

22. There is a telethon on channel 57 right now. The sponsors are asking viewers to phone in donations to feed the starving children in Haiti. These children who do not have enough food to survive are experiencing:

answer

a. Absolute Poverty

question

23. Hector is interested in studying how students at his school perceive social class differences. Hector is a(n):

answer

c. Symbolic Interactionist

question

24. Professor Kaegen is conducting research on the gender bias in poverty. Professor Kaegen is examining:

answer

b. The Feminization of Poverty

question

25. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act:

answer

d. All of the Above

question

26. Leon is giving an in-class presentation on minimum wage earners in America. Leon tells his classmates that most minimum wage earners are:

answer

d. Over the age of 25

question

27. Because of the cost of medical school, poorer students are less likely to become doctors than higher status students. Which theorists would be more likely to examine how this trend impacts social stratification in the U.S.?

answer

c. Conflict Theorists

question

28. Willie lives in a housing project in New York City. Willie's neighborhood is characterized by high levels of poverty, single-parent households, and male unemployment. Willie is a part of the:

answer

c. Urban Underclass

question

29. Next Saturday, students from all over the country will take the standardized SAT exam. Brittany was asked by her roommate to explain how students from different neighborhoods fare. Brittany correctly reply:

answer

c. Students from suburban areas will score higher than students from rural and urban areas

question

30. Zela is a very religious woman. She believes husbands are the head of the household and that wives should submit to their husbands' wills. Zela believes that husbands have been given power over women by God. From Zela's perspective, the husband's power is:

answer

c. Delegated

question

31. Betty has been approved to receive Temporary Aid to Needy Families (Skill: TANF). Betty asks her caseworker how long she will receive the benefits and her caseworker tells her that she can receive TANF for _______ consecutive years.

answer

a. 2 years

question

32. Jan lives in a neighborhood with a high concentration of poor people. If Jan experiences upward mobility, research predicts that she will:

answer

b. Move out of the neighborhood

question

33. The transition from welfare to work usually results in:

answer

b. Low-Paying Jobs

question

34. Laurie is the campaign manager for a mayoral candidate. Laurie tells the staff that they should target the voters who are a part of the largest social class in the United States. Laurie wants to target the:

answer

c. Middle Class

question

35. Pauline started out at the company as a Mail Room Clerk. After two years she was promoted to the position of Administrative Assistant. After 5 years, she became the Office Manager and now she is being promoted to the position of Associate Director. Pauline has experienced:

answer

c. Intragenerational Mobility

question

36. Manuel does not have the food, clothing, or shelter to survive another cold winter. Manuel is experiencing:

answer

b. Absolute Poverty

question

37. In the U.S., the power elite is made up of:

answer

d. Political Officials, Military Leaders and Corporate Leaders

question

38. Vera is a janitor on the night crew at the university. She will be retiring next week after 32 years of service. As Vera looks back over her life, she realizes that she is still in the same place that she was when she started her job. Although she worked hard and was fairly intelligent, she did not get ahead. Because of this, Vera disagrees with the:

answer

a. Meritocracy Argument

question

39. Lola is homeless. She lives on the streets of New York City. Lola is a member of the:

answer

c. Urban Underclass

question

40. Maria is a welfare recipient. She receives Section 8 housing, food stamps and cash payments. Yet Maria says, "I am different from other welfare recipients because I need the benefits to get on my feet after leaving an abusive marriage. Most of those other women are just lazy and are taking advantage of the system." Maria is using which coping strategy to deal with the society's negative perception of welfare recipients?

answer

c. Denial

question

41. Many factory workers join unions because unions are able to impose the will of the employees onto the employers. As such, unions wield a great amount of:

answer

d. Power

question

42. During the Great Depression in the U.S., millions of people lost their jobs and their homes because of the failure of the country's economy. This reflects:

answer

b. Structural Mobility

question

43. Babacar just moved his family to the U.S. from Kenya. When asked why he moved, Babacar said that this country will offer him an opportunity to change his social class. Babacar appreciates the ________________ available in the U.S.

answer

a. Social Mobility

question

44. Chas just learned that some people are paid by the hour while others earn a salary. Chas says that he wants to earn a salary. This means that wants to be a part of the:

answer

a. Middle Class

question

45. Dr. Edna Garrett is a physician who owns her own home, runs her own practice, and earns about $100,000 per year. Dr. Garrett is a member of the:

answer

c. Upper Middle Class

question

46. Terry lives in a shabby apartment and uses public transportation to get around. Larry owns a deluxe home and drives a brand new Mercedes. Compared to Larry, Terry is experiencing:

answer

a. Relative Poverty

question

47. Professor Fuentes is teaching her students about the three components of the social stratification system. She tells them that the three components are:

answer

b. Power, Wealth and Prestige

question

48. The fact that Cindy attended an exclusive prep school, belongs to exclusive social clubs, and was born into a wealthy and powerful family qualifies her for membership in the:

answer

b. Upper Class

question

49. Louise was a librarian who owned a home. After her husband's death, she lost her house and turned to alcohol to ease her pain. Now, Louise is a homeless beggar on the streets of San Francisco. This reflects:

answer

c. Vertical Mobility

question

The Cedar River Restaurant recently went out of business. Leanne, who was a waitress there, is now between jobs. She is putting in applications and interviewing to find a new position. In the mean time, Leanne is experiencing:

answer

d. Transitional Poverty

question

51. Shawn's father does manual labor at the paper mill and his mother is a custodian at the Junior High School. Shawn comes from a(n) _________________ class family.

answer

a. Working Class

question

52. Dorothy is a hair stylist working at Cuts-By-Us but she has applied for a stylist position at Super-Cuts so that she can work at a salon that is closer to her apartment. If Dorothy moves to Super-Cuts, she would be doing the same job and making the same amount of money. This reflects:

answer

c. Horizontal Mobility

question

53. The concentration of poverty in a neighborhood is related to:

answer

d. All of the Above

question

54. Elizabeth and Harry are divorced. Elizabeth receives $12,000 per month in alimony from her ex-husband and $6,000 per month from her job as a college professor for a total of $18,000 per month. The $18,000 per month represents Elizabeth's:

answer

d. Income

question

55. In India, society is divided into 4 different groups called castes. The castes are ranked from the highest to the lowest and certain societal rewards and privileges are given to those in the higher caste, while the rewards and privileges are withheld from the lower cases. This ranking is an example of:

answer

a. Social Stratification

question

56. Men are more likely than women to be poor.

answer

b. False

question

57. Suburban schools receive more funding than urban schools.

answer

a. True

question

57. Suburban schools receive more funding than urban schools.

answer

a. True

question

59. Most African Americans live at or below the poverty line.

answer

a. True

question

60. TANF allows people to receive funds for five years in their lifetime.

answer

a. True

question

61. People with higher levels of education are more likely to vote.

answer

a. True

question

62. The median household income in the United States is $19,178.

answer

b. False

question

63. The minimum wage is a government policy.

answer

...

question

64. The haves are more likely than the have-nots to talk about social stratification.

answer

b. False

question

65. Most working class people attended college.

answer

b. False

question

1. Today, Alvin will present a report to his class on the bottom ten income-producing countries in the world. Most of the countries that he will be discussing are located in:

answer

...

question

2. Emily is the regional manager for the largest fast food chain in the world. As such, she has a great deal of power in the company. According to Weber, Emily is a(n):

answer

...

question

3. Hiresh is a member of the lowest or 'untouchable' caste in India. Hiresh is a member of the ____________ caste.

answer

...

question

4. Sam owns a large factory that creates toys for children. According to Karl Marx, Sam is a member of the:

answer

...

question

5. Tony is conducting research on how language influences global stratification. This research is in line with:

answer

...

question

6. Stacy published an article on the wealth, prestige, and power of various countries in an effort to highlight patterns of inequality around the world. Stacy's article focused on:

answer

...

question

7. Millicent is a poor laborer. She works in the same industrial bakery that her mother and grandmother worked in and retired from. Millicent believes that if she works hard at the bakery, she can become rich. She has an unrealistic belief about her place in society. Millicent's view reflects:

answer

...

question

8. Lucious borrowed money and could not repay what he owed, so he borrowed money from Guavo to repay the old loan. Now, Lucious is working for Guavo to pay the new loan. In the meantime, Guavo provides shelter and food for Lucious and adds these expenses on to Lucious' debt. In truth, Lucious will never be able to work enough to pay off his growing debt to Guavo. This is an example of:

answer

...

question

9. The U.S. is a nation that constantly tries to expand their capitalist market, decrease costs, and increase profits. As such, Wallerstein's world system theory would suggest that the U.S. is a part of the:

answer

...

question

10. Purujit is a member of the Indian caste that represents the laborers. Purujit is a part of the ____________ caste.

answer

...

question

11. The largest political party in Canada is led by people who are patriotic, unified, and supportive of the status quo. According to Pareto, such leaders are:

answer

...

question

12. Rachel works in a factory. She has some training that prepared her for her job on the assembly line. As such, Weber would consider Rachel a(n):

answer

...

question

13. Senegal is a country that is relatively poor, with a high rate of childhood death, hunger and people living on less than one dollar a day. As such, Senegal is a(n):

answer

...

question

14. Professor Graham assigns each student a country and tells them to divide the country's total gross income by the number of people in that country. This formula will produce the:

answer

a. Per-Capita Income

question

15. At a recent labor union, the union leader told workers that each person must understand their position in society so that the workers could unite. This sentiment reflects:

answer

b. Entrepreneurs

question

16. The Trump family is a part of the business class in the U.S. They have a great deal of money, but the members of the family have to work hard to maintain their place. Because they represent "new money", Weber would say that the Trumps are:

answer

b. Entrepreneurs

question

17. Today, Sandra will present a report to her class on the top ten income-producing countries in the world. Most of the countries that she will be discussing are located in:

answer

d. Europe

question

18. Marcus is a poor factory worker. According to Karl Marx, Marcus is a member of the:

answer

d. Proletariat

question

19. Rajiv is a member of the Indian caste representing warriors. Rajiv is a member of the ____________ caste.

answer

c. Kshatriya

question

20. Each year, the U.S. uses American tax dollars to help other nations. This social policy is called:

answer

a. Foreign Aid

question

21. Mr. Brown owns a delicatessen on Main Street. Although Mr. Brown is a business owner, his wealth, prestige, and power are limited. According to Weber, Mr. Brown is a(n):

answer

c. Petite Bourgeoisie

question

22. Harry is interested in the system by which nations rank and provide rewards to its members. Harry is interested in:

answer

b. Social Stratification Systems

question

23. Lonnie believes that an imbalance of power between the elite and the poor leads to global stratification. Lonnie's belief is in line with:

answer

d. Conflict Theory

question

24. Ghana is a nation that is rich in natural resources like gold, diamonds, and petroleum. Ghanaians hope to generate wealth through the sale of their resources to other countries. Based on this, Wallerstein's world system theory would suggest that Ghana is a part of the:

answer

b. Periphery

question

25. Joe is a plumber. He holds a special position in society because he has abilities that others rely on. As such, Weber would consider Joe a(n):

answer

c. Craftsman

question

26. Chebu was born into a position of power and privilege. His place in society is permanently fixed. Chebu is a member of a:

answer

a. Caste System

question

27. Chad is an underdeveloped nation that has few natural resources and lacks the ability to attract investors from other countries. The country has a very limited impact on others. According to Wallerstein's world system theory, Chad is a part of the:

answer

d. External

question

28. The form of slavery that was legal in the U.S. considered slaves to be the property of the slave owner. This is an example of:

answer

d. Chattel Slavery

question

29. Ajay is a member of the Indian caste made up of merchants, traders, and artists. Ajay is a member of the ________________ caste.

answer

a. Vaishya

question

30. Bhummi's research examines the total control over people who have no choice about their state. Bhummi's research focuses on:

answer

c. Slavery

question

31. Jamaica is a poor country that borrowed funds from the United States. Unable to repay the loan, Jamaica has agreed to numerous alliances and trade agreements that benefit the United States. This process in which a powerful nation use loans and economic power to maintain control over a poor nation is called:

answer

a. Neocolonialism

question

32. April believes that climate, geography, and natural resources explain global stratification. April's beliefs are in line with:

answer

c. Functionalism

question

33. Japan has a well-educated population, regular elections, abundant industry, and free enterprise. As such, Japan is a(n):

answer

a. Developed Nation

question

34. Jorge and Alvaro signed a legal document stating that Jorge would work for Alvaro and that Alvaro would provide food and shelter for him. Jorge would like to break the contract, but he fears that Alvaro will harm him if he tries. This is an example of which type of slavery:

answer

c. Contract Slavery

question

35. The smallest political party in Mexico is led by people who are clever, rational, and against the status quo. According to Pareto, such leaders are:

answer

d. Foxes

question

36. The Rockefeller family represents "old money." For the past 175 years, the Rockefellers have owned businesses and real estate that have been passed down from one generation to the next. According to Weber, the Rockefellers are:

answer

a. Rentiers

question

37. In India, Nirayan is a part of the priestly, scholar class. Nirayan is a:

answer

d. Brahman

question

39. Ethiopia produces many doctors, but the majority of Ethiopian-born doctors have migrated to the United States for a higher standard of living. This instance of when the best talent leaves a poor country and provides a greater advantage to a wealthy country is called:

answer

b. Brain Drain

question

40. According to Karl Marx, ______________________ leads to revolution.

answer

b. Class Consciousness

question

41. James is a sanitation worker. He collects garbage from the curb and throws it into a truck driven by his buddy Dan. As such, Weber would consider James a(n):

answer

b. Unskilled Worker

question

42. Brazil is a developing nation which sells raw materials to other nations in an effort to keep more wealth within the country. According to Wallerstein's world system theory, Brazil is a part of the:

answer

a. Semi-Periphery

question

43. Thomas is studying the wealth, power, and prestige of the world's largest country in geographic area. Thomas is studying:

answer

b. Russia

question

44. All core nations eventually run out of natural resources.

answer

a. True

question

45. The number of slaves in the world is decreasing.

answer

b. False

question

46. The U.S. provides more than its agreed upon share to foreign aid.

answer

b. False

question

47. Half of the world's population lives on less than two dollars per day.

answer

a. True

question

48. Today, slaves are cheaper than in the 1800's.

answer

a. True

question

49. The caste system in India is illegal.

answer

a. True

question

50. The widest gaps in inequality are found within nations.

answer

b. False

question

51. Europeans work fewer hours, on average, than Americans.

answer

a. True

question

52. Tax burdens in the U.S. tend to be higher than in other nations.

answer

b. False

question

53. A person can move up or down in a caste system.

answer

b. False

STUDY

200 000 Years Ago Around The Globe Linguistics World System Theory

College speech midterm 103 terms

Donna Chou

103 terms

Preview

College speech midterm

question

ethnocentrism

answer

the tendency of any nation, race, religion, or group to believe that its way of looking at and doing things is right ant that other perspectives have less value.

question

stereotypes

answer

generalized pictures of a race, gender, or group that supposedly represent its essential characteristics

question

source

answer

the originator of a message

question

encoder

answer

the speakers voice

question

message

answer

the words, nonverbal cues, and presentation aids that convey the speaker's ideas, notices, and feelings toward a subject

question

channel

answer

air or medium through which the message flows

question

receiver

answer

the audience; those for whom the message is intended and in anticipation of whom the message is shaped

question

decoder

answer

process by which the listener determines the meaning of the speaker's message

question

noise

answer

sometimes called interference, this can indicate a range of problems from physical noise such as distracting sounds in the room to psychological noise (stereotypes, distractions, cultural barriers) in listeners that can distort or even block the reception of the message.

question

feedback

answer

speaker's perception of how audience members react to the message both during and after its presentation.

question

setting

answer

physical and psychological context in which a speech is presented

question

identification

answer

the feeling of closeness between speakers and listeners that may overcome personal and cultural differences.

question

responsible knowledge

answer

an understanding of the major features, issues, information, latest developments, and local applications relevant to a topic.

question

quoting out of context

answer

an unethical use of a quotation that changes or distorts the original speakers meaning or intent by not including parts of the quote

question

plagiarism

answer

presenting the ideas and words of others without crediting them as sources

question

dialogue

answer

having the characters in a narrative speak for themselves, rather than paraphrasing what they say.

question

transitions

answer

connecting elements used in speeches

question

extemporaneous presentation

answer

a form of presentation in which a speech, although carefully prepared and practiced, is not written out or memorized

question

key-word outline

answer

an abbreviated version of a formal outline that may be used in presenting a speech

question

ethos

answer

those characteristics that make a speaker appear honest, credible, powerful, and appealing

question

competence

answer

the perception of a speaker as being informed, intelligent, and well prepared.

question

integrity

answer

the quality of being ethical, honest, and dependable

question

goodwill

answer

the dimension of those by which listeners perceive a speaker as having their best interests at heart

question

indentification

answer

the feeling of sharing or closeness that can develop between spears and listeners

question

dynamism

answer

the perception of a speaker as confident, decisive, and enthusiastic

question

self-awareness inventory

answer

a series of questions that a speaker can ask to develop an approach to a speech of introduction

question

communication anxiety

answer

the range of unpleasant sensations and fears you may experience before or during a presentation

question

anticipatory anxiety

answer

the fear of public speaking that occurs before the actual presentation of a speech

question

anxiety sensitivity

answer

the tendency to label weak symptoms of anxiety as fear and then to over-respond to them

question

perfectionism

answer

believing that you must be perfect to be effective

question

presentation anxiety

answer

the fear reactions that occur during the presentation of a speech

question

selective relaxation

answer

the technique of tightening and relaxing muscles on command, used to help reduce communication anxiety

question

communication orientation

answer

looking at public speaking as an interactive communication event rather than as a performace

question

cognitive restructuring

answer

the process of replacing negative thoughts with positive, constructive ones.

question

visualization

answer

the process of systematically picturing oneself succeeding as a speaker and practicing a speech with that image in mind

question

skills training

answer

developing speaking abilities that help speakers control communication apprehension

question

informative value

answer

a measure of how much new and important information or understanding a speech conveys to an audience

question

speech of description

answer

an informative speech that creates word-pictures to help the audience understand a subject

question

speech of demonstration

answer

an informative speech aimed at showing the audience how to do something or how something works

question

speech of explanation

answer

offers understanding of abstract an complex subjects

question

intensity

answer

attention factor concerning how much an object contrasts with its background

question

repetion

answer

repeating sounds, words, or phrases to attract and hold attention

question

novelty

answer

the quality of being new or unusual

question

activity

answer

holding audience attention by offering a vigorous presentation, telling exciting stories, and using language that creates the sense of action.

question

contreast

answer

arranging supporting materials to highlight differences or gaining attention by using abrupt changes in presentation, dwelling upon opposites, or framing the pros and cons of a situation.

question

relevance

answer

holding attention by pointing out a subjects importance or value to vital intersests

question

retention

answer

the extent to which listeners remember and use the speakers message

question

spatial design

answer

a pattern for an informative speech that order the main points as they occur in actual space

question

sequential design

answer

a pattern for an informative speech that presents the steps involved in the process being demonstrated.

question

chronological design

answer

a pattern of speech organization that follows a sequence of important events in historical pattern

question

categorical design

answer

the use of natural or customary divisions within a subject as a way of orgainze an informative speech

question

comparative design

answer

a pattern for an informative speech that relates an unfamiliar subject to something the audience already knows or understands

question

literal analogy

answer

a comparison made between subjects withing the same field

question

figurative analogy

answer

a comparison made between things that belong to different fields

question

comparison an contrast

answer

an informative speech design that pints out similarities and differences between subjects or ideas

question

causation design

answer

a pattern for an informative speech that shows how one condition generates, or is generated by, another

question

briefing

answer

a short informative presentation offered in an organizational setting that focuses upon plans, policies, or reports

question

discovery phrase

answer

phase of the process of finding speech topics that identifies large topic areas

question

exploration phase

answer

phase of the process of finding speech topics that involves the close examination of large topics that involves the close examination of large topic areas to identify more precise topics that might be developed

question

refinement phase

answer

identifying the general and specific purposes of a speech topic and framing its thesis statement

question

brainstorming

answer

technique that encourages the free play of the mind

question

topoi of topic discovery

answer

probe questions used to stimulate the mind during topic exploration, centering of places, people, activities, things, events, ideas, values, problems, and campus concerns.

question

interest chart

answer

visual display of a spears interests as prompted by certain prole questions

question

topics areas inventory chart

answer

a means of determining possible speech topics by listing topics you find interesting and subjects your audience finds intersecting, and then matching them.

question

media prompts

answer

sources such as newspapers, magazines, and the electronic media that can suggest ideas for speech topics.

question

mind mapping

answer

changes customary patterns of thinking in order to free our minds for creative exploration

question

topic analysis

answer

using questions often employed by journalists to explore topic possibilities for speeches (who what why when where how)

question

general purpose

answer

the speakers overall intention to inform or persuade listeners or to celebrate some person or occasion

question

specific purpose

answer

the speakers particular goal or the response that the speaker wishes to evoke

question

thesis statement

answer

sometimes called the \"central idea\" it summarizes in a single sentence the message of your speech

question

topic briefing

answer

prospectus for a speech or series of speeches you propose to give

question

presentation aids

answer

visual and auditory illustrations intended to have the clarity and effectiveness of a presentation

question

graphics

answer

visual representations of information, such as sketches, maps graphs, charts, and textual materials

question

pie graph

answer

circle that shows size of a subjects part in relation to the whole

question

bar graph

answer

shows comparison and contrast between two or more items or groups

question

line graph

answer

lice that changes across time

question

flow chart

answer

shows steps in a process

question

textual graphics

answer

contain text or numbers

question

billeted list

answer

highlights ideas and lists them as brief statements

question

acronym

answer

a word composed of the initial letters of a series or words

question

flip chart

answer

on an easel to drawn on and page can be flipped over top to next one

question

computer-assisted presentation

answer

joins audio visual textual graphic and animated componts

question

analogous color scheme

answer

colors adjacent on the color wheel (suggest similarities and differences)

question

complementary color scheme

answer

colors opposite one another on the color wheel (shows tension and opposition)

question

monochromatic color scheme

answer

use of variations of a signal color in a presentation aid to convey the idea of variety within unity

question

hearing

answer

process in which brain hears sound waves

question

discriminate listening

answer

phase of listening in which we detect sounds of spoken communication

question

comprehensive listening

answer

focus on spiken messages

question

emphatic listening

answer

phase of listening in which we suspend judgment, allow spears to be heard, and try to see form their points of view

question

appreciative listneing

answer

enjoy the beauty of messages

question

critical listneing

answer

careful analysis and evaluation of message

question

constructive listneing

answer

search for the value that messages may have for your life

question

receiver apprehension

answer

fear of misinterpreting, inadequately processing and/or not being able to adjust psychologically to messages sent by theirs.

question

trigger words

answer

words that arouse such powerful feeling that they interfere with the ability to listen critically and constructively

question

filtering

answer

only listening to what you want to hear

question

assimilation

answer

interpret positions of a spear close to their own views than they actually are

question

contrast effect

answer

seeing positions different than your as being more distant than they actually are

question

facts

answer

information that can be verified by observation or expert testimoney

question

inferecnes

answer

assumptions based on incomplete infomation

question

opinoions

answer

expressions of personal attitude or belief offered without supporting material

question

demagogues

answer

political speakers who try to inflame feeling without regard to the accuracy or adequacy of their claims in order to promote their own agendas

question

critique

answer

an evaluation of a speech that emphasizes strengths as well as weaknesses and that focus on how a speaker might imporve

question

universal listener

answer

listening as though you represent all who might be affected by a message

STUDY

Ethnic Studies Introductory Sociology Sociology World System Theory

Sociology 7 & 8 115 terms

Mary Moore

115 terms

Preview

Sociology 7 & 8

question

A system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their socio-economic factors.

answer

Social stratification

question

What are the three key factors of social stratification?

answer

Wealth, power and Prestige

question

Refers to the individual assets one poses: cash, savings, investments in stock, bonds, real estate properties. The U.S. income inequality is the greatest in the industrialized world.

answer

Wealth

question

The ability to control others' behavior, even against their will.

answer

Power

question

Subjective, it depends on how an individual is perceived by others.

answer

Prestige

question

Category of people with same amount of income, power, and prestige.

answer

Social class

question

Asking people to rank others.

answer

Reputational model

question

Asking people to rank themselves.

answer

Subjective model

question

Identifying classes through analysis of income, occupation, and education.

answer

Objective method

question

Hunter-Gatherers are the most. Still not totally free of inequalities but there is not much opportunity to accumulate wealth. Large-scale societies without wealth accumulating opportunities. Also Communist societies.

answer

Egalitarian System

question

Outlawed in virtually all societies and remains a significant human rights violation. Normally poor and minority.

answer

Master-Slave System

question

Less extreme in practicing inequality. Agriculture produced more wealth and, thus, an increase in stratification. Social stratification resemble a pyramid: many people at the bottom and a smaller number of people toward the top.

answer

The Feudal System

question

A rigid system in which position is bestowed for life at birth, ascribed & fixed, rather than achieved through personal accomplishment. It interferes with freedom & flexibility necessary for modern industrial production.

answer

The Caste System

question

An open system in which people's positions are achieved and interchangeable. Economically based. Socially mobile.

answer

The Class System

question

South Africa, Malaysia, Central Australia, North Korea, Cuba.

answer

Examples of Egalitarian

question

Some families are forced to work in fruitless efforts to repay debts (found in parts of India, Thailand, Pakistan and Peru).

answer

Debt bondage

question

An extreme form of inequality. The legal conditions have varied among societies: some deprived of all rights; some excluded from political positions & the military; some are held in servitude on someone else's property and, the less fortunate spent their days in hard labor.

answer

Slavery

question

Agrarian societies of medieval Europe, Asia, Latin America.

answer

Examples of the Feudal System

question

Those who worked the land.

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Serfs

question

Those who appropriated some of the produce and labor of the peasants.

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Landlords

question

Movement of individuals from one social standing to another as a result of changes in wealth, income, power and prestige.

answer

Social Mobility

question

How far one moves up or down the socioeconomic scale over the course of working life.

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Intragenerational Mobility

question

How children rate on the scale compared to parents or grandparents.

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Intergenerational Mobility

question

People can move up or down the social ladder depending on changes in society (e.g. declining manufacturing base, globalization, immigration).

answer

Structural mobility

question

Social mobility dependent on a person's personal achievement. Race, gender, access to education, and individual opportunities play a part.

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Individual mobility

question

Key factor of social mobility.

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Educational Attainment

question

Recently caused by corporate restructuring due to takeovers. Women are more likely to experience downward mobility because of childcare responsibilities, especially when combined with divorce or separation.

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Downward Mobility

question

The lack of minimum food & shelter necessary for maintaining life.

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Absolute poverty

question

Those who earn less than half of the nation's median income are poor.

answer

Relative poverty

question

A huge number of women living in poverty as single mothers.

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Feminization of poverty

question

Poor are believed to have failed to grab opportunities by not working hard.

answer

Blame-the-Poor Theories

question

Used "culture of poverty" to explain how the poor had debilitating values and attitudes that are passed from generation to generation.

answer

Oscar Lewis

question

Used "dependency culture" poor people who rely on welfare rather than entering the labor market.

answer

Charles Murray

question

Structural forces within society shape the way resources are distributed. The lack of ambition among the poor is a consequence of their constrained situation, not a cause.

answer

Blame the system theories

question

Some nations are in higher or lower classes. The consequences are poverty, inequality, child exploitation, and slavery.

answer

Global Stratification

question

Rich nations exploit poor ones for power and commercial gain. Fails to explain the economic boom in middle eastern countries.

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Dependency Theory

question

Group with inherited physical characteristics that distinguishes it from other groups. Based on perception.

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Race

question

Cultural practices of a given community that have emerged historically & set people apart.

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Ethnicity

question

People who identify with one another on the basis of common ancestry and cultural or religious heritage, language & history.

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Ethnic group

question

Ethnic & racial identification is socially constructed.

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Situational ethnicity

question

A member of an ethnic group assimilates to the larger culture, an ethically diverse culture.

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Symbolic ethnicity

question

People who are subjected to prejudice and discrimination.

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Minority groups

question

Have the greatest power, most privileges, and highest social status, e.g. people of English descent in the U.S.

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Dominant groups

question

The poorest minority in the United States.

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Native Americans

question

Prohibited segregation and discrimination in virtually all areas of social life. Still exists in housing and economics.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964

question

Largest minority in the United States. Worst of educationally.

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Latinos

question

Fastest growing minority in the United States. More likely to graduates college and have higher pay.

answer

Asians

question

The most successful minority. Perceived as hard-working, family-oriented, and friendly.

answer

Jewish Americans

question

Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions.

answer

Racism

question

Refers to thoughts or actions taken to eradicate racism.

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Antiracism

question

The long history & persistence of policies promoted by social institutions that favor the white supremacy structure of social relations; not recognized as discrimination.

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Institutionalized discrimination

question

A negative attitude or opinion towards a certain group of people. Preconceived views.

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Prejudice

question

An unfavorable action or behavior taken against an individual because they are of a certain group of people. Exclusion of 'the other' or restricting opportunities.

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Discrimination

question

Prejudice is the result of frustration, and scapegoats become targets of blame.

answer

Scapegoating

question

If our parents, teachers, and media are prejudiced we are likely to follow their lead.

answer

Socialization

question

Racism created a huge supply of cheap labor bringing profits to the dominant group.

answer

Economic

question

Involves maintaining power for the dominant group.

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Political

question

Reverse discrimination. Encourages employers to recruit qualified minorities.

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Affirmative action

question

A relatively open stratification system in which people's positions are achieved and changeable.

answer

Class System

question

Movement from one job to another within the same status category.

answer

Horizontal Mobility

question

The changing relationship between economic development and social inequality names after its discoverer, Simon Kuznets.

answer

Kuznets Curve

question

The likelihoood of living a good, long, successful life in a society.

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Life Chances

question

Tastes, preferences and ways of living.

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Lifestyles

question

The economic control exercised by rich nations over their former colonies.

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Neocolonialism

question

A small group of top leaders not just from business corporations but also from the federal government and military.

answer

Power Elite

question

The condition in which the same individual is given two conflicting status rankings.

answer

Status Inconsistency

question

A system in which people are stratified according to their social prestige.

answer

Status System

question

The method of identifying social classes by asking people to rank themselves.

answer

Subjective method

question

Moving up or down the status ladder.

answer

Vertical Mobility

question

The process by which the subcultures of various groups are blended together, forming a new culture.

answer

Amalgamation

question

Prejudice or discrimination against Jews.

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Anti-Semitism

question

The process by which a minority adopts the dominant group's culture as the culture of the larger society.

answer

Assimilation

question

The social situation in which a minority adopts the dominant group's language, values, and behavioral problems.

answer

Behavioral assimilation

question

The peaceful coexistence of various racial and ethnic groups, each retaining its own subculture.

answer

Cultural Pluralism

question

Segregation resulting from tradition and custom.

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De facto segregation

question

The wholesale killing of members of a specific racial or ethnic group.

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Genocide

question

The prejudiced belief that keeps minority professionals from holding leadership positions in organizations.

answer

Glass Ceiling

question

The persistence of discrimination in social institutions that is not necessarily recognized by everybody as discrimination.

answer

Institutionalized Discrimination

question

A set of laws that segregated African Americans from whites in all kinds of public and private facilities.

answer

Jim Crow Laws

question

An oversimplified, inaccurate mental picture of others.

answer

Stereotype

question

The social condition in which the minority is accepted on equal terms with the rest of society.

answer

Structural Assimilation

question

Divided society into two major classes and one minor class. Capitalists, workers and the small capitalists.

answer

Karl Marx

question

Those who own the means of production and hire others.

answer

Capitalists

question

Came up with the idea of the power elite.

answer

Charles Wright Mills

question

The people that hold the most power are the capitalists.

answer

Marxist Theorists

question

Power is not tightly concentrated but widely dispersed more or less equally among various competing groups.

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Pluralist Theorists

question

The ancient form of human bondage.

answer

Chattel Slavery

question

1. Brahmins 2. Warriors 3. Merchants 4. Artisans 5. Untouchables

answer

The 5 Castes

question

Useful for investigating the class structure of a small community where everybody knows practically everybody else.

answer

Advantage of Reputational Model

question

Cannot be applied to large cities, and cannot generalize findings from one community to another and it is impossible to find unanimity among the reputation judges.

answer

Disadvantage of Reputational Model

question

Families that have been wealthy for generations, an aristocracy of birth and wealth.

answer

Old Rich

question

Rockefellers, Vanderbilts and Du ponts.

answer

Examples of Old Rich

question

People who have created their own wealth.

answer

New Rich

question

Bill Gates and Oprah.

answer

Example of New Rich

question

Rich that keep them so aloof of the masses because they tend to live, marry and belong to communities of likeminded people.

answer

Out-of-Sight class

question

Highly successful professional careers. Work with unbounded enthusiasm and live very comfortably.

answer

Upper-Middle Class

question

Largest class in the U.S. Also the most diverse. Have achieved the middle class dream of owning a suburban home.

answer

Middle-Class

question

Those with little education and work in manual labor. Unskilled and underpaid.

answer

Working Class

question

Joblessness and poverty. Very few have finished highschool.

answer

Lower Class

question

A state of deprivation resulting from having less than the majority of the people have.

answer

Relative Poverty

question

1. Dirty jobs get done. 2. High class can persue their careers if they have maids and stuff. 3. Poverty creates job for social workers and police.

answer

Functionalist Perspective

question

Found that the majority of homeless men are African American, single or divorced men with low skills.

answer

Peter Rossi

question

1. Increased shortage of inexpensive housing. 2. Decreasing demand for unskilled labor. 3. Erosion of public welfare benefits.

answer

Homelessness

question

Stratification of society is necessary and it motivates people to work hard.

answer

Davis-Moore Theory

question

Stratification is dysfunctional and by limiting the opportunities of those who are not privileged restricts the possibility of discovering talent hidden in society.

answer

Melvin Tumin

question

Jewish term which means the fortunate are required to help the individuals and community in need.

answer

Tzedakah

question

Racial apathy serves to support and sustain the status quo of racial inequality in society.

answer

Tyrone Forman

question

Segregation required by law.

answer

De jure segregation

question

The spacial and social separation of the dominant and minority groups, believing that the minority group is inferior.

answer

Segregation

question

The dominant group expels a minority form certain areas or the country in general.

answer

Expulsion

question

People believe in equality and never act against this.

answer

Unprejudiced nondiscriminators

question

They do not believe in prejudice ideas but act on discrimination because of social pressures. AKA. fair-weather liberals.

answer

Unprejudiced discriminators

question

Afraid to express their prejudice beliefs. Also called fair weather illiberals.

answer

Prejudiced nondiscriminators

question

Have prejudice beliefs and act upon them. AKA the Klu Klux Klan.

answer

Prejudiced Discriminators

question

Country totally free of discrimination because there is only one race and ethnicity.

answer

Iceland

STUDY

Introductory Sociology Social and Political Philosophy Social Mobility Refers To Sociology World System Theory

SOC 201 Unit 2 – Flashcards 65 terms

Daniel Jimmerson

65 terms

Preview

SOC 201 Unit 2 – Flashcards

question

social stratification

answer

a system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige

question

slavery in greece and rome

answer

slaves did the work, freeing citizens to engage in politics and the arts.

question

india's caste system

answer

status is determined by birth and is lifelong.it is based on religion. 3,000 years. someone who is born low status will always be low status, no matter how much that person may accomplish in life.

question

ascribed status

answer

social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life

question

achieved status

answer

a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort

question

Marx's social class

answer

social class of Bourgeoisie (owners) and Proletariat (workers)

question

Bourgeoisie

answer

marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production

question

Proletariat

answer

marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

question

false class consciousness

answer

workers mistakenly thinking of themselves as capitalists

question

Weber's social class

answer

property, power, and prestige

question

ideology vs. force

answer

ideology reigns in a nation, and force can be used too

question

ruling elite's two methods to control information

answer

manipulating media and tracking technology

question

the three world model

answer

first world - industrialized capitalist nations. second world - communist or socialist countries. third world - any nation that did not fit into the first two categories.

question

core nations

answer

the countries that industrialized first

question

semiperiphery

answer

the economies of these nations, located aroun the mediterranean, stagnated because they grew dependent on trade with core nations

question

periphery

answer

the fringe nations whose economies developed the least

question

external areas

answer

the nations that were left out of the development of capitalism altogether.

question

first world country

answer

industrialized capitalist nations

question

second world country

answer

communist (or socialist) countries

question

third world country

answer

any nation that does not fit into first or second world categories

question

wealth

answer

when you add up the value of someone's property and subtract that person's debts (net worth)

question

income

answer

a flow of money

question

60 years

answer

US income over the past _____ has become even more gapped

question

democratic facade

answer

an example would be a country where the elections were rigged or unfairly influenced by fear and intimidation.

question

power elite

answer

those who make the big decisions in US society

question

Erik Wright

answer

man who revised Marx's concept of social classes: some people are members of more than one class at a time. they occupy contradictory class locations. capitalists, petty bourgeoisie, managers, and workers

question

upper middle class

answer

The social class most shaped by education:

question

social mobility

answer

the upward or downward movement in social classes

question

feminization of poverty

answer

poverty is associated more with women because of the number of births to single women

question

Race

answer

a group of people with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group

question

minority group

answer

people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

question

dominant group

answer

those who do the discriminating because they have the greater power, privileges, and social status

question

ethnic work

answer

the way people construct their ethnicity

question

prejudice

answer

an attitude. prejudging of some sort, usually in a negative way.

question

discrimination

answer

an action. unfair treatment directed against someone.

question

individual discrimination

answer

the negative treatment of one person by another

question

institutional discrimination

answer

the broader picture of how discrimination is woven into the fabric of society.

question

selective perception

answer

lead us to see certain things while they blind us to others

question

reserve labor force

answer

the unemployed

question

split labor market

answer

division of workers along racial-ethnic and gender lines

question

colonization

answer

system of settling new lands that remain under the government of their native land

question

segregation

answer

a social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups

question

internal colonialism

answer

the way in which a country's dominant group exploits minority groups for its economic advantage.

question

assimilation

answer

the process by which a minority group is absorbed into the mainstream culture.

question

genocide

answer

deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

question

forced assimilation

answer

the dominant group refuses to allow the minority to practice its own religion, to speak its language, or to follow its customs.

question

Rosa Parks

answer

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

question

Mexico

answer

Where do the most Latinos trace their heritage to?

question

William Julius Wilson

answer

says that social class has become more important than race in determining the life chances of african americans.

question

boat people

answer

____ were lower class refugees and the fleers were well educated and well to do. (cuba)

question

Asian

answer

What ethnic group is most likely to grow up with two parents and least likely to be born to a single mother?

question

Native American

answer

What ethnic group has the highest rates of suicide?

question

female circumcision

answer

feminists believe that ___ is a form of ritual torture to control female sexuality.

question

frederick engels

answer

proposed that patriarchy came with the development of private property

question

first wave of feminism

answer

Women attempt to vote, 14th and 15th ammendment grant women and black men to vote, organizations created (NWSA), new jobs for women, education opportunities, 19th ammendment, and reform begins to take place

question

second wave of feminism

answer

1960's-80's, proponents of the equal rights act, fought for women's right in the workplace, believe feminists should organize collectively to change patriarchal society; "Power Feminists"

question

female chromosome configuration

answer

question

male chromosome configuration

answer

question

sexual harrassment

answer

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.

question

75.6

answer

life expectancy of men in the US for 2010

question

81.4

answer

life expectancy of women in the US for 2010

question

as the meaning of old age was transformed, when it changed from an asset to a liability, not only did younger people come to view the elderly differently but the elderly also began to perceive themselves in a new light.

answer

How do symbolic interactionists believe that the social value of the elderly in America changed when the economy shifted from being based on agriculture to industry?

question

to celebrate old age as a time of renewal, not simply as a period that precedes death, but as a new stage of growth.

answer

Because the first of the baby boom generation have now turned 50, how will this translate members of society view the elderly and why?

question

EV1

answer

In the video, "Who Killed the Electric Car," what is the name of the main vehicle featured?

question

answer

In the video, "Who Killed the Electric Car" who was the main auto manufacturer profiled?

STUDY

Divine Right Of Kings Introductory Sociology Means Of Production Sociology World System Theory

Sociology 7, 8, 9 – Flashcards 56 terms

Patricia Smith

56 terms

Preview

Sociology 7, 8, 9 – Flashcards

question

_____ is the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige. a. social stratification b. bonded labor c. ideology d. caste system

answer

a. social stratification (think layering)

question

What is the difference between bonded labor and slavery? a. They are actually different terms for the same thing. b. Bonded labor is entered into voluntarily (or arranged by parents). c. Some people own other people in bonded labor. d. Slavery is entered into voluntarily.

answer

b. Bonded labor is entered into voluntarily

question

_____ refers to beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements. Social stratification Ideology Endogamy Apartheid

answer

Ideology

question

A person's status is a lifelong condition determined by birth in social democracy bonded labor. a caste system. all forms of social stratification

answer

a caste system

question

In endogamy, one marries within one's group. is forbidden to marry within one's group. has multiple wives. does not marry at all. I

answer

marries within one's group

question

The system of separating racial-ethnic groups that was practiced in South Africa was called slavery. bonded labor. apartheid. the caste system, which was imported from India.

answer

apartheid

question

In a class system, what is the main basis for social stratification? Sexual orientation Money Appearance Kindness

answer

money

question

The wealthiest 1% of adults worldwide own _____ of the Earth's wealth. 12% 29% 46% 88%

answer

46%

question

Gender is a basis of social stratification for ______ society(ies) in the world. no a few many every

answer

every

question

The tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth make up the bourgeoisie. proletariat. means of production. class consciousness.

answer

means of production

question

_____ Weber _____ Marx viewed property as significant in determining a person's standing in society. Neither; nor Both; and Not; but Notably; but not

answer

Both; and

question

Which of the following is most effective in maintaining society's stratification? Brute force Controlling people's ideas Control of food supplies Elites without limits

answer

Controlling people's ideas

question

To maintain their power, elites attempt to _____ information. freely distribute honestly convey shut off all control

answer

control

question

The terms that do not imply value judgments about some parts of the world while splitting it up into conceptual groups are First, Second, and Third Worlds. Most Industrialized, Industrializing, and Least Industrialized. Best, Better, and Worst. Developed, Developing, and Primitive.

answer

Most industrialized, industrializing, and least ind.

question

The _____ richest people in the world own as much of the world's wealth as the bottom half of the whole world's population. 700 422 153 85

answer

question

Which category of nations has the most land? Most Industrialized Nations Industrializing Nations Least Industrialized Nations Most Populous Nations

answer

Least industrialized nation

question

The United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, Japan, Australia, and other countries make up the Most Industrialized Nations. Industrializing Nations. Least Industrialized Nations. League of Nations.

answer

most industrialized nations

question

In the Least Industrialized Nations, _____ people are poor. none some most all

answer

most

question

_____ assumes that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people. Colonialism The culture of poverty Neocolonialism World system theory

answer

The culture of poverty

question

Global domination remains in the hands of the East. may be on the verge of a major shift from West to East. is shared democratically by the East and the West. may be on the verge of a major shift from East to West.

answer

may be on the verge of a major shift from West to East.

question

When workers identified with the interests of capitalists, Marx called it _____ class consciousness. false misguided optimistic budding

answer

false

question

The divine right of kings asserts that the king's or queen's authority comes from his or her forbears. God. the people. his or her superior ability.

answer

God

question

_____, according to Weber, is (are) a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige. Status consistency Social class The proletariat Capitalists

answer

social class

question

_____ is the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others. Social class Status Power Prestige

answer

Power

question

_____ is respect or regard. Status consistency Power Prestige Status inconsistency

answer

Prestige

question

Status consistency refers to day-to-day stability. ranking high or low on at least two dimensions of social class. ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class. lateral mobility.

answer

ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class.

question

Marx's model of the social classes included managers workers petty bourgeoisie royalty

answer

workers

question

The class most shaped by education is the _____ class. upper middle lower middle working upper

answer

upper middle

question

Members of the _____ tend to think of themselves as having "real jobs" and regard the "suits" above them as paper pushers. underclass working poor working class upper middle class

answer

working class

question

Homeless people are part of the working poor. working class. underclass. lower middle class.

answer

underclass

question

As you go down the social-class ladder, what happens to your mental health? It improves. It stays the same. There is no change. It worsens.

answer

it worsens

question

When it comes to child rearing, lower-class parents tend to focus more on developing their children's creative skills. encouraging their children to question authority. getting their children to follow rules and obey authority. developing their children's leadership skills.

answer

c. getting their children to follow rules or obey authority

question

When it comes to religion, the lower classes tend to be attracted to more subdued worship. more expressive worship services and louder music. the Episcopalian denomination. the nearest church.

answer

question

Which statement is true about people toward the bottom of the class structure They are more likely to be politically active. On economic issues, they are conservative. They are less likely to be politically active. They walk the same political paths as the rich.

answer

question

_____ refers to the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next. Structural mobility Exchange mobility Intergenerational mobility Anomie

answer

intergenerational mobility

question

In Mexico, Javier was a physician. Javier emigrated to the United States and ended up working as a carpenter (which had been his hobby in Mexico). Javier experienced _____ mobility. downward social upward social intergenerational exchange

answer

downward social

question

What proportion of all African American adults works at white-collar jobs One-fourth More than one-half Two-thirds More than three-fourths

answer

more than half

question

The official measure of poverty of the U.S. government is called the poverty line. kept secret. five times a low-cost food budget. nine times a low-cost food budget.

answer

called the poverty line

question

Which statement about poverty is true? Poverty is unusual. Most poor people are poor because they do not want to work More children than adults are poor. There is more poverty in urban than in rural areas.

answer

more children than adults are poor

question

The reason why families headed by a mother, rather than by a mother and father or a father alone, are more likely to be poor is because two-parent families are more stable. women average only 72% of what men earn. women have less education. women are less inclined to work if they have children.

answer

b women average only 72% of what men earn

question

Going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future is called the geography of poverty. deprivation deferred gratification. immediate gratification.

answer

deferred gratification

question

___ refers to a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups. ethnicity race minority group dominant group

answer

race

question

The annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity is known as genocide racial superiority racial purification ethnic work.

answer

genocide

question

The difference between ethnicity and race is that ethnicity refers to _____ characteristics, and race to _____ characteristics, distinguishing one group of people from another. cultural; inherited physical inherited physical; cultural dominant group; minority group minority group; dominant group

answer

cultural; inherited physical

question

_____ is an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group. Racism Contact theory Discrimination Prejudice

answer

discrimination

question

Ezekiel's research (1995) found that Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi leaders believed that race represents the essence of a person. exists only in the mind. is superficial, because all people are the same in the eyes of God. is not a rigid category.

answer

represents the essence of a person

question

_____ mortgage applicants are most frequently offered subprime loans, which charge the highest interest. White African American Wallonian Latino

answer

question

In unintentional discrimination, the discrimination is deliberate. the discrimination is written into law. no one is aware of it. health care is one area that is exempt.

answer

question

Symbolic interactionists focus on the role of _____ in affecting perception and creating prejudice. the authoritarian personality labels history conflict

answer

labels

question

The United States government's relocation of Native Americans to reservations is an example of direct population transfer. friendship indirect population transfer. assimilation.

answer

a. dpt

question

orcible expulsion and genocide are types of internal colonialism. segregation. assimilation. ethnic cleansing.

answer

d. ec

question

_____ permits—or encourages—ethnic differences. Functionalism Ethnic cleansing Multiculturalism Compartmentalizati

answer

multiculturalism

question

WASP stands for Women Against Sexual Predestination. White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. War Against Special Populations. White And Selected Populations

answer

b. white anglo

question

Among Americans of European descent, the largest group comes from Germany England Italy Norway

answer

a. germany

question

There is a disagreement among sociologists on whether _____ or race is (are) more important in determining the life chances of African Americans. history ethnicity white ethnics social class

answer

d. social class

question

The concern in some quarters that too many immigrants will change the character of the United States is new to the last two decades. causing immigration to taper to a trickle. age-old. confined to California.

answer

c. age old

STUDY

Environmental Sociology Internal Combustion Engines Introductory Sociology Social Movements Sociology World System Theory

social change and the environment – Flashcards 76 terms

Thomas Alday

76 terms

Preview

social change and the environment – Flashcards

question

the alteration of culture and society over time, is a vital part of social life.

answer

Social change

question

Social change has included four social revolutions, a change from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft societies, capitalism and industrialization, modernization, and global stratification

answer

four social revolutions

question

Theories of social change include evolutionary theories, cyclical theories, and conflict theories.

answer

Theories of social change include 3 evolutionary theories

question

identified technology as the basis for social change. The processes of social change are innovation, discovery, and diffusion

answer

William Ogburn

question

refers to the symbolic cultures lagging behind changes in technology.

answer

Cultural lag

question

social movements can be classified as alterative, redemptive, reformative, or transformative

answer

social movements can be classified as

question

involve a large number of people who are organized to promote or resist social change

answer

Social movements

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Because the mass media are the gatekeepers for social movements, their favorable or unfavorable coverage greatly affects a social movement, and tactics are chosen with the media in mind.

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Social movements go through distinct stages: initial unrest, mobilization, organization, institutionalization, and finally decline.

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Social movements go through distinct stages:

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The solutions to environmental problems range from education, legislation, and political activism to ecosabotage

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sabotaging the efforts of people thought to be legally harming the environment.

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ecosabotage

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Environmental sociologists attempt to study the relationship between human societies and the environment. Environmental sociologists are generally also environmental activists.

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Environmental sociologists

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four social revolutions:

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(daily life centers on intimate and personal relationships)

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Gemeinschaft societies

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(people have fleeting, impersonal relationships) societies

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Gesellschaft societies

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Karl Marx, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft

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Max Weber, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.

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f, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.

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f, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.

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unilinear and multilinear.

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Evolutionary theories of social change are

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follow the same path, evolving from simple to complex through uniform sequences.

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Unilinear theories assume that all societies

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different routes can lead to a similar stage of development, thus, societies need not pass through the same sequence of stages to become industrialized.

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Multilinear theories assume that

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Both unilinear and multilinear theories assume the idea that societies progress toward a higher state.

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examine great civilizations, not a particular society; they presume that societies are like organisms—that they are born, reach adolescence, grow old, and die.

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Cyclical theories

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Toynbee

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proposed that Western civilization was on the wane; some analysts think that the current crisis in Western civilization may indicate that he was right.

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Oswald Spengler

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William Ogburn

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work, schools, capabilities, nature of business

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tech. and changes

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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ex proactive social movement

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Ku Klux Klan (KKK

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example of reactive social movements

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Mayer Zald

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David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

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David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

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David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

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David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.

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simply means the presentation of information in an attempt to influence people.

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Propaganda

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asserts that because the Least Industrialized Nations have become dependent on the Most Industrialized Nations, they are unable to develop their own resources.

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Dependency theory

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occurs as the movement becomes bureaucratized and leadership passes to career officials who may care more about their position in the organization than about the movement itself.

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Institutionalization

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rain containing sulfuric and nitric acid; the result of burning fossil fuels

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acid rain:

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a social movement that seeks to alter only particular aspects of people (

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alterative social movement:

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benefits (such as tax breaks or stadiums) given corporations to locate or to remain in an area

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corporate welfare:

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William Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovation

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cultural lag

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dialectical process

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the spread of invention and discovery from one area to another; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change

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diffusion:

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a new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change

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discovery:

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actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment

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ecosabotage

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the greater impact of pollution on the poor and racial minorities

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environmental injustice

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a subdiscipline of sociology that examines how human activities affect the physical environment and how the physical environment affects human activities

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environmental sociology

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the buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere that allows light to enter but inhibits the release of heat; believed to cause global warming

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greenhouse effect

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the combination of existing elements and materials to form new ones; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change

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invention

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a rare type of social movement that seeks to change the social order not just of society but of the entire world (

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metaformative social movement

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the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies

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modernization

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another term for postindustrial society

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postmodern society

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a social movement that promotes social change

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proactive social movement

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in its broad sense, the presentation of information in the attempt to influence people; in its narrow sense, one-sided information that may distort reality

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propaganda

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how people think about some issue

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public opinion

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a social movement that resists social change

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reactive social movement

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a social movement that seeks to change people totally

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redemptive social movement

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a social movement that seeks to reform some specific aspect of society

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reformative social movement

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a stage at which social movements succeed or fail on the basis of their ability to mobilize resources such as time, money, and people's skills

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resource mobilization

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the alteration of culture and societies over time

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social change

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large numbers of people who organize to promote or resist social change

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social movement

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an organization that is developed to further the goals of a social movement

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social movement organization

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a world system in which we use our physical environment to meet the needs of humanity and leave a sound environment to the next generation

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sustainable environment

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a social movement that seeks to change society totally

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transformative social movement

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a social movement that seeks to change some social condition throughout the world

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transnational social movement

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These sociologists found that propaganda relies on seven basic techniques, which they labeled "tricks of the trade."

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Alfred and Elizabeth Lee

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Marx analyzed the emergence of capitalism and developed the theory of dialectical materialism

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Karl Marx

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John McCarthy and Mayer Zald

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His theory of social development once dominated Western thought. It said that societies pass through three stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization.

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Lewis Henry Morgan

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William Ogburn

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Spengler wrote The Decline of the West, in which he proposed that Western civilization was declining

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Oswald Spengler

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Arnold Toynbee

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Weber argued that capitalism grew out of the Protestant Reformation.

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Max Weber

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In analyzing social movements, Zald suggested that they were like a rolling sea, hitting society like a wave.

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Mayer Zald

STUDY

Culture And Society Free Trade Zone Free Trade Zones World System Theory

ANTH101 Final – Flashcards 80 terms

Paulina Ratliff

80 terms

Preview

ANTH101 Final – Flashcards

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What is communitas? A. Social inequality that is accepted even by those who are less privileged B. A feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness C. Anxiety about the meaning of life D. The Latin word for mana E. The supernatural

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The largest religion in the world, in terms of number of practitioners, is A. Buddhism. B. Islam. C. Judaism. D. Hinduism. E. Christianity.

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Which type of a situation is most likely to result in a matrilineal-matrilocal society? A. Population pressure is high. B. A shift to food production has recently taken place. C. Men's hunting activities are more important than women's gathering. D. Polygyny is common. E. Warfare is infrequent.

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Which of the following is not culturally constructed? A. Race B. Gender C. Kinship D. Sex E. Sexual norms

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What is the domestic-public dichotomy? A. Strong differentiation between spheres of exchange B. Strong differentiation between the secular and the sacred C. Strong differentiation between elite and commoners D. Strong differentiation between the home and the outside world E. Strong differentiation between local and international trade

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Which of the following statements concerning gender stratification is true? A. Gender equality is common among agriculturalists. B. There are many societies in which women control all the strategic resources and engage in the most prestigious activities. C. Gender stratification is generally reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated. D. The more women contribute to the domestic sphere, the more publicly recognized power they achieve. E. The less women contribute to the public sphere, the more publicly recognized power they achieve.

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Which of the following statements about ethnicity is not true? A. Ethnicity is based on actual, perceived, and assumed cultural similarities among members of the same ethnic group. B. People may change the amount of importance they place on ethnicity due to political or individual life changes. C. Ethnic distinctions can be based on language and geography. D. Unlike race, ethnicity derives from biological differences among human groups. E. Ethnic distinctions can be based on religion, kinship, history, and "race."

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In Codes of Gender, Sut jhally presents Erving Goffman's research on gender displays in the media. According to this, gender is primarily understood through ... A. a set of practiced performances of socially constructed rules for behavior. B. biological influences on the social role undertaken by men and women. C. male demand for a patriarchal relationship with women. D. All of the above E. None of the above

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The use of voodoo dolls is an example of A. imitative magic. B. contagious magic. C. taboo. D. animism. E. superstition.

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From the below choices, select the best answer to complete the statement. Based on the arguments presented in Codes of Gender, Sut Jhally demonstrates that the media's use of gender reaffirms in the cultural perception that A. masculinity is defined and enacted in opposition to femininity. B. masculinity can have flexible meanings as long as femininity is also display in flexible terms. C. masculinity is defined by a set of innate phenotypical traits of maleness D. the meaning of masculinity has been even more flexible then femininity in the modern era as men have to adapt to more domestic demands.

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What is the term for policies and practices that harm a group and its members? A. Colonialism B. Racism C. Prejudice D. Ethnocentrism E. Discrimination

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In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are characterized by all of the following except ... A. scarce resources. B. inheritance of land and prestige through female lines. C. a strongly developed public-domestic dichotomy. D. male control of prestige goods. E. increased intervillage warfare.

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Which of the following statements about applied anthropology is not true? A. One of the most valuable tools in applying anthropology is the ethnographic method. B. Many applied anthropologists have worked with development agencies such as the World Bank and USAID. C. The application of anthropology to social problems has been a central concern in the discipline since its origin. D. Applied anthropology is a recently developed subfield within anthropology and reflects an entirely new concern with the application of anthropology to social problems. E. Forensic anthropologists work with the police, medical examiners, and courts to identify victims of crimes.

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What term refers to changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact? A. Acculturation B. Hegemony C. Enculturation D. Diaspora E. Colonialism

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What is the name of the family in which a child is raised? A. Family of procreation B. Family of orientation C. Family of nucleation D. Levirate family E. Sororate family

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In general, the status of women ... A. rises as dependence on food production intensifies. B. is higher in societies in which males do most of the work in food production. C. is higher among food producers than it is among foragers. D. is higher in matrilineal societies than it is in patrilineal societies. E. is higher in Yanomami society than it is among the Betsileo of Madagascar.

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In the House We Live In, we see how the federal government helped to form and maintain American race ideologies. Which of the following are actions taken by the U.S. government to create a racial biased system? A. The Supreme Court limited the interpretation of who could be considered "white" by law to those who politically and socially fit into the culture of White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASPs). B. From 1790 until the 1950s. only free white could become naturalized citizens of the US. This expanded to include Blacks after the passing of the 14th Amendment, giving citizenship to former slaves. C. The FHA (Federal Housing Authority) informed realtors and insurance companies that allowing non-whites in community would devalue real estate. D. All of the above are actions taken by the United States.

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What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status? A. Silent majorities B. Captive nations C. Colonies D. Nationalities E. Plural societies

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Which of the following statements about polyandry is true? A. It is found only among mining communities in Madagascar. B. It is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation. C. It is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare. D. Polyandry almost always takes the form of a sororate. E. Polyandry fails to meet Leach's criteria for marriage.

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The binary construction of gender A. downplays the things males and females have in common. B. downplays the ways males are different from each other. C. downplays the ways female are different from each other. D. All of the above E. None of the above

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People may occupy many different social statuses during their lives, or even during the course of a day. What term refers to a person's ability to emphasize different identities in different social contexts? A. Ethnic identity B. Racial substitution C. Situational negotiation of identity D. Discourse analysis E. Rotating core personality traits

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What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals? A. Animism B. Magic C. Religion D. A rite of passage E. Pantheism

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What is the dominant intervention philosophy today? A. Neoclassicism B. Neoimperialism C. Neosocialism D. Neocommunism E. Neoliberalism

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Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and genitals, is known as ... A. sex. B. sexual dimorphism. C. gender. D. gender dimorphism. E. sexual bifurcation.

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Polytheism refers to A. belief in a single, all-powerful god. B. the second stage of a revitalization movement. C. the third phase of a rite of passage. D. belief in a force that animates all living things. E. belief in multiple gods.

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The gift that a wife's group gives to her husband's family is known as A. polygyny. B. lobola. C. dowry. D. progeny price. E. brideservice.

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Which of the following is true and was a factor that left a considerably large portion of black Americans in the dilapidated urban centers? A. The redlining process used by mortgage brokers and insurers left urban blacks in neighborhoods barred from new mortgage and home improvement loans. B. Few FHA loans, which are designed to aid first-time home owners at the lower end of the income scale buy houses, went to non-whites. (Between 1934 and 1962, only 2% went to non-whites.) C. Realtors and housing contractors were permitted not to sell to people based race. D. All of the above are true and contributed to the social construction of the growing black urban spaces.

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For Muslim women, which of the following does not represent why they choose to wear the hijab, burqa and/or veil? A. The clothing represents an act of self respect and demonstrates overall social respectability as women not defined through the sexual attention from men. B. The clothing represents the desire to show modesty and piety. C. The clothing represents the symbolic marriage to Allah. D. The clothing represents a bodily means to cultivate virtue and is a public expression of their desires to be close to God.

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Which is not generally true of core nations? A. They represent the dominant structural position in the world system. B. They consist of the strongest and most powerful states. C. They have advanced systems of production. D. They have complex economies. E. They have less control over world finance than do semiperiphery nations.

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What is the term for identification with, and feeling part of, a cultural group, and exclusion from other cultural groups? A. Culture shock B. Ethnicity C. Cultural relativism D. Assimilation E. Ethnocentrism

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Discrimination that is not legally sanctioned is known as A. ethnic discrimination. B. prejudicial discrimination. C. de jure discrimination. D. de facto discrimination. E. situational discrimination.

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Modern colonialism began A. following World War II. B. with the fall of Rome. C. during the European "Age of Discovery". D. as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution. E. at the end of the Seven Years' War.

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The worldwide increase in female-headed households stems from all of the following except ... A. decreasing divorce rates. B. male migration. C. unwed adolescent parenthood. D. civil strife. E. the idea that child care is a woman's responsibility.

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The oppression argument that Westerners use regarding Muslim women wearing veils has been a form of ethnocentrism , because ... A. it assumes a Christian perspective on why women veil and attempts to equate Christianity with freedom. B. it is built on "colonial feminism," which superficially used the veil issue to sway Muslim women in the political/military efforts, but offer women no substantive advances such as getting education for women. C. it ignores the same kind sect and ideological diversity, which exists in Christianity and continues to view all of Islam, especially its male practitioners, as the same as the Taliban. D. All of the above

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Which two answers best demonstrate why Free Trade Zones represent a classic example a neoliberal development program? A. in implementing these zones, governments of periphery nations must relinquish their legal control, including workplace protections for the citizens. B. in implementing these zones, governments of periphery nations eliminate tariffs on imports, which help promote trade in the global market, but lose the protection for their local businesses. C. in implementing these zones, governments of periphery nations provide areas that promote a competitive marketplaces were local businesses are now able to take advantage of the cheap labor like multinational corporations. D. in implementing these zones, governments of periphery nations are able to bolster their labor forces with trained skilled labor from around the world and attract multinational corporations. E. There are not just two correct answers. All demonstrate neoliberal aspects found in Free Trade Zones.

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A,B

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What kind of magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it? A. Contagious magic B. Imitative magic C. Serial magic D. Sequential magic E. Simultaneous magic

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What frequently occurs during the liminal phase of a rite of passage? A. Reversals of ordinary behavior B. Intensification of social hierarchy C. Formation of an implicit ranking system D. Use of secular language E. No change in social norms

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Which of the following statements about world-system theory is not true? A. It has been written about by Wallerstein. B. It stresses the existence of a global culture. C. It claims that a set of economic and political interconnections has characterized much of the globe since the 16th century. D. It focuses on links and power differentials between local peoples and international forces. E. It deals exclusively with non-Western, horticultural societies.

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What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit? A. Stock B. Proletariat C. Caste D. Bourgeoisie E. Capital

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According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification? A. Means of production, mode of production, measure of production B. Status, exchange, religion C. Gender, ethnicity, race D. Wealth, power, prestige E. Age, gender, ethnicity

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A political system ruled by men in which women have inferior status is known as a(an) ... A. matriarchy. B. patriarchy. C. patrilocality. D. patrilineality. E. anarchy.

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Which of the following is one of the main differences between descent groups and nuclear families? A. Descent groups are typically not involved with politics, whereas nuclear families are. B. Nuclear families are always exogamous, whereas descent groups are always endogamous. C. Descent groups are permanent, whereas nuclear families are not. D. Members of descent groups are called affines, whereas members of nuclear families are called consanguines. E. Nuclear families are found only in industrial societies, whereas descent groups are found only in foraging societies.

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What term is used to refer to a nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan? A. Tarawad B. Sororate C. Levirate D. Totem E. Pater

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What is a disease? A. A health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual B. An artificial product of biomedicine C. A consequence of foraging D. An unnatural state of health E. A scientifically identified health threat

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What is an illness? A. A nonexistent ailment (only "diseases" are real) B. An artificial product of biomedicine C. A scientifically identified health threat D. A purely linguistic problem E. A health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual

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In recent years, which of the following is a Jamaican industry that has not been affected negatively by internal U.S. policies? A. Banana Industry - It is a tropical island. Bananas literally grow on trees there. B. Dairy Industry - Jamaican cows are plentiful and produce more than enough milk for the Island's population C. Meat Industry - With the influx of multinational corporations such of McDonald's, the cattle industry received a boost. D. We are globalized every industry is affected by global trade; however, each of these has been negligibly affected. E. Each has been affected to different degrees, but all struggle to exist in light of competition with heavily subsidized or otherwise, governmentally supported American corporations.

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What term refers to sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative? A. Levirate B. Sororate C. Polyandry D. Incest E. Exogamy

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Which of the following would not be an example of the ideas and justification of colonialism reflected in Britain's notion of "the white man's burden"? A. Justification of 19th-century British foreign policy B. Belief that the colonized people in the British Empire were, given some freedom, capable of governing themselves C. The need for British guidance in civilizing and Christianizing colonized peoples D. Paternalism E. Racism

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What is a commonly stated goal of recent development projects? A. To increase socioeconomic stratification B. To promote ethnocide C. To facilitate cultural assimilation D. To decrease local autonomy E. To increase equity

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Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and American racial classifications? A. Brazilians do not recognize racial differences. B. American categories are purer than Brazilian ones. C. Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype, whereas American categories are based on phenotype. D. In the United States, social race is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil, racial identity can change from day to day. E. There are no major differences between Brazilian and American racial classifications.

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Neoliberalism entails all of the following except A. the view that government should not regulate private enterprise and market forces. B. striving to cut government expenses. C. the belief that property should be communally owned and that people should work for the common good. D. maximization of profits through cost reduction. E. tariff- and barrier-free international trade and investment.

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What term refers to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes? A. Sex roles B. Sex stereotypes C. Gender stereotypes D. Gender roles E. Gender duties

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In what sense are nationalities "imagined communities"? A. Modern nationalities are imagined because all were created by colonial governments. B. Despite their shared feeling of comradeship, most members of a nationality will never meet; they only imagine that they participate in the group. C. Nationalities do not exist in real terms; they are merely fictional constructs of the ruling intelligentsia. D. Nationalities are comprised of many different ethnic groups and subcultures, and therefore may disintegrate at any moment. E. The members of a nationality constantly compare their society to an idealized, quasi-historical past.

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In explaining the failure of the periphery to achieve economic stability, which of the following is a fact they tends to be ignored within neoliberal arguments? A. these indigenous populations rarely own the local means of production so they largely complete in the global market as cheap labor B. wealthy nations can and do protect their share of the global market through tariffs and subsidizing their businesses, but insist that a free open global market cannot support such national policy, and thus force periphery nations not to use tariffs or to subsidize their local businesses. C. The ways in which the Core - through the IMF, WTO and the World Bank - limits the usage loan monies often prevent periphery nations from establishing sustaining industries and improving the skills of the local labor forces through better education. D. Al of the above are issues ignored by supporters of neoliberalism.

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Which of the following is an example of a neoliberal development program? A. Free Trade Zone B. Transnationalism C. Deindustrialization D. Neocolonialism E. All of the Above

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Applied anthropology's systemic perspective recognizes that A. diseases affect many different systems of the human body. B. changes don't occur in a vacuum, and a program or project has multiple effects. C. the world-system theory of Wallerstein provides the best basis for applied work. D. it is necessary for applied work to focus entirely on educational systems. E. the most effective viewpoint for applied work is always that of a state administrator.

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More than half of American households with incomes below the poverty line A. are patrifocal. B. are extended. C. are headed by men. D. are headed by women. E. are headed by grandparents.

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What is the most stable social group among band societies with a seasonal pattern of population dispersal? A. The lineage B. The band C. The nuclear family D. The clan E. The expanded family household

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Which of the following statements about religions is not true? A. Specific religious beliefs and practices vary cross-culturally. B. Religion can be an instrument of societal change, even revolution. C. Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain social divisions. D. Religion is a cultural universal. E. State religions are presided over by full-time specialists.

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All development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following except A. to promote change, but not overinnovation. B. to preserve local systems, while working to make them better. C. to respect local traditions. D. to base models of development on indigenous practices and social forms. E. to develop strategies with little input from local communities.

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Rites of passage usually consist of what phases? A. Uncertainty, anxiety, and solace B. Ritual, purification, and absolution C. Separation, liminality, and incorporation D. Aggregation, celebration, and liturgical orders E. Confusion, ecstasy, and nirvana

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Witchcraft accusations are often aimed at A. powerful politicians. B. individuals who are widely respected in a community. C. socially marginal people. D. upstanding citizens. E. prominent religious leaders.

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In what way is exogamy adaptive? A. It increases the number of individuals that one can rely on in times of need. B. It increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression and thus be eliminated from the population. C. It impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population expansion. D. It was an important causal factor in the origin of the state. E. It reduces the gene pool of a community.

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What is polygyny? A. A situation in which a woman has more than one husband at the same time B. The custom whereby a wife marries the brother of her dead husband C. The type of marriage that follows divorce D. The custom whereby a widower marries the sister of his dead wife E. A situation in which a man has more than one wife at the same time

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What form of rule did France use in colonies with long histories of state organization? A. Indirect rule B. French-appointed leaders moved to the colony to rule C. Direct rule D. Corrupt rule E. Capitalist rule

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What is the natural phenomenon that keeps the Earth's surface warm? A. Atmosphere B. Global warming C. Ocean currents D. Hothouse effect E. Greenhouse effect

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The term indigenous peoples is used to refer to A. people who live in autonomous, independent nation-states. B. peasants who are of the same ethnicity as the ruling elite. C. the original inhabitants of particular territories. D. any population living in a nation-state on the periphery of the world system. E. people who have immigrated to a new country.

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Today, rather than attempting to classify humans into racial categories, biologists and anthropologists are A. denying the existence of any biological variation among humankind. B. attempting to create new categories based only on blood type. C. confident that earlier racial classifications are still valid. D. trying to verify anthropometric data from the turn of the century. E. seeking to explain why specific biological variations occur.

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Within the American two-sex, two gender system, the hijras of India like the berdaches in the Native American traditions would be considered ... A. Asexual: indifferent toward either sex B. Bisexual: habitually attracted to both sexes C. Transgendered: persons who gender performances and identity defy the binary construction. D. All of the above E. None of the Above

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What rule automatically places the children of a union between members of different groups in the minority group? A. Hypervitaminosis B. Polygyny C. Polyandry D. Hypodescent E. Hypogamy

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Which of the following statements about the incest taboo is true? A. Incest is tabooed only in societies that practice patrilocal residence. B. The incest taboo is a feature of a capitalist economy. C. The incest taboo does not eliminate incest. D. Anthropologists, like Gezon and Kottak, predominantly believe that the incest taboo has a genetic basis. E. Incest was not documented in classic ethnographies and has only recently been the focus of research in anthropology.

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"Race" is A. based on biology, whereas ethnicity is based on culture. B. only important in the United States. C. an achieved status. D. a scientifically defined characteristic. E. culturally constructed.

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Which is not part of the Blockbusting process? A. real estate brokers selling to non-white at over inflated prices. B. real estate brokers encouraging whites to sell quickly and cheaply in fear of the effect incoming non-whites will have on poverty values. C. mortgage brokers using FHA guidelines would loan monies for mortgages in areas viewed stable, upwardly mobile and largely white. D. All are part of this process since realtors and mortgage brokers worked together.

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What term refers to the view that cultural diversity in a country is something good and desirable? A. Assimilation B. Acculturation C. Enculturation D. Colonialism E. Multiculturalism

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Which of the following does not describe indigenous identities? A. They emerge through a specific process. B. They are fixed. C. They are ways of being someone or something in particular times and places. D. They are potentially plural. E. They can be fluid or competing.

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Which of the following is not true of postmodernism? A. It originally described a style and movement in architecture. B. It rejects rules, geometric order, and austerity. C. It has a clear and functional design or structure. D. It draws on a diversity of styles from different times and places. E. It extends "value" well beyond classic, elite, and Western cultural forms.

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When a dominant group compels a minority group to adopt the dominant culture, this is known as A. attitudinal discrimination. B. genocide. C. forced assimilation. D. ethnocentrism. E. environmental racism.

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question

Which of the following statements about the domestic-public dichotomy is true? A. It tends to be more pronounced among food producers than among foragers. B. It tends to be more pronounced among foragers than among food producers. C. It is not significant in urban industrial societies. D. It is reinforced in American society by women working both inside and outside the home. E. It is not present in the industrial states of the Western world.

answer

question

The deliberate physical extinction of a group is known as A. ethnocide. B. genocide. C. indigenocide. D. cultural imperialism. E. acculturation.

answer

question

Gezon and Kottak argue that the relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poorer North Americans is A. the result of a patrilocal residence pattern. B. an adaptation to poverty. C. maladaptive, since smaller families would have fewer expenses. D. the result of bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by Scotch-Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century. E. the reason welfare in the United States is ineffective.

answer

STUDY

Business Ethics Business Management Cause Related Marketing Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Golden Gate Bridge Non Profit Organization World System Theory

CH9&12&13&11&14 – Flashcards 200 terms

Elizabeth Mcdonald

200 terms

Preview

CH9&12&13&11&14 – Flashcards

question

International markets must be pursued if firms want to remain

answer

competitive

question

Peter Drucker has labeled the expanded global marketplace the

answer

transnational economy

question

Which of the following is not a feature of the global economy?

answer

international laws governing fair trade

question

The process by which firms increase their awareness of the influence of international activities on their future and establish and conduct transactions with firms from other countries is known as

answer

internationalization

question

Economic integration of many formerly national economies into one worldwide economy is called

answer

globalization

question

The center of the controversy that aligns rich nations against poor nations is

answer

what the trade rules will be, and who will write the rules

question

Moving jobs that have historically resided in the home country to a lower-cost host country is called

answer

offshoring

question

Which of the following countries was not an original participant in the NAFTA agreement?

answer

Puerto Rico

question

The most challenging situation for an MNC to face is

answer

operating is less-developed countries.

question

To be viewed as legitimate in their host countries, MNCs must fulfill their social responsibilities, including all of the following except

answer

Technological functions

question

Which of the following is not a factor in a host country's perception of the legitimacy of an MNC?

answer

profitability of the firm

question

The requirement for an MNC to take on local partners is referred to as

answer

creeping expropriation.

question

Which of the following is not one the broad issues facing MNCs in their relationships with host countries?

answer

religious and other traditional holidays

question

The main two factors of concern in management and control of global operations are

answer

organizational structure/design and human resource management.

question

Richard Robinson suggests three levels of sensitivity that MNCs should exhibit for the long-run national interests of less-developed countries. All of the following are levels of sensitivity except

answer

the need to modify marketing efforts to conform to local custom.

question

To resolve the infant formula controversy, Nestlè agreed to do all of the following except

answer

providing purified water with the formula

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic of sweatshops?

answer

forced prostitution

question

All of the following groups have criticized MNC labor practices except

answer

church groups.

question

Which of the following is not an SA8000 standard proposed to improve sweatshop conditions?

answer

provision of educational opportunities for workers

question

All of the following are proposed standards for the SA8000 program, to improve sweatshop conditions, except

answer

providing retirement benefits.

question

The Alien Tort Claims Act allows

answer

foreign individuals to sue U.S. firms in American courts for their actions abroad.

question

U.S. based MNCs are increasingly interested in cases brought under the Alien Tort Claims Act because

answer

they are increasingly being named as defendants in tort cases for doing business in countries with repressive governments.

question

Which of the following is not an example of corruption?

answer

negotiating for the lowest price on a contract

question

All of the following are arguments in support of bribery except

answer

it is a way of providing needy foreigners with money they need.

question

Which of the following is not an argument commonly used against bribery?

answer

Bribes are unfair because foreigners can get them, while U.S. citizens cannot

question

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

answer

makes it illegal for the representative of an American corporation to offer or pay officials of foreign governments for the purpose of getting or maintaining business.

question

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act allows

answer

grease payments.

question

Payment of a bribe implies some type of

answer

quid pro quo.

question

Which of the following is not part of the anticorruption movement?

answer

World Trade Organization

question

The United States' rank in the Corruption Perception Index is

answer

somewhere in the middle.

question

Recent instability and violence in certain foreign markets will result in all of the following effects except

answer

abandonment of existing operations

question

The position that advocates that an MNC should continue to follow its home country's ethical standards even while operating in another country is known as

answer

ethical imperialism.

question

The position that advocates that an MNC follow the host country's ethical standards is called

answer

ethical relativism.

question

Which of the following is not one of George Enderle's types of global firms with respect to their use of home versus host country ethical standards?

answer

imperial

question

Values that are acceptable to all cultures and organizations are called

answer

hypernorms

question

A country's ethical norms that are inconsistent with at least some other countries' legitimate norms are called

answer

moral free space.

question

Which of the following is not a strategy for improving global business ethics?

answer

imposing the home country's ethical standards on the host country

question

The ethics and global strategy plan for improving global business ethics has as its central idea

answer

utilizing ethical standards as significant inputs into top-level strategy formulation and implementation

question

An attempt to assess the underlying moral justifications for corporate actions and the consequent results of those actions are contained in

answer

ethical impact statements

question

Richard DeGeorge's seven moral guidelines for global business are similar to

answer

hypernorms

question

Which of the following is not a driver of the quest to improve product and service quality?

answer

legislation and regulation

question

The two central issues of goods and services are

answer

quality and safety.

question

All of the following are reasons given for the current obsession with quality except

answer

employee satisfaction

question

Which of the following is not a dimension of quality listed in the textbook?

answer

status

question

All of the following are dimensions of quality except

answer

objectivity

question

The ethical theory based on the concept of duty that states that firms have a responsibility to comply with the terms of the sale, inform the customer about the product, not misrepresent anything, and not coerce the customer is

answer

contractual theory.

question

The ethical theory based on the concept of duty that focuses on the relative vulnerability of the customer is

answer

due care theory.

question

The ethical theory based on the concept of duty that suggests that if a product causes harm, the firm should pay the costs of any injury is

answer

social costs view.

question

The legal view of "let the buyer beware" that prevailed in the 1800s was

answer

caveat emptor.

question

The current legal view of "let the seller take care" is

answer

caveat vendor.

question

Which of the following is not one of the top ten list of safety principles?

answer

Allow a margin of error for the consumer.

question

All of the following are in the top ten principles of safety except

answer

encourage customers to try out the product before purchasing it.

question

Which of the following is not an allegation commonly made in product liability suits?

answer

The product was produced under inhumane conditions.

question

The primary responsibility for product safety lies with the

answer

producer.

question

Which of the following is not one of the top consumer product categories most frequently associated with injuries requiring hospital treatment?

answer

automobiles

question

Reasons to be concerned about product liability include all of the following except

answer

the number of trial attorneys being licensed.

question

The legal principle that anyone in the value chain of a product is liable for harm caused to the user if the product as sold was unreasonably dangerous is

answer

strict liability.

question

Due diligence means that a company

answer

has taken every possible precautionary step possible and followed all industry standards.

question

The fact that a company is responsible for the harm done to customers by its product even if it can show that it did its best according to the state of the art in the industry at that time is called

answer

absolute liability.

question

A company that is held responsible for the damage caused by its product in proportion to its percentage of industry sales is subject to

answer

market share liability.

question

The Tylenol case in the 1980s, in which capsules were injected with cyanide, is an example of

answer

product tampering.

question

Business claims that current product liability law suffers from all of the following problems except

answer

bias

question

Which of the following is not a way in which the Consumer Product Safety Commission works to reduce the risk of harm from consumer products?

answer

lobbying Congress to pass new consumer protection laws

question

The Consumer Product Safety Commission works to reduce the risk of harm from consumer products in all of the following ways except

answer

passing legislation outlawing products

question

Early research conducted in the organization later known as the Food and Drug Administration fed small doses of poison to

answer

the "Poison Squad."

question

The Food and Drug Administration regulates all of the following except

answer

personal care products.

question

Which of the following is not part of the FDA's mission?

answer

to help identify and develop new foods and drugs

question

The Food and Drug Administration is part of

answer

the Health and Human Services Department

question

Which of the following is not an activity engaged in by the Food and Drug Administration?

answer

promotion

question

Some people are trying to get the Food and Drug Administration involved in the regulation of

answer

dietary supplements

question

Business's response to consumerism over time has been one of

answer

ineffective action, followed by improved responses.

question

Today's consumers exhibit all of the following characteristics in dealing with business except

answer

forgiveness

question

Businesses have responded to consumer activism with all of the following efforts except

answer

rebate and discount programs.

question

Programs that attempt to blend all of the functions of a business into a holistic, integrated philosophy built around teamwork, productivity, and customer satisfaction are called

answer

total quality management programs.

question

The focus of total quality management programs is

answer

the customer.

question

The initial part of the total quality management process is to

answer

define quality in terms of customer expectations.

question

An important criticism of total quality management is that it

answer

never did anything to define quality.

question

The body of methodologies and techniques for achieving quality that focuses on the number of defects is called

answer

Six Sigma.

question

One of the strengths of Six Sigma program's has been its

answer

clarity of process and the steps companies must take to adopt it.

question

Six Sigma practitioners believe in fixing the ____ rather than the ____.

answer

process; product

question

Anything that is internal or external to an entity is its

answer

environment

question

The volume and intensity of use that can be sustained in a particular place and time is called

answer

carrying capacity.

question

A measure of disorder of energy, indicating its unavailability for recycling for the same use, is

answer

entropy.

question

All living and nonliving substances present in a particular place is a(n)

answer

ecosystem

question

The role an organism plays in its natural community is its

answer

niche

question

The continuous looplike movement of water, air, and various nutrients is a(n)

answer

cycle

question

The point at which a particular phenomenon suddenly begins to be activated is the

answer

threshold

question

Material or energy that has gone through a transformation process and is perceived as unwanted or devalued is

answer

pollution

question

The inability of humans and nature to restore environmental conditions to a previous state within a relevant time frame is

answer

irreversibility

question

The characteristic of an entity that is related to its ability to exist and flourish over an extended period of time is

answer

sustainability

question

Which of the following is not commonly viewed as an existing natural environment problem

answer

light pollution

question

All of the following issues are current environmental problems except

answer

volcanic activity.

question

Human denial of responsibility for the misuse of the environment is reflected by:

answer

NIMBY

question

The prevention of solar heat absorbed by our atmosphere from returning to space is known as

answer

the greenhouse effect.

question

The secondary reason for the greenhouse effect is

answer

deforestation

question

In the United States, the average weight of waste produced per person per day is about

answer

4.4 pounds.

question

Which country releases 3.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year due to deforestation?

answer

Indonesia

question

Problems made worse by deforestation include

answer

soil erosion. the greenhouse effect. moisture and nutrient ecosystem cycles.

question

Endangered species are threatened with extinction due to all of the following reasons except

answer

drought

question

A large number of children in developing countries suffer from chronic coughing due to

answer

air pollution.

question

Precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids

answer

is called acid rain.

question

Indoor air pollution

answer

is becoming an increasing concern because most people spend the majority of their lives indoors.

question

Energy inefficiency is a major concern

answer

in all countries.

question

Chemicals or mixtures that may present unreasonable risks of injury to health or to the environment are called

answer

toxic substances.

question

The number of oil spills reported worldwide in a typical year is

answer

around 14,000.

question

Companies with strong environmental management are likely to outperform companies that have

answer

environmental liabilities.

question

Reports of studies explaining and estimating the ecological ramifications of questionable practices and irreversible uses of resources and proposing detailed, reasonable alternatives to these practices and uses are

answer

environmental impact statements.

question

One approach to resolving air pollution problems, intended to reduce a particular pollutant over an entire industrial region by treating all emission sources as if they were under one bubble is called

answer

emissions trading

question

The purpose of Superfund legislation was to

answer

clean up hazardous waste dumps and spills.

question

In the Montreal Protocol of 1987, most of the nations that produced or used CFCs agreed to

answer

a quick phase-out of CFCs

question

Environmental interest groups and business have recently

answer

been reasonably cooperative with each other.

question

Groups that employ violent acts that involve real or threatened damage to people or property in pursuit of environmental goals are called

answer

ecoterrorists

question

Businesses are paying close attention to all of the following green groups except

answer

legislators

question

Business that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is following principles of

answer

sustainability

question

Which of the following is not a CERES principle

answer

cooperation with business and government

question

CERES principles include all of the following except

answer

concentrate on industrialized countries

question

Managers can use crisis management in the environmental area by focusing on:

answer

Prevention Contingency plans all of these

question

Which of the following is not a principle of sustainable success?

answer

Your business should never use more than it can replace

question

Paul Dolan formulated all of the following principles of sustainable success except

answer

Your business should never overextend in any area.

question

A systematic approach to incorporating environmental issues into running a business is

answer

strategic environmental management.

question

The ability of an organization to effectively identify, acquire, foster, and retain loyal profitable customers is

answer

customer relationship management.

question

The one question that is the best measure of customer loyalty is

answer

would you recommend this product/service to a friend?

question

Which of the following is not one of the rights in the consumer's Magna Carta?

answer

right to be protected

question

A consumer's right to choose refers to

answer

the assurance that competition is working effectively.

question

The right to be heard was listed as part of the consumer's Magna Carta because

answer

many consumers felt that they could not effectively communicate their desires and grievances to businesses

question

The social movement that seeks to augment the rights and powers of buyers in relation to sellers is

answer

buyer beware. consumerism.

question

Which of the following is not a lesson from the consumer movement?

answer

Consumers can force companies to change their behaviors through boycotts.

question

The father of the consumer movement is

answer

Ralph Nader.

question

Common consumer complaints include all of the following except

answer

lack of consumer credit

question

The power held by consumers comes from

answer

grassroots involvement.

question

The two major classifications of issues in the business/consumer relationship are

answer

product information and the product itself.

question

Issues related to product information include all of the following except

answer

website design

question

Which of the following is not a commonly recognized benefit of advertising?

answer

It lowers the price of goods and services.

question

Information that is direct and straightforward, that is not deceptive or manipulative is

answer

clear.

question

Information that communicates truths, and avoids exaggeration and innuendo is

answer

accurate

question

Information that provides potential purchasers with enough information to make the best choice among the options available is

answer

adequate

question

Advertising abuses include all of the following types except

answer

cynical depictions.

question

Words that are inherently vague, without being misleading are referred to as

answer

weasel words.

question

Use of plot placements involve

answer

placement of products part of the storyline of a television show.

question

Advertising claims that cannot be substantiated by evidence are termed

answer

exaggerated claims.

question

Puffery is another way of saying that a statement is an exaggeration that uses

answer

general superlatives.

question

Which of the following is not a problem associated with exaggerated claims?

answer

They generally cost more to produce.

question

Advertising that is designed to persuade on the basis of human emotions and emotional needs rather than reason relies on

answer

psychological appeals

question

The practice of directly contrasting a firm's product with the product of a competitor is called

answer

comparative advertising.

question

The fact that Abercrombie and Fitch terminated its sexually explicit catalogue is evidence that

answer

sex does not necessarily sell.

question

The Children's Television Act was passed to

answer

prohibit the airing of commercials about products or characters during a show about those products or characters

question

Which of the following is not part of CARU's guidelines for advertising directed toward children under the age of twelve

answer

consider the socioeconomic level of the audience

question

CARU would object to tobacco ads directed toward children as a violation of which of its principles?

answer

products that are inappropriate for use by children should not be advertised to them

question

The basic activity of CARU is

answer

to review and evaluate child-directed advertising in all media.

question

The industry under the greatest attack for its marketing and advertising practices is

answer

cigarettes

question

All of the following are significant issues in cigarette advertising except

answer

its aim at less-developed countries

question

The fact that advertising can increasingly be found everywhere is referred to as

answer

ad creep

question

Warranties were originally used by manufacturers to

answer

limit the length of time they were responsible for products.

question

The traditional term that was used for advertising located in novel locations (now called ad creep) was

answer

ambient advertising

question

An implied warranty is

answer

an unspoken promise that there is nothing significantly wrong with the product.

question

A guarantee that is explicitly offered at the time of sale is called a(n)

answer

express warranty.

question

The purpose of the Federal Packaging and Labeling Act of 1967 was to

answer

both prohibit deceptive labeling of certain consumer products and require disclosure of certain important information.

question

The Federal Packaging and Labeling Act of 1967 is administered by the

answer

Federal Trade Commission.

question

Which of the following is not a law that addresses information disclosure issues?

answer

Credit Collection Limitation Act

question

The federal government's major body for ensuring that business lives up to its responsibilities is the

answer

Federal Trade Commission.

question

Community involvement is most commonly manifested through

answer

donating the time and talents of its employees.

question

Educational recipients of giving include each of the following except

answer

Student matching gifts

question

The biggest change in corporate philanthropy since 2001 was its alignment with which of the following

answer

Each of these

question

Companies can benefit from volunteer programs that they sponsor in all of the ways shown below except

answer

increasing productivity at work.

question

Which of the following is not a way in which companies can benefit from volunteer programs?

answer

developing strong ties with local government officials

question

Assessing a firm's competencies and determining where sharing them would accomplish the most good is an example of

answer

resource-based giving.

question

Community involvement focuses on the contribution of

answer

employee time and talent.

question

The central reason for community involvement is

answer

self-interest.

question

Which of the following is not a reason commonly given for community involvement?

answer

a way to help employees build their resumès

question

Being more systematic about the company's relationship with the community often results in developing a

answer

community action program.

question

Steps in developing a community action program include all of the following except

answer

building bridges to the community.

question

Selection of projects for a community action program grows out of

answer

matching community needs with company resources.

question

Guidelines for developing a community involvement strategy include all of the following steps except

answer

decisions about which projects to undertake should take place at the highest levels of management.

question

Which of the following is not a guideline for developing a community involvement strategy?

answer

The company should get involved in projects that will help it make more profit.

question

Standards of excellence in corporate community involvement include all of the following except

answer

efficiency.

question

Which of the following is not a standard of excellence by which corporate community involvement should be judged?

answer

crisis management

question

In terms of community involvement, foreign direct investors have practices and viewpoints

answer

quite similar to those of U. S. firms

question

Philanthropy, as it is used in the textbook, means

answer

business giving of financial resources.

question

Which of the following is not a reason that some people want more transparency in corporate philanthropy

answer

to close tax loopholes

question

The "third sector" is composed of

answer

non-profit organizations.

question

Which of the following is not a category of corporate contributions programs?

answer

firms whose donations usually go to children's programs

question

Of the portion of corporate philanthropy that goes to education, the majority of donations go to

answer

higher education.

question

The primary reason given for support of higher education programs is

answer

to increase the pool of trained personnel.

question

Fund-raising efforts by large non-profit organizations like United Way, who in turn donate funds to specific causes, are called

answer

federated drives

question

Which of the following is not a category of recipient to whom corporations often give money?

answer

athletic teams

question

Which of the following is a reason that corporate giving has slowed?

answer

all of these

question

When a non-profit organization and a for-profit company join forces for their mutual advantages, they form a

answer

public purpose partnership

question

An approach by which corporate giving is designed in a way that best fits with the firm's overall mission and goals is called

answer

strategic philanthropy.

question

One way in which philanthropy can be made strategic is to

answer

bring contribution programs into sharper alignment with business endeavors.

question

The direct linking of a business's product or service to a specified charity is

answer

cause-related marketing

question

Cause branding is similar to cause-related marketing, but

answer

is a longer term commitment.

question

Outsourcing refers to

answer

the use of outside resources to accomplish tasks that were once done in-house

question

Employees might consider their roles in plant closings

answer

an extension of numerous employee rights issues.

question

According to philosopher John Kavanagh, business's moral responsibility with a plant closing is to

answer

minimize negative externalities.

question

Which of the following actions is not usually a viable alternative to closing a plant?

answer

seek tax breaks that will help profits

question

Employee ownership of a business whose former owners were considering shutting it down

answer

is a difficult endeavor, with no assurance of success

question

For employee ownership of a business to work

answer

employees must believe they have role to play in leading the company.

question

After the decision to close a plant has been made, actions that management should take may include all of the following except

answer

announce the decision in the press before telling employees and community leaders.

question

The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) requires firms employing 100 or more workers to notify workers of a large layoff or shutdown at least ____ in advance

answer

sixty days

question

Outplacement services seek to

answer

minimize cost and disruption to the company and maximize benefits to the displaced workers.

STUDY

Introductory Sociology Social Change Sociological Theory

Sociology: Chapter 1 Exam Review – Flashcards 71 terms

Maisie Clarke

71 terms

Preview

Sociology: Chapter 1 Exam Review – Flashcards

question

the primary relationships studied by sociologists are the ones between ________

answer

individuals and society

question

which of the following is an accurate description of sociology? a. the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society b. the systematic study of how social relationships influence people's behavior c. the systematic study of how major social institutions and individuals interact d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

the sociological imagination ________

answer

is an awareness of the relationship between individuals and social forces

question

one way to develop a sociological imagination is to view your own society _________

answer

as an outsider

question

a sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on ___________

answer

the interaction among fans during the pre-game ritual of tailgate parties

question

what would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination?

answer

a study of the behavior of people listening to a religious service compared to that of people listening to a rock concert

question

unemployment can be viewed as _____

answer

both a private trouble and a public issue

question

the sociological imagination is an empowering tool because it _________

answer

helps us to understand the perspectives of people from different social circumstances.

question

the fact that it is possible to make a hamburger without having to personally complete every one of the many steps that go into making a hamburger from scratch illustrates _________

answer

society's shared knowledge and skills

question

which of the following are the key components of the definition of sociology? a. systematic study b. the individual and society c. the consequences of social differences d. all of the answers are correct

answer

d. all of the answers are correct

question

the fact that men in Indonesia are more likely to survive certain kinds of natural disaster, because men in that society are generally taught to swim while women are not, is an example of ________

answer

the consequences of difference

question

a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as _______

answer

social inequality

question

a body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation is called a __________

answer

science

question

sociology is considered a science because sociologists __________

answer

engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding

question

fields of study that explore the ways the behavior features of humans interact and change are considered ________

answer

social sciences

question

fields of study that explore the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change are considered _________

answer

natural sciences

question

a natural scientist would be likely to study _________

answer

rock formations and composition in the grand canyon

question

a social scientist would be likely to study the _________

answer

reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the united states

question

what would be the type of question a sociologist might ask in studying the global economic crisis that began in 2008?

answer

how do the positions we occupy influence our experience of the crisis?

question

sociologists argue that, unlike scientific knowledge, commonsense conclusions are ________

answer

unreliable

question

a sociological study of the divorce rate among U.S. soldiers served to _________

answer

emphasize the distinction between sociology and common sense

question

a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior is called a __________

answer

theory

question

emile durkheim's study of suicide related suicide rates to __________

answer

the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society

question

emile durkheim's explanation of suicide was scientific because he ________

answer

developed conclusions based on systematic examination of data

question

what statement is an example of a sociological theory?

answer

suicide rates are a reflection of whether people are, or are not, integrated into the group life of a society

question

which sociologist established europe's first university department of sociology?

answer

emile durkheim

question

what is true about august comte?

answer

- he sought to establish a science that would reveal the basic "laws of society" - he thought humans could learn to understand the forces that helped society to maintain order and stability - he thought humans could learn to understand the forces that caused society to change

question

what is true about harriet martineau?

answer

- she introduced the significance of inequality and power into the discipline of sociology - she believed scholars should be activists and not just commentators

question

harriet martineau argued that we could learn a lot about a culture by analyzing the ideas, themes, and images reflected in which type of cultural product?

answer

popular songs

question

anomie refers to a ________

answer

loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

question

in many emerging nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in emerging nations are likely to suffer ________

answer

anomie

question

durkheim was particularly concerned about __________

answer

the loss of social order

question

what did karl marx view as the key factor distinguishing humans from animals?

answer

humans' ability to transform raw material into finished products

question

in karl marx's analysis, social inequality is determined by _______

answer

ownership, or lack thereof, of key material resources

question

max weber's theory of power included _________

answer

social status and organizational resources

question

sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are defined as ______

answer

macrosociology

question

a study of divorce rates among the populations of canada, england, the united states, and france is an example of _________

answer

macrosociology

question

what stresses the study of small groups?

answer

microsociology

question

a sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. this would be an example of ________

answer

microsociology

question

erving goffman popularized the dramaturgical approach, which ________

answer

compares everyday life to a theatrical performance

question

w. e. b. du bois investigated power and inequality based on ___________

answer

race

question

ida wells-barnett investigated power and inequality based on ________

answer

gender and race

question

what is true about jane addams?

answer

she used sociology as a tool to improve the lives of the urban poor

question

what is a functionalist perspective?

answer

society is structured to maintain stability

question

which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability, then it does not serve a useful function?

answer

functionalist perspective

question

a functionalist perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests ________

answer

that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs

question

which sociological perspective emphasizes the distribution of power and the allocation of resources?

answer

conflict perspective

question

critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy, white males who decide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. this analysis reflects the __________

answer

conflict perspective

question

with what conflicting groups are contemporary conflict theorists concerned?

answer

- women and men - the wealthy and the poor - blacks and whites

question

interactionist perspective _______

answer

uses everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole

question

which sociological approach would argue that people respect laws or disobey them based on their own past experience as well as their subjective understanding of the law?

answer

interactionist perspective

question

which sociological perspective would argue that laws reinforce the positions of those in power?

answer

conflict perspective

question

which sociological perspective would argue that public punishments reinforce the social order?

answer

functionalist perspective

question

which sociological perspective would argue that social change is predictable in its progression toward greater order?

answer

functionalist perspective

question

the view that social order is maintained through cooperation and consensus would most likely be held by _______

answer

functionalists

question

which sociological perspective would suggest that social change is reflected in people's communication patterns and social positions?

answer

interactionist perspective

question

in general, sociologists tend to ___________

answer

draw insights from all three major sociological perspectives

question

personal sociology _______

answer

requires recognition of how our individual position in society shapes our perspective

question

using sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations is referred to as ________

answer

applied sociology

question

which of the following statements is true? a. clinical sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions b. applied sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions c. applied sociology has become less popular in recent decades d. clinical sociology has existed for only the last 20 years

answer

a. clinical sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions

question

the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as _______

answer

globalization

question

true or false: a sociological relationship between the individual and society is one in which the choices of the individual are determined by the individual's societal position

answer

false

question

true or false: given c. wright mills' description of the sociological imagination as our ability to see the interaction between history and biography, it follows that neither society nor the individual can be understood in isolation from the other

answer

true

question

true or false: the main purpose of the "hamburger as miracle" story is to show that, when the need arises, all individuals are capable of achieving their goals without the help of others

answer

false

question

true or false: the observation by sociologists that the 2004 indian ocean tsunami killed a higher proportion of men than women is an example of the importance of the consequences of difference

answer

true

question

true or false: sociology can most accurately be considered a natural science because it involves the systematic examination of the effects of human nature on society

answer

false

question

true or false: the fact that sociologists have found little difference between the sexes in terms of talkativeness is an example of why the systematic analysis of facts is generally more reliable than common sense knowledge

answer

true

question

true or false: according to durkheim's theory about the causes of suicide, the more interconnected and interdependent a society's members, the lower its suicide rate should be

answer

true

question

true or false: of the three main sociological perspectives, the dramaturgical approach, as popularized by Erving Goffman, would best be considered an example of the interactionist perspective

answer

true

question

true or false: a sociologist who views religion as a societal institution that functions to preserve existing inequalities is most likely to be a conflict theorist in terms of perspective

answer

true

question

true or false: of the various ways to practice sociology, the way that offers the most direct link between theory and practice is clinical sociology

answer

true

STUDY

Gender And Race Introductory Sociology Social Change Sociological Theory Sociology

Chapter 1-4 Study Questions – Flashcards 281 terms

Jazzlyn Sampson

281 terms

Preview

Chapter 1-4 Study Questions – Flashcards

question

The primary relationships studied by sociologists are the ones between

answer

individuals and society

question

Which is an accurate description of sociology

answer

the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society, of how social relationships influence people's behavior, and how major social institutions and individuals interact

question

The sociological imagination

answer

is an awareness of the relationship between individuals and social forces

question

One way to develop a sociological imagination is to view your own society

answer

as an outsider

question

A sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on

answer

the interaction among fans during the pre-game ritual of tailgate parties

question

Which of the following would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination

answer

a study of the behavior of people listening to a religious service compared to that of people listening to a rock concert

question

Unemployment can be viewed as

answer

both a private trouble and a public issue

question

The sociological imagination is an empowering tool because it

answer

helps us to understand the perspectives of people from different social circumstances

question

The fact that it is possible to make a hamburger without having to personally complete every one of the many steps that go into making a hamburger from scratch illustrates

answer

society's shared knowledge and skills

question

Which of the following are the key components of the definition of sociology

answer

systematic study, the individual and society, and the consequences of social differences

question

The fact that men in Indonesia are more likely to survive certain kinds of natural disaster, because men in that society are generally taught to swim while women are not, is an example of

answer

the consequences of differences

question

A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as

answer

social inequality

question

A body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation is called a

answer

science

question

Sociology is considered a science because sociologists

answer

engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding

question

Fields of study that explore the ways the behavior features of humans interact and change are considered

answer

social sciences

question

Fields of study that explore the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change are considered

answer

natural sciences

question

A natural scientist would be likely to study

answer

rock formations and composition in the Grand Canyon

question

A social scientist would be likely to study the

answer

reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the United States

question

Which of the following would be the type of question a sociologist might ask in studying the global economic crisis that began in 2008

answer

how do the positions we occupy influence our experience of the crisis

question

Sociologists argue that, unlike scientific knowledge, commonsense conclusions are

answer

unreliable

question

A sociological study of the divorce rate among U.S. soldiers served to

answer

emphasize the distinction between sociology and common sense

question

A set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior is called a

answer

theory

question

Emile Durkheim's study of suicide relate suicide ages to

answer

the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society

question

Emile Durkheim's explanation of suicide was scientific because he

answer

developed conclusions based on systematic examination of data

question

Which of the following statements is an example of a sociological theory

answer

suicide rates are a reflection of whether people are, or are not, integrated into the group life of a society

question

Which sociologist established Europe's first university department of sociology

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

Which of the following is true about August Comte

answer

he sought to establish a science that would reveal basic "laws of society", he thought humans could learn to understand the forces that helped society to maintain order and stability, he though humans could learn to understand the forces that caused society to change

question

Which of the following is true about Harriet Martineau

answer

she introduced the significance of inequality and power into the discipline of sociology, and she believed scholars should be activists and not just commentators

question

Harriet Martineau argued that we could learn a lot about a culture by analyzing the ideas, themes, and images reflected in which type of cultural product

answer

popular songs

question

Anomie refers to

answer

loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

question

In many emerging nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in emerging nations are likely to suffer

answer

anomie

question

Durkheim was particularly concerned about

answer

the loss of social order

question

Which of the following did Karl Marx view as the key factor distinguishing humans from animals

answer

human's ability to transform raw material into finished products

question

In Karl Marx's analysis, social inequality is determined by

answer

ownership, or lack thereof, of key material resources

question

Max Weber's theory of power included

answer

social status and organizational resources

question

Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are defined as

answer

macrosociology

question

A study of divorce rates among the populations of Canada, England, the United States, and France is an example of

answer

macrosociology

question

Which of the following stresses the study of small groups

answer

microsociology

question

A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of

answer

microsociology

question

Erving Goffman popularized the dramaturgical approach, which

answer

compares everyday life to a theatrical performance

question

W. E. B. Du Bois investigated power and inequality based on

answer

race

question

Ida Wells-Barnett investigated power and inequality based on

answer

gender and race

question

Which of the following is true about Jane Addams

answer

she used sociology as a tool to improve the lives of the urban poor

question

Which of the following is a functionalist perspective

answer

society is structured to maintain stability

question

Which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability, then it does not serve a useful function

answer

functionalist perspective

question

A functionalist perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests

answer

that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs

question

Which sociological perspective emphasizes the distribution of power and the allocation of resources

answer

conflict perspective

question

Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy, White males who divide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the

answer

conflict perspective

question

With which of the following conflicting groups are contemporary conflict theorists concerned

answer

women and men, the wealthy and poor, and blacks and whites

question

Interactionist perspective

answer

uses everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole

question

Which sociological approach would argue that people respect laws or disobey them based on their own past experience as well as their subjective understanding of the law

answer

interactionist perspective

question

Which sociological perspective would argue that laws reinforce the positions of those in power

answer

conflict perspective

question

Which sociological perspective would argue that public punishments reinforce the social order

answer

functionalist perspective

question

Which sociological perspective would argue that social change is predictable in the progression toward great order

answer

functionalist perspective

question

The view that social order is maintained through cooperation and consensus would most likely be held by

answer

functionalists

question

Which sociological perspective would suggest that social change is reflected in people's communication patterns and social positions

answer

interactionist perspective

question

In general, sociologists tend to

answer

draw insights from all three major sociological perspectives.

question

Personal sociology

answer

requires recognition of how our individual position in society shapes our perspective.

question

Using sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations is referred to as

answer

applied sociology.

question

Which of the following statements is true

answer

clinical sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions

question

The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as

answer

globalization

question

A sociological relationship between the individual and society is one in which the choices of the individual are determined by the individual's societal position. T/F

answer

False

question

Given C. Wright Mills' description of the sociological imagination as our ability to see the interaction between history and biography, it follows that neither society nor the individual can be understood in isolation from the other. T?F

answer

True

question

The main purpose of the "hamburger as miracle" story is to show that, when the need arises, all individuals are capable of achieving their goals without the help of others. T/F

answer

False

question

The observation by sociologists that the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed a higher proportion of men than women is an example of the importance of the consequences of difference. T/F

answer

True

question

Sociology can most accurately be considered a natural science because it involves the systematic examination of the effects of human nature on society T/F

answer

False

question

The fact that sociologists have found little difference between the sexes in terms of talkativeness is an example of why the systematic analysis of facts is generally more reliable than common sense knowledge T/F

answer

True

question

According to Durkheim's theory about the causes of suicide, the more interconnected and interdependent a society's members, the lower its suicide rate should be. T/F

answer

True

question

Of the three main sociological perspectives, the dramaturgical approach, as popularized by Erving Goffman, would best be considered an example of the interactionist perspective T/F

answer

True

question

A sociologist who views religion as a societal institution that functions to preserve existing inequalities is most likely to be a conflict theorist in terms of perspective. T/F

answer

True

question

Of the various ways to practice sociology, the way that offers the most direct link between theory and practice is clinical sociology. T/F

answer

True

question

Which of the following is true of sociology

answer

it represents a conversation between theory and research

question

The scientific method

answer

maximizes consistency in research

question

If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to

answer

define a problem to study

question

Defining a sociological problem involves

answer

explicitly identifying the concepts you want to learn more about

question

An operational definition is

answer

the transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable

question

Which of the following best describes theories

answer

they are our most informed explanations of what happens and why

question

Which of the following would be least likely to be used in formulating an operational definition for a study on racial bias in the workplace

answer

the narrative of a single person describing an incident of employment discrimination

question

When researching a concept, why do sociologists conduct a review of the available literature

answer

to refine the problem under study, to clarify possible techniques to be used in collecting data, to eliminate or reduce avoidable mistakes

question

A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a

answer

hypothesis

question

The statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of

answer

a hypothesis

question

A variable is

answer

a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions

question

Which of the following can serve as a variable in a study

answer

marital status, ethnic background, age

question

The relationship between variables in which a change in one leads to a change in the other is known as

answer

casual logic

question

The statement "People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens" is an example of

answer

a hypothesis

question

The causal variable that brings about change is known as a(n)

answer

independent variable

question

Which of the following would be considered the independent variable in the statement "People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens"

answer

level of income

question

Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)

answer

independent variable

question

The race of a criminal offender is associated with the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, capital punishment would be considered the

answer

dependent variable

question

The relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(n)

answer

correlation

question

Individuals who have divorced parents are more likely to experience long-term adverse effects than individuals who have parents who did not divorce. This statement is an example of a(n)

answer

correlation

question

In which type of sample does each member of the entire population have the same chance of being selected

answer

a random sample

question

If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a

answer

random sample

question

Valid research measures

answer

accurately reflect the phenomenon under study

question

Which of the following would be considered a valid measure of an individual's intelligence

answer

None of the answers are correct - not the individual'e employment, or the researchers opinion, or the number of years of school that the individual has completed

question

A research measure that provides consistent results is considered

answer

reliable

question

A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a

answer

control variable

question

Which of the following is true about a research design

answer

it is a detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data

question

Developing an effective research design is important because it directly influences both the amount of time needed to collect the data and the

answer

cost of the project

question

To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as

answer

a survey

question

In order to provide information that is useful, open-ended survey questions

answer

must be worded accurately and without bias

question

The results of an interview may be influenced by

answer

the gender of the interviewer or the race of the interviewer

question

Surveys most often represent ______ research, which collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

answer

quantitative

question

The number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values is referred to as the

answer

mean

question

The midpoint, or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values, is referred to as the

answer

median

question

Which number would be considered the mode of the following: 10-10-9-9-8-8-7-7-7-6-5

answer

question

Research that relies on what sociologists observe in the field and naturalistic settings, and that often focuses on small groups and communities, is referred to as

answer

qualitative research

question

Researchers who use sociological observation to collect data do so by either watching a group or by

answer

directly participating in a group

question

A sociologist attends meetings at all the schools and churches in his community over several years, and meets as many residents as he can for the purpose of exploring all facets of the community's social life. He then compiles a detailed description of the community. He is conducting a(n)

answer

ethnography

question

The initial obstacle participant observers encounter is

answer

gaining acceptance into an unfamiliar group

question

Once a researcher has been accepted into a group, a major challenge of participant observation is

answer

maintaining a degree of detachment

question

An artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables is known as a(n)

answer

experiment

question

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the

answer

control group

question

Sociologists performing research

answer

tend to use both laboratory experiments and field work, but not in conjunction with each other

question

A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the college's computer center. When the students realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved in their interactions. This is an example of

answer

the Hawthorne effect

question

Which of the following is true about Devah Pager's research

answer

it attempted to approximate experimental conditions in the field

question

Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that

answer

use previously collected and publicly accessible information and data

question

If a sociologist uses information gathered by the United States Census Bureau in a study, that sociologist is performing

answer

a secondary analysis

question

Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be

answer

a nonreactive form of research

question

An inherent problem in using secondary sources of data is that

answer

researchers may not find the exact data needed for their research

question

A researcher studies adolescent attitudes about senior citizens by analyzing depictions of the elderly in the lyrics of popular music and the content of teen magazines. This is an example of

answer

content analysis

question

Erving Goffman's pioneering exploration of how advertisements portray women as dependent upon men is an example of

answer

content analysis

question

Which of the following is included in the code of ethics for sociology

answer

using appropriate research techniques, maintaining integrity in research, remaining unbiased and nondiscriminatory

question

Which of the following is not incorporated into the basic principles of the code of ethics for sociology

answer

a required number of data sources

question

Rik Scarce's jail experience in 1993 revealed the potential consequences of

answer

maintaining the confidentiality of sources

question

After the 1989 Valdez disaster, the Exxon Corporation sought out many experts, including sociologists, to study jury deliberations. Which of the following was a major ethical concern for these sociologists

answer

Funding from Exxon might influence the results of the studies

question

According to value neutrality, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to which of the following

answer

their own personal views, theoretically based explanations, widely accepted beliefs

question

Joyce Ladner's The Death of White Sociology called attention to

answer

the tendency of mainstream sociology to investigate the lives of African Americans only in the context of social problems

question

Which of the following is true about Shulamit Reinharz

answer

she argued that sociological research should be open to drawing on relevant research by nonsociologists

question

Feminist sociologists

answer

view work and family as interrelated topics

question

Which of the following statements is true about the contributions of feminist sociologists?

answer

they have difficulty maintaining value neutrality due to the subject of their research

question

One important goal of applying the scientific method to the study of society is to ensure that the researchers' own values and opinions are allowed to influence the results. T/F

answer

False

question

The purpose of transforming a concept into its operational definition is to make the concept easier to observe and measure T/F

answer

True

question

In the hypothesis "the more socially integrated a person, the less likely that person is to commit suicide," level of social integration is the independent variable. T/F

answer

True

question

If x is correlated with y, then by definition, x must be the cause of y. T/F

answer

False

question

If x causes y, then by definition, x must be correlated with y. T/F

answer

True

question

For the purposes of data analysis, the most important quality of a sample is that it is representative of the population from which it is drawn T/F

answer

True

question

One way to ensure that a sample is representative of the broader population from which it is taken is to ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected in the sample. T/F

answer

True

question

If the same questionnaire about income and education is given to the same person at two different times, and nothing significant has changed between the two times, the responses should be the same, and if they are not, the questionnaire can best be described as invalid. T/F

answer

False

question

Of the two main types of survey instrument—the face-to-face interview and the questionnaire—the use of a questionnaire is likely to generate the higher response rate because it allows more time for the respondent to respond. T/F

answer

False

question

While sociologists use a variety of different approaches to the study of social phenomena, they all accept that value-neutrality is essential in the interpretation of data. T/F

answer

False

question

The totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior is known as

answer

culture

question

Culture helps us to

answer

interpret information received by our senses

question

Which of the following best defines a society

answer

the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared

question

Which of the following best explains the role of a society

answer

it provides the context within which cultural relationships develop

question

Cultural preferences vary across societies. Which of the following is an example of a cultural preference

answer

marriage ceremonies, methods of education, religious doctrines

question

Common practices and beliefs shared by all societies are called

answer

cultural universals

question

In his research, George Murdock determined that

answer

although all cultures share common denominators, how cultures address these practices and beliefs varies greatly

question

What is the most common stance among researchers on the "nature vs. nurture" debate

answer

they view the debate as inadequate

question

Sociobiology is the systematic study of

answer

how biology affects human social behavior

question

Which of the following would be of interest to a sociobiologist

answer

the explanation of how our thoughts and actions are linked to our genes

question

Innovation interests sociologists because it

answer

often has continuing effects beyond the initial change

question

Which of the following is a method through which culture is diffused

answer

military conquest, tourism, the Internet

question

Which of the following would be an example of discovery

answer

the identification of bacteria

question

Which of the following would be an example of invention

answer

superconductors

question

Which of the following examples illustrates the rapid globalization of culture

answer

starbucks stores in China

question

English-speaking people in the United States commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of

answer

cultural diffusion

question

In practice, globalization has led to which of the following phenomena

answer

the cultural domination of developing nations by developed nations, people in developing nations often discarding their traditional values, and native cultures being threatened by Western popular culture

question

The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives represent

answer

material culture

question

Which of the following is an example of material culture

answer

a slice of pizza

question

Which of the following is true about cognitive culture

answer

it consists of our mental and symbolic representations of reality

question

Which of the following is a component of cognitive culture

answer

language

question

Which of the following is true about the pace at which nonmaterial culture changes?

answer

it is more resistant to change than material culture

question

What is cultural lag?

answer

an adjustment period when nonmaterial culture struggles to adapt to new material conditions

question

Culture lag occurs because people in most societies are

answer

more likely to change their material culture than their nonmaterial culture

question

Which of the following is true about language?

answer

it includes speech, writing, and nonverbal gestures

question

Which of the following is true about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

answer

It argues that the language we use shapes our perception of reality

question

In some parts of the United States, horse breeding is commonplace. People involved in breeding have developed different words to distinguish between breeds, sizes, and sexes of horses, and these words are not very familiar to people who are uninvolved in the "horse world." This is an example of

answer

the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

question

What is one of the contributions the feminist perspective has made to the study of language?

answer

It suggests that gender-related language reflects traditional acceptance of men and women in certain occupations.

question

The words blacklist and white lie are examples of

answer

language that can promote racial stereotypes.

question

Which of the following is an example of nonverbal communication?

answer

a high five, a hug, a frown

question

Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper (or bad, undesirable, and improper) are known as

answer

values

question

Which of the following is true about the list of U.S. basic values offered by sociologist Robin Williams?

answer

It includes the values of freedom, equality, morality, democracy, and conformity

question

In surveys of first-year college students over the last 40 years, which value has shown the strongest gain in popularity?

answer

being very well-off financially

question

Which of the following is true about norms?

answer

they are established standards of behavior maintained by a society, they must be widely shared and understood, they are classified as formal or informal

question

Formal norms enforced by the state are

answer

laws

question

Informal norms are

answer

generally understood but not precisely recorded

question

While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and picks his nose. He is violating

answer

informal norms

question

Mores are

answer

norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society

question

Which of the following is true about folkways?

answer

They are norms that govern everyday behavior

question

Which of the following is not a culturally learned behavior?

answer

instincts

question

Within the traditional Buddhist areas of Southeast Asia, in the sleeping cars of trains, women do not sleep in upper berths above men. This norm

answer

reinforces patterns of male dominance

question

Which of the following is an example of a norm that is often ignored because of weak enforcement?

answer

teenage drinking of alcohol and use of shady accounting techniques in business

question

Which of the following is an example of a practice that appears to violate the norms of society in general, but actually represents adherence to the norms of a particular group?

answer

teenage drinking of alcohol and use of shady accounting techniques in business

question

Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm are known as

answer

sanctions

question

A Girl Scout works hard on a difficult project, and when she has completed her work, she is given a badge that she can wear on her uniform. This is an example of

answer

a sanction

question

A dominant ideology is a

answer

set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimate existing powerful social, economic, and political interests

question

Which of the following is a limitation of the dominant ideology thesis?

answer

Significant shifts in cultural values occur from generation to generation

question

In the United States, professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists are all examples of

answer

subcultures

question

The use of terms like g-man, honey boat, and airmail by sanitation workers in New York City is an example of

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argot

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Which of the following is the best example of a counterculture within the United States?

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hippies

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Armed militia groups, such as the one that was involved in the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, are an example of

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both a subculture and a counterculture

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Which of the following constitutes culture shock?

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The feeling of disorientation that is experienced when people encounter cultural practices different from their own

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A man from a very conservative culture travels to a country where the culture is more liberal. As he walks down the sidewalk, he is startled to see women wearing pants and even shorts instead of the long skirts and dresses worn by women in his culture. He is experiencing

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culture shock

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The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent what is normal or are superior to all others is called

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ethnocentrism

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Students who return home after studying abroad and soldiers returning home from war often experience a kind of reverse culture shock, which reflects

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how much we take culture for granted.

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A member of a new fundamentalist church believes that she has found the one true way to achieve salvation, and that members of other religions are pagans who will go directly to hell when they die. This is an example of

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ethnocentricism

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Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?

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People from India being repelled by the common American practice of living in the same household with dogs and cats.

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In which country did ethnocentric value judgments hamper United States efforts to build a democracy?

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Iraq

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A United States sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the peoples of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of

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cultural relativism.

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Which of the following concepts employs the kind of value neutrality that Max Weber saw as so important?

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cultural relativism

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One of the reasons why we need culture is that it helps us to make sense of, and relate to, the physical world around us. T/F

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True

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George Murdock found that there are 70 categories of true cultural universals T/F

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False

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Humans have more control over their own destinies if they are the product of nature rather than nurture. T/F

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False

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In general, sociobiologists emphasize how social behavior can influence our biological evolution as a species T/F

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False

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The main difference between discovery and invention is that only invention involves the creation of something that did not previously exist T/F

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True

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The diffusion of cultures across national borders can have positive and negative effects. The negative effects are most likely to be experienced by developing rather than developed countries. T/F

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True

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Language can be described as being "socially constructed" because it has no inherent meaning other than that assigned to it by humans. T/F

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True

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One important implication of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that the capacity to conceptualize the world must evolve before language can emerge. T/F

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False

Environmental Sociology Flashcards, test questions and answers

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