Environmental Sociology Flashcards, test questions and answers
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Environmental Sociology
Introductory Sociology
Sociology
Sociology: Demography Chapter – Flashcards 31 terms

Ember Wagner
31 terms
Preview
Sociology: Demography Chapter – Flashcards
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Demography
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The study of population: size, composition, and distribution
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Mortality
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Number of deaths in a population
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Fertility
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Number of births that occur to an individual or population
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Migration
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Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of resettling
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Census
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An enumeration of all households
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Vital Records
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System to keep track of births, deaths, marriages and divorces
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Sample surveys
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collect data from a sample group
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Fecundility
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a woman's physiological ability to have children.
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Variables affecting fertility
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Fecundity, sexual unions, birth control/abortion. Also social and cultural factors.
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Fertility rates
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2.1 children in U.S. Racial differences in fertility rates. Fertility low in teens, peaks in 20's in U.S.
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What race has the highest fertility rates
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Mexican Americans and Hispanics
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Crude Death rates
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Number of deaths per 1,000 per year. Higher in regions with high prevalence of disease Developed countries can have higher death rate
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Infant Mortality rate
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number of babies per 1000 births in any year who died before age of 1.
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Life Expectancy Number
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Number of years an average person can expect to live. Female is 80 and males are 75 years old. Caucassian have the highest life expectancy of all races.
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Highest death rates
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African Americans. United States data for 2003 show that at every age up to 70, African-American mortality rates are double the rates for the white population.
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Stage 1 (Preindustrialization Stage)
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Birth and death rates high, high IMR. Little population growth.
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Stage 2 (Onset of Industrialization)
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Death rates decline while fertility remains high. Marked by population growth.
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Stage 3 (Industrial Economy)
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Birth rates fall, death rates remain low, population is fairly stable.
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Stage 4 (Post-Industrial)
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Demographic transition complete.
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Ideational (culture changes post WWII)
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Individualism, materialism, gender egalitarianism Delay marriage, rise divorce, cohabitation
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Other structural changes & technology
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Women entered labor force; higher education Smaller/ mobile families High cost of "quality" children (non-kin child care, etc) Contraceptive technology ("the pill")
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International Migrants
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Moving between countries
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Internal Migrants
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Moving within the country
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Immigration
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moving into the country
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Emmigration
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Moving out of the country
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Chain Migration
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Movement in which prospective migrants learn about job opportunities, transportation, and housing in a place they want to move from relatives or friends from their home area who have migrated ahead of them
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Push-pull theory
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People move because the are pushed out of the former location and pulled somewhere else
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Implementing Strategy
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A goal (education, a better job, a nicer house, a more pleasant environment, and so on) might be attained by moving.
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migration facts
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Most young adults are more likely to migrate than any other population. Women have the same rates as men for migration.
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Sex Ratio
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# of males for ever 100 females in a population In 2007, sex ratio = 97 India = 106
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Age-sex pyramid
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Geographical representations of the age and sex of a population
Birth And Death Rates
Environmental Sociology
The Environmental Movement
Soc 001 Chapter 15 – Flashcards 77 terms

Ann Ricker
77 terms
Preview
Soc 001 Chapter 15 – Flashcards
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Demography
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study of size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population (435)
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Fertility Rate
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a measure of population growth through reproduction; often expressed as the average number of births per 1,000 people in the total population or the average number of children a woman would be expected to have (435)
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Mortality Rate
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a measure of the decrease in population due to deaths; often expressed as the number of deaths expected per 1,000 people per year in a particular population (435)
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Infant Mortality
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average number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a particular population (435)
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Life Expectancy
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average age to which people in a particular population live (435)
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Life Span/Longevity
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the uppermost age to which a person can potentially live (437)
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Migration
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movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of resettling (437)
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Immigration
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entering one country from another to take up permanent residence (437)
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Emigration
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leaving one country to live permanently in another (437)
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Internal Migration
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movement of a population within a country (437)
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Net Migration
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net effect of immigration and emigration on an area's population in a given time period; expressed as an increase or decrease (437)
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Malthusian Theorem
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the theory that exponential population growth will outpace arithmetic growth in food production and other resources (437)
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Malthusian Trap
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Mathus's prediction that a rapidly increasing population will overuse natural resources, leading inevitably to a major public health disaster (438)
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Neo-Malthusians
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contemporary researchers who worry about the rapid pace of population growth and believe that Malthus's basic prediction could be true (438)
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Anti-Malthusians
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contemporary researchers who believe the population boom Malthus witnessed was a temporary, historically specific phenomenon and worry instead that the worldwide population may shrink in the future (439)
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Demographic Free Fall
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decrease in fertility rates among populations that have industrialized their economies as children become an economic liability rather than an asset (439)
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Demographic Transition
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a theory suggesting the possible transition over time from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, resulting in a stabilized population (439)
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Family Planning
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contraception, or any method of controlling family size and the birth of children (440)
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Growth Rate
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expression of changes in population size over time figured by subtracting the number of deaths from the number of births, then adding the net migration (440)
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Natural Increase
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change in population size that results from births and deaths; linked to a country's progress toward demographic transition (440)
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Rural
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relating to sparsely settled ares; in the United States, any county with a population density between 10 and 59.9 people per square mile (440)
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Urban
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relating to cities; typically describes densely populated areas (440)
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Urbanization
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movement of increasing numbers of people from rural areas to cities (441)
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Metrapolis
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an urban area with a large population, usually 500,000 to 1 million people (441)
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Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)/Agglomeration
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one or more adjacent counties with at least one major city of 50,000 or more inhabitants that is surrounded by an adjacent area that is socially and economically integrated with the city (441)
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Megapolis/Megacity
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a group of densely populated metropolises that grow dependent on each other and eventually combine to form a huge urban complex (441)
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Global Cities
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a term for megacities that emphasized their global impact as centers of economic, political, and social power (441)
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Urban Density
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concentration of people in a city, measured by the total number of people per square mile (441)
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Suburbanization
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beginning after WWII, the shift of large segments of population away from the urban core and toward the edges of cities (442)
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Urban Sprawl
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a derogatory term applied to the expansion of urban or suburban boundaries, associated with irresponsible or poorly planned development (442)
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Edge Cities
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centers of employment and commerce that began as suburban commuter communities (442)
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Smart Growth
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term for economic and urban planning policies that emphasize responsible development and renewal (442)
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White Flight
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movement of upper- and middle-class whites who could afford to leave the cities for the suburbs, especially in the 1950s and 60s (443)
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Urban Renewal
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efforts to rejuvenate decaying inner cities, including renovation, selective demolition, commercial development, and tax incentives (443)
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Gentrification
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transformation of the physical, social, economic, and cultural life formerly working-class or poor inner-city neighborhoods into more affluent middle-class communities (443)
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Rural Rebound
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population increase in rural counties that adjoin urban centers or possess rich scenic or amenity values (443)
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Utopia
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literally "no place"; an ideal society in which all social ills have been overcome (445)
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Dystopia
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opposite of a utopia; a world where social problems are magnified and the quality of life is extremely low (445)
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Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)
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a model of food production and distribution in which small farms recruit subscribers to purchase shares of the farm's harvest; subscribers or shareholders pay at the beginning of the year, and then receive regular deliveries of the farm's produce throughout the growing and harvest seasons (446)
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Social Atomization
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a social situation that emphasizes individualism over collective or group identities (446)
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Urbanites
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people who live in cities (447)
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Alienation
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decreasing importance of social ties and community and the corresponding increase in impersonal associations and instrumental logic (448)
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Altruism
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unselfish concern for the well-being of others and helping behaviors performed without self-interested motivation (448)
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Bystander Effect/Diffusion of Responsibility
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the social dynamic wherein the more people who are present in a moment of crisis, the less likely any one of them is to take action (448)
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Civil Inattention
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an unspoken rule governing interactions in public places, whereby individuals briefly notice others before ignoring them (449)
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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a process in which members of a group individually conclude that there is no need to take action because of the observation that other group members have not done so (450)
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Community
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a group of people living in the same local area who share a sense of participation, belonging, and fellowship (450)
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Social Ecology
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the study of human populations and their impact on the natural world (451)
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Environment
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in sociology, the natural world, the human-made environment, and the interaction between the two (451)
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Biosphere
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the parts of Earth that can support life (451)
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Environmental Sociology
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the study of the interaction between society and the natural environment, including the social causes and consequences of environmental problems (452)
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Renewable Resources
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resources that replenish at a rate comparable to the rate at which they are consumed (452)
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Nonrenewable Resources
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finite resources that can become exhausted; includes those that take so long to replenish as to be effectively (452)
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Biodiversity
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the variety of species of plants and animals existing at any given time (453)
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Pollution
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any environmental contaminant that harms living beings (453)
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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a government agency organized in 1969 to protect public health and the environment through policies and enforcement (454)
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Greenhouse Gases
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any gases in Earth's atmosphere that allow sunlight to pass through but trap heat, thus affecting temperature (454)
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Greenhouse Effect
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the process in which increased production of greenhouse gases, especially those arising from human activity (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane) cause changes to Earth's atmosphere (454)
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Global Warming
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gradual increases in Earth's temperature, driven recently by an increase in greenhouse gases and other human activity (454)
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Global (or Solar) Dimming
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a decline in the amount of light reaching the Earth's surface because of increased air pollution, which reflects more light back into space (455)
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Treadmill of Production
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term describing the operation of modern economic systems that require constant growth, which causes increased exploitation of resources and environmental degradation (458)
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New Ecological Paradigm
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a way of understanding human life as just one part of an ecosystem that includes many species' interactions with the environment; suggests that there should be ecological limits on human activity (458)
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Anthropocentric
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literally "human centered"; the idea that needs and desires of human beings should take priority over concerns about other species or the natural environment (458)
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Human Exceptionalism
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the attitude that humans are exempt from natural ecological limits (458)
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Environmental Movement
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a social movement organized around concerns about the relationship between humans and the environment (459)
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Conservation Era
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earliest stage of the environmental movement, which focused on the preservation of "wilderness" areas (459)
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Modern Environmental Movement
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beginning in the 1960s, the second major stage of the environmental movement; focused on the environmental consequences of new technologies, oil exploration, chemical production, and nuclear power plants (459)
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Mainstream Environmentalism
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beginning in the 1980s, the third major stage of the environmental movement; characterized by enhanced organization, improved promotional campaigns and political tactics, and an increased reliance on economic and scientific expertise (460)
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Earth Day
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an annual event conceived of by environmental activist and former senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970 (460)
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Grassroots Evironmentalism
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fourth major stage of the environmental movement; distinguished by the diversity of its members and belief in citizen participation in environmental decision making (460)
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NIMBY
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short for "Not In My Back Yard"; originally referred to protests that aimed at shifting undesirable activities onto those with less power; now sometimes used without negative connotations to describe local environmental activists (461)
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Green Party
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a U.S. political party established in 1984 to bring political attention to environmentalism, social justice, diversity, and related principles (461)
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Ecoterrorism
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use of violence or criminal methods to protect the environment, often in high-profile, publicity-generating ways (461)
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Environmental Justice
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a movement that aims t remedy environmental inequities such as threats to public health and the unequal treatment of certain communities with regard to ecological concerns (462)
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Environmental Racism
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any environment policy or practice that negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities because of their race or ethnicity (462)
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Sustainable Development
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economic development that aims to reconcile global economic growth with environmental protection (462)
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Ecological Footprint
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an estimation of the land and water area required to produce all the goods an individual consumes and to assimilate all the wastes she generates (462)
Environmental Science
Environmental Sociology
Industrial Revolution
GEO 103 – Cordoba – Flashcards 69 terms

David Dunn
69 terms
Preview
GEO 103 – Cordoba – Flashcards
question
what is the geography?
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the study of environmental and human interactions
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What are the two main divisions of geography?
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human and physical
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describe the theory of plate tectonics
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-the lithosphere floats on top of the asthenosphere -how the earth is structured
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the crust of the earth
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lithosphere
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the area of magma-like material beneath the crust of the earth
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asthenosphere
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-two plates moving away from each other -magma like material finds its way to the surface and creates a new surface
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divergent plate boundaries
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-two plates and one goes underneath another one -called subduction process -this buckling affect creates mountain chains
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convergent boundaries
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-displacement -road or river as a boundary going to be driven apart
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transform plate boundaries
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how do mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys form?
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-mid-ocean ridge found in ocean floors -rift valleys found on land -both occur in divergent boundaries
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what are the two types of tectonic plates?
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-oceanic -continental
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what is pangea?
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super continent
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what is climate?
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average weather conditions over a period over a period of 30 years
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what is weather?
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current conditions
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list the factors that influencing climate
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-water -coast/inland -physcial terrain -global circulation
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suns rays, curvature of earth, diffusion of energy
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beam spreading
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bouncing back energy from clouds
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beam depletion
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how does the earth perform thermoregualtion?
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ocean and wind currents
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what is the intertropical convergence zone?
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the area of activity right along the equator whre most of the convective (uplift of warm air into the atmosphere) takes place
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what are hadley cells?
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air currents that dominant the tropical regions of the planet
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How do oceans impact our climate?
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-warm ocean currents bring heat and moisture -cold ocean currents bring cold air and no precipiatation
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What are like the geographic limits of Europe?
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eastern boundary is most ambiguous (western Russia is kind of like Europe)
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what type of climates do we find in Europe?
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-mediterranean -continental mid-latitude -marine-coastal -highlands
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What factors impact the European climate?
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-gulf stream (North Atlantic Drift): warm water current that starts in the gulf of mexico -the shape of Europe (lots of peninsulas; surrounded by water)
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What are the four major European Peninsulas?
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-scandinavian -italian -iberian -balkan
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What is the North Atlantic Drift Current? And how does impact the climate in Europe?
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-warm water current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, travels between Florida and Cuba, travels up the eastern seaboard, and then shoots across the atlantic without this, much of Europe would be very cold
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what are the main factors that impact the climate in the Mediterranean Basin of Europe?
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-heat waves from the saharan desert during the summer months -cold air mass from the Central Plateaus of Europe during the winter months
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What are Katabatic winds? And provide two examples in Europe.
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-cold air mass from the Highlands -in france center of france to southern france; Balkan to coast of Italy
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What are heat waves?
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warm air mass
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low elevation (flat), major river valleys, densely populated
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european lowlands
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high elevation (hills and valleys), lots of forests and vegetation (especially in central Europe there is more moisture), in the Iberian peninsula (less moisture in the air)
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central plateaus
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southern Europe, lots of mountains, youngest geology in Europe, tourism is very important here
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apline system
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cold, oldest geology in Europe, vegetation varies (in the summer it's small and close to the ground, but there are some tundra forests), fjords due to glacier activity
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northwestern uplands
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what are fjords?
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flooded valleys that were carved by glaciers
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What is the difference between fjords and lochs?
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fjords are in the scandinavian region and lochs are in the British Isles
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What is a glacier?
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an accumulation of snow that crystalizied and turned into a block of ice
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What are the Polderlands? And where in Europe do we find them?
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-low-lying areas that were formerly under water (part of the ocean basin) -they were drained and had walls built around them to keep out the water -located in the Netherlands (Lowlands)
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how did the age of exploration help the future (i.e. 300 years later) the industrialization of Europe?
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-the funds brought back (precious minerals and metals) -these funded the industrialization of Europe
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Describe the three waves of industrialization
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-Great Britian (1st wave) in the 1850s - 1870s -Northwestern Europe (2nd wave) 1870s-1890s -Southern and Eastern Europe (3rd wave) 1914-1917 (end of WWI)
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What is the golden triangle?
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-the industrial core of Europe -London/England, Paris/France, Berlin/Germany
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How was the European Economy disrupted in the first half of the 20th century?
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-1st half: WWI, Great Depression, WWII -2nd Half: eastern Europe, cold war
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What is the marshall plan?
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economic aid package from the U.S. to Western European countries to rebuild their infrastructure after WWII
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what are centralizied/command economies?
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-economic system favored by soviet Union -very rigid, controlled, and regulated -everything dictated by government
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what is the European Union?
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a group of countries in Western Europe that came together to promote economic growth and peace
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What were the original goals of the European Union?
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-autonomy from U.S. -stop Germany and France from fighting -economic efficiency: removal of tariffs (tax) and quotas (limit,goal) (both are regulators of trade)
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What is difference between the European Union and the Euro Zone?
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-part of the union: do not have to use the currency -Euro Zone: the group of countries in the European Union that also use to Euro for their currency
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what regions of europe have the highest GDP per capita? Which have the lowest?
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-highest: Northern and Western Europe -lowest: Southen and Eastern Europe
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what is considered the economic core of Europe? What are some of its characteristics?
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-the golden triangle (north and central Europe) -highly urbanized, expensive, strong manufactoring and industrialized
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where is the new emerging European core?
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the southern crescent
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what has led to creation of this core?
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-less urbanization and expensive (less demand) -the high speed train connects this area with the rest of Europe
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what were the migrations flows to Western Europe between 1945 and 1972? And Why?
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-migrants from former colonies of Western European countries -easier to assimilate into the host culture -sharing same language, religion, and traditions -better economic opportunities
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what were the migrations flows to western Europe in the early 1990's? And Why?
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-collapse of the Soviet Union -migrants from Soviet territories, Russia, and eastern Europe -more stability and economic opportunity
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What are some of the current migration flows to Western Europe?
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migrants from Africa and Asia
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what is a demographic transition model?
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graph/model/theory that explains the relationship between population growth and the economy
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what are the four stages of the demographic transition model
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-early stages -later stages -middle
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high birth and death rates
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early stages
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high population; stable birth and death rates; lag in birth rate gives to plateau
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later stages
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growth period leads to stabilization; transitional period: population goes up
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middle
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what does the European demographic pyramid tells about the region's future ability to remain economically productive?
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-family sizes are getting smaller -age brackets describe the distribution of population -next generation is smaller, problems for the aging population -extra labor supply needed
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how does Europe's population growth rate compare to other regions in the world?
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very slow, the slowest in the world
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what is the Notting Hill Carnival?
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cultural event/celebration in London brought by the Caribbean Island people
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answer
landlocked
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is russia a landlocked country?
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not exactly but it kind of is
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in what way can Russia be considered a landlocked country?
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-their main water outlets are frozen for most of the year -need for warm water ports
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what type of climates do we find in russia, central asia, and Caucus region?
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-continental mid-latitude mostly -some arid and polar
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what factors play a major role in determining the climate of this region?
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latitude and continentallity
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which is the dominant (covers the greatest area) climate biome of the region?
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continental mid-latitude
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what is a climate biome?
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geographic region defined by its climate where the plants and wildlife have adapted to those conditions
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Which is the dominant (covers the greatest area) climate biome of the region?
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taiga
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How does the vegetation changes in the region as we travel from north to south?
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-low, peaks, and goes low again -not enough sun in the north, lack of moisture in the south
AP Environmental Science
Environmental Economics
Environmental Science
Environmental Sociology
Genuine Progress Indicator
Improve The Environment
Per Capita Consumption
Chapter 5 mastering environmental science – Flashcards 59 terms

Stephen Sanchez
59 terms
Preview
Chapter 5 mastering environmental science – Flashcards
question
What is the term that refers to the substances and forces that sustain our society and everyday lives?
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natural resources
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What are ecosystem services?
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These are essential processes such as soil formation, nutrient cycles, the pollination of plants, etc.
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Which of the following groups advocates economies that neither grow nor shrink but remain stable?
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ecological economists
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What is meant by "market failure"?
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This occurs when markets do not take into account the environment's positive effects on economies (such as ecosystem services) or when they do not reflect the negative impacts of economic activity on people or the environment (external costs).
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What costs are associated with transactions that can result in damage to the environment, human health, and property?
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external costs
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What type of economic discipline maintains that society, like natural populations, cannot surpass environmental limitations?
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ecological economics
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Which of the following correctly illustrate the two ways that economic growth can occur?
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increased inputs to the economy and improvements in efficiency through technology
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The principle that "internal costs," which are the costs and benefits borne by the buyer and seller alone, represent the true and full economics of all transactions is a principle of ________.
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neoclassical economics
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Which of the following best explain the "free rider" predicament?
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This allows one party to "get away" with an environmental impact while other parties continue to use best environmental practices.
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"If domestic gas prices rise to $5 per gallon, conservation will increase, alternative fuels will be developed, and energy efficiency and our quality of life will improve." This view is consistent with ________ economics.
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environmental
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A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of ________.
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steady-state economies that, like natural systems, neither grow nor shrink
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Rising per capita consumption of goods and rising population growth lead to ________.
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more resource extraction, waste and pollution
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What event is credited with leading to the passage of the Clean Water Act?
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the Cuyahoga River catching fire
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The role of an administrative agency is that of _______.
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enforcement and elaboration of laws passed by Congress
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What is the title of the book by Rachel Carson that refers to the absence of birdsongs due to the poisoning of birds by pesticides?
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Silent Spring
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) _________.
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gave citizens the right to see and comment on proposed government projects through the creation of environmental impact statements
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Which of the following was NOT part of public policy during the early years of the United States?
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The SuperFund
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According to the figure, the basis for government policy regarding environmental issues ________.
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comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectors
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Environmental policy aims to ________.
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promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources
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Lobbying, legal action, and campaign funding are all means used by ________ to influence governmental environmental policies.
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the public sector
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Which statement is correct concerning international law?
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An example of customary law is the idea that no nation should use its resources in ways that adversely affect its neighbors.
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Regarding the issue of global warming, until the hurricane season of 2005, the federal government's official stance was that the information available from the scientific community was neither conclusive nor persuasive. This governmental position was probably due to ________.
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the private sector's reluctance to change manufacturing and land use strategies
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Which type of advertising assists consumers in choosing products that are grown or manufactured with environmentally friendly methods?
answer
ecolabeling
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Most of the environmental progress made over the past few decades has come about through __________ methods.
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command-and-control
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A company that produces household cleaners decides to produce a "green" version of its products, even though the formulas are virtually unchanged compared to the original formulas. This is an example of __________.
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greenwashing
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Legislation passed by Congress is known as ________.
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statutory law
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An environmental impact statement is required ________.
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for any federal action that may affect U.S. environmental quality
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The social changes in the United States in the 20th century gave rise to environmental laws concerned primarily with ________.
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reducing pollution caused by industry
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The first national park in the world was ________.
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yellowstone
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________
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required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government
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Juanita and Sam attend a beach party and notice that the local beach appears to have a great deal more trash washed up on shore than it did when they were young. The water doesn't appear nearly as clear, and there seems to be less evidence of small water creatures living in the shallows. An afternoon at the local library convinces them that one major cause is the new factory nearby. After some discussion, they decide their next step should be ________.
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talking to a local environmental group about solutions
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The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________.
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fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples
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Which kind of development would be promoted if a government worked on finding a balance between economic security, environmental protection, and social equity?
answer
sustainable
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What does the y-axis show?
answer
the price of a good or service
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What does the blue graph line represent?
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the supply of a good or service
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As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that sellers are willing to supply to the market ________.
answer
increases
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As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that buyers are willing to purchase ________.
answer
decreases
question
When does the equilibrium price of a product (good or service) occur?
answer
when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product
question
What will occur if the demand for a product increases but the supply of that product remains the same?
answer
A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase.
question
Which of these behaviors is not involved in determining the market price of a product?
answer
consumers seeking to maximize external costs
question
In 1962 environmental costs amounted to approximately 1 trillion dollars. By 2002 environmental costs had:
answer
quadrupled
question
Between 1972 and 1992, GDP increased by approximately 2 trillion dollars. In comparison, GPI:
answer
Increased only slightly.
question
If current manufacturing, consumption, and energy use trends continue, an increase in global population with time will likely result in:
answer
A higher GDP and higher environmental costs
question
Assume that the GDP and benefits for 2012 are the same as GDP and benefits for 2002. If the 2012 environmental costs increase by 100% but the social and economic costs decrease by 50%, the new GPI for 2012 would be:
answer
Lower than GPI in 2002
question
Which of the following would lead to a GPI value closer to the GDP value for any given year?
answer
Adopting manufacturing processes with lower energy and resource use.
question
ORder?
answer
Farmer, DDT, small aquatic, Fish, Birds eat, Birds with DDT, Few baby
question
birds?
answer
osprey and brown pelican
question
order again?
answer
DDT dieldrin mercury PCBs DDE
question
According to Gary Sirota, the proposed Bajagua wastewater treatment plant is a beneficial solution because __________.
answer
all contractual obligations must be met before service fee is due
question
Serge Dedina suggests that the private sector is best suited for __________.
answer
providing innovative wastewater treatment technology for informal housing settlements throughout Tijuana
question
Both Sirota and Dedina agree that the transborder pollution problems need to be solved. In contrast, they disagree on the issue of ______.
answer
allowing private industry to take a lead role in managing a public resource
question
Gary Sirota sees the proposed Bajagua Project as a win-win scenario for the public due to the larger treatment capacity of the proposed plant and the lower cost per gallon. How might Serge Dedina respond?
answer
The private sector should never build a plant, regardless of benefits, because water is a public resource that needs public oversight.
question
If population numbers continue to increase in Tijuana and San Diego, which of the following scenarios are most likely, based on the current situation?
answer
Sewage-contaminated water and beach closures will increase.
question
Who initially promoted settlement by whites in what is now western Montana?
answer
the fed gov
question
Which of the following depends on a guaranteed water supply on the Flathead Reservation?
answer
agriculture
question
You are a member of the Kootenai tribe of western Montana. What did the government initially say about your tribe's fishing rights in the region?
answer
Your tribe had far-reaching fishing rights.
question
According to the rules of the water compact, which of the following farmers would get the most water?
answer
a farmer who irrigates 200 acres of potatoes and 400 acres of wheat
question
Who allowed non-Native American people to move onto the Flathead reservation in the early 1900s?
answer
the fed gov
question
Why are so many farmers in the Flathead region concerned about access to water?
answer
the soil is sandy
Environmental Sociology
Introductory Sociology
Resource Mobilization Theory
Social Change
Sociology
HSB4U Chapter 2 – Social Changes 55 terms

Mary Browning
55 terms
Preview
HSB4U Chapter 2 – Social Changes
question
Social change
answer
the transformation of culture and social organization/structure over time
question
Four Characteristics of Social Change
answer
1. It happens everywhere, but the rate of change varies from place to place. 2. Social change is sometimes intentional but often unplanned. 3. Social change often generates controversy. 4. Some changes matter more than others do.
question
Anthropology's view on social change
answer
Change occurs slowly
question
invention
answer
Inventions produce new products, ideas, and social patterns.
question
discovery
answer
Discovery is finding something that has never been found before, or finding something new in something that already exists
question
diffusion
answer
Diffusion is the spreading of ideas and objects to other societies, This would involve trading, migration, and mass communication
question
mass media's influence on social change
answer
The \"mass media\" is a vital factor in the speed of social change. IT permits rapid diffusion of ideas, making theses manifest in the private and relaxing environments of the home, where audiences are at their most susceptible
question
Sociology's view on social change
answer
Change is inevitable
question
Tension & Adaption
answer
Another reason social change happens is due to immense tension that eventually requires some for adaptation.
question
Environmental factors
answer
Change can be through the impact of environment factors such as droit and famine. The degree of natural disasters between different countries and regions also lead the different social changes between the countries.
question
Economic & political advantages
answer
International shifts in economic or political advantage also have great impacts on social change. e.g. \"globalization\" plays a major role in our modern society affecting the global economy, political structures and dynamics, culture, poverty, the environment, gender, etc.
question
Demographic change
answer
Change occurs from an increase in the population or human migration between the areas.
question
Social movements
answer
Change can also occur from people joining together for a common cause. This is called a social movement. Social movements are classified according to the kind of change they are seeking.
question
The role of values and ethics
answer
Changing values and ethics in society over time can have a tremendous impact on social change.
question
Elite groups
answer
Groups with a substantial amour of wealth and power may determine which direction social change will take.
question
Technology and information
answer
Internet technology has an enormous impact on the globalization of culture and ideas. It has considerably increased the speed of social change. It is also a valuable tool for social change organizations.
question
Psychology's view on social change
answer
Change occurs at an individual level. It is necessary to change individuals' attitudes before their behaviour can be changed.
question
Cognitive Dissonance
answer
It occurs when our beliefs or attitudes are not in line with our actions or behaviours. Psychologists suggest that the tension experienced with cognitive dissonance can cause an individual to change wither their attitude or behaviour so that they match up.
question
Behaviour Modification Programs
answer
we must move through a number of stages before we can successfully change e.g. Alcoholic Anonymous, Boot Camps.
question
1. pre-contemplation
answer
denial and refusal \"I don't have a problem!\"
question
2. contemplation
answer
questioning occurs at this stage \"Do you think I should do something about the problem?\"
question
3. preparation
answer
investigation or analysis occurs at this stage \"What is this problem doing to my personal well being?\"
question
4. action
answer
involves commitment \"I have to keep going or I will never change\"
question
5. maintenance
answer
begins 6 months after the Action stage. It involves transitioning into a new way of life \"I should avoid people who will drag me back to my old habits\"
question
6. termination
answer
only 20% get to this stage. It involves completion. \"I don't have to work at this anymore, I don't want to go back to my old ways.\"
question
Conditions of Social Change
answer
1. leadership (charismatic leader) 2. modernizing elites 3. a population ready for change
question
1. Leadership
answer
- A charismatic leader is someone who has a large vision, magnetic style, strong popular support, and aspects of extraordinary character. - A charismatic leader places great demands on his followers, promises them rewards for their support, yet maintains a distance between the leader and the led.
question
2. Modernizing Elites
answer
Groups of people who create significant social change and influence the direction in which it goes.
question
3. A population ready for change
answer
- If a population is not ready for the kind change the leader proposes nothing will happen. - Vision must match the \"mood\" of the public. Otherwise no one listen, and the potential leader will be quickly forgotten.
question
Impediments to Social Change
answer
1. traditional cultural values 2. expense
question
1. Traditional cultural values
answer
- Traditional cultural values can sometimes conflict with advances or change in society. - Many societies will make changes to accommodate both traditional and progressional needs.
question
2. Expense
answer
- Some changes might be too expensive - These programs are expensive and the demand for new programs might be declined as a result. - The government can only offer as many programs as the taxpayer is able to finance (i.e. National daycare has been declined).
question
Why is there pressure to conform
answer
- an unwillingness to conform could risk \"social rejection\" - an individual who is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or social interaction is a victim of \"social rejection\" - conformity acts as a scapegoat in order to avoid bullying and criticism from peers
question
The effects of conformity
answer
- chameleon effect - group think
question
chameleon effect
answer
the mimicking of the body language or actions of a person with who we are interaction with or admire or look up to (e.g. Bieber cut)
question
group think
answer
the effects of collective pressure on the decision-making abilities of individual members of a group
question
The Asch experiment
answer
- Solomon E. Asch performed in the 1950s that demonstrated the power of conformity in groups. - \"vision test\": how the remaining student would react to participant answers - examine the extent to which pressure from other people could affect one's perceptions - 1/3 subjects conformed
question
Conformity in contemporary society
answer
- most people conform to the standard values and norms without even realizing they are doing so - some degree of conformity is necessary for societies to function
question
Conformity and youth
answer
- pre-teens and teenagers face many issues related to conformity - pulled between the desire to be seen as unique individuals and desire to belong to a group where they feel accepted (e.g. fashion trend, hair style, music, smoking are all conforming to a social norm)
question
Conformity pros
answer
- encourage polite social interactions and creates predictable behaviours - order and stability are maintained in society as a result - can create a sense of safety - can create a sense of belongingness
question
Conformity cons
answer
- discourage social change - can lead people to resist the temptation to do things differently - can encourage people to accept practices that are wrong or unethical
question
Alienation pros
answer
- spurs reformers into actions as it leads individuals to struggle to challenge the status quo - individuals can become leaders of historic movements in society
question
Alienation cons
answer
- can be so severe that people give up and accept life in the margins of society, in crime or dire poverty - can lead to suicide, drugs or substance abuse
question
Asch conformity experiment variations
answer
1. size of the opposing majority 2. subject's \"ally\"
question
LICO (Low-Income Cut-Off line)
answer
an income threshold below which a family will likely devote a larger share (30%+) of its income on the necessities of food, shelter, and clothing than the average family.
question
Technology negative side effects
answer
1. access to harmful information (e.g. pornography, h-bomb) 2. people are always plugged in (e.g. cell phone) 3. differentiate work & life
question
Speed of technology change
answer
1. faster renewal rate 2. acceleration (faster life) 3. impatience 4. immediate feedback from networks (e.g. emails, texts)
question
Future Shock
answer
dizzy disorientation brought on by the premature arrival of future
question
Hyperculture
answer
the virtues of sacrifice and long-term commitment so essential to effective parenthood, become rare. - deterioration in family relationships - loss of critical thinking
question
Overdependence on Technology
answer
- anxious without tech - isolation - internet addiction - don't back up computer = loose everything
question
Techosis
answer
an overblown dependency or attachment to tech
question
Health (Tech Effect on Family)
answer
Reproductive technologies - more infertile parents are having children - life support machine made parents live longer
question
Work (Tech Effect on Family)
answer
Telecommuting - facilitate a good balance between family life and work commitments, relieving the conflicting pressure
question
Home Maintenance (Tech Effect on Family)
answer
Vacuums, dishwashers - efficiency - more time for family activities - young members of the family can easily share in the workload
question
Home Entrainment (Tech Effect on Family)
answer
TV, computers, DVD - may bring the family together or may represent time away from the family
AP Human Geography
Environmental Sociology
Global Climate Change
Sea Level Rise
World Geography
Human Geog Ch. 4 – Flashcards 20 terms

Mike Bryan
20 terms
Preview
Human Geog Ch. 4 – Flashcards
question
Preservation, deep ecology, and ecofeminism are radical environmental perspectives found only in the core.
answer
False
question
Which of the following environmental philosophies is currently the most conventional?
answer
conservation
question
To ecofeminists, ________ is at the center of today's environmental problems.
answer
patriarchy
question
The contemporary view of nature dominant in the United States is most strongly linked to the
answer
Judeo-Christian tradition, in which nature is to be dominated or tamed by Man.
question
Vandana Shiva is most well-known for
answer
her work protecting environmental diversity & sustainability through such things as organic farming, fair trade and the use and preservation of native seeds.
question
The idea that "nature is a social creation" means that
answer
the physical world means different things to different people at different times.
question
Which of the following is most influential in anticipating a population's impact on nature?
answer
its affluence
question
Henry David Thoreau
answer
is often credited as the originator of U.S. ecological philosophy, an American naturalist and activist, lived for 2 years in nature in solitude
question
Which of the following energy resources is renewable?
answer
Hydropower
question
The region with the greatest number of urban areas vulnerable to sea level rise is
answer
Southeast Asia
question
The foundations of the U.S. environmental movement of the 20th century are drawn from the ideas of
answer
Marsh
question
Global temperature increases over the last century have been greatest
answer
at the Arctic
question
Political ecologists emphasize
answer
the impact of political and economic forces on local cultures and resource use
question
The 1992 Earth Summit was concerned primarily with this type of issue.
answer
global environmental issues
question
One conceptual theory (i.e., I = PAT) for understanding the factors contributing to environmental impacts relates them to
answer
technological level, level of affluence, and population size
question
The environmental justice movement emphasizes the disproportional burdens that the ________ face from the negative consequences of economic development.
answer
poor
question
Whereas environmental preservationists advocate that certain habitats, species, and resources should be off-limits and left entirely alone, conservation approaches encourage
answer
respectful and sustainable used of natural resources.
question
Which of the following is NOT evidence of global climate change?
answer
disappearing rainforests
question
International efforts to protect biodiversity have included efforts to halt "bioprospecting," the corporate practice of
answer
exploiting indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants for commercial purposes.
question
Human adaptations to and uses of the natural environment
answer
have been occurring for hundreds and thousands of years.
Environmental Sociology
Introductory Sociology
Sociology
Sociology 13-15 – Flashcards 56 terms

Charles Clay
56 terms
Preview
Sociology 13-15 – Flashcards
question
If Joaquin falls and breaks his leg, his doctor will probably use
answer
curative medicine.
question
The process through which issues that were once seen as personal come to be seen as medical is called
answer
medicalization
question
According to the textbook, one problem generated by medical advances that allow people with HIV to live much longer than they used to is that
answer
the fact that people can live longer with HIV may serve as a disincentive for people to protect themselves against it.
question
A person who is interested in studying why sexually transmitted diseases spread faster in some college sororities and fraternities than others might be interested in:
answer
epidemiology.
question
Which of the following would not be an attribute that leads to a longer life?
answer
being male rather than being female
question
Allison would like to utilize "concierge medicine," but she hasn't signed up. What is the most likely reason?
answer
It is too expensive
question
What is a food desert?
answer
an area with little access to healthy, fresh food
question
John's parents have diabetes, so John should be careful not to eat too much sugar. Unfortunately, there is no grocery store by his house, so every morning he buys donuts from the convenience store. When our individual disease risks are amplified by social factors such as inequality, what is this called?
answer
deprivation amplification
question
On what basis did Milton Friedman criticize the American Medical Association?
answer
It is a monopoly that artificially restricts the supply of doctors
question
Which of the following is an example of a locavore?
answer
someone who lives in Maryland and eats food grown in Maryland
question
If someone calls in sick from work, we would expect them to stay in bed or visit the doctor
answer
the sick role
question
Which of the following is NOT part of the health care reform bill passed in 2010?
answer
Government officials will choose which doctor a patient can see.
question
What is rescission?
answer
when insurance companies revoke someone's coverage after that person gets sick
question
When Damien went to the doctor, he was asked if he had any previous illnesses. He was also asked questions about his ethnicity, where he grew up, and what religion he practiced. The doctor wanted to make sure that he considered Damien's background before treating him. This is an example of
answer
cultural competence.
question
We now have the technology available to keep someone breathing and to keep their heart beating, even if their brain no longer functions. However, there is a debate about whether it is ethical to do so. A sociologist who is interested in studying this conflict would want to research:
answer
bioethics.
question
Shawn is an athlete, and in a game last week he tore the ACL ligament in his knee. To deal with the pain, he took aspirin and he also got acupuncture. Shawn practiced:
answer
integrative medicine.
question
Wealthy industrialized countries that do not provide universal health care for their citizens include:
answer
only the United States.
question
Which of the following claims supports the view that perceptions of health and beauty are shaped by social context, and are not just biological?
answer
Women who would be considered of healthy weight in Senegal are considered overweight in the United States.
question
Skyler is interested in studying how many people live in New Mexico, what race they are, and where the state is most densely populated. What kind of study research would Skyler do?
answer
demography
question
The number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people is referred to as the:
answer
mortality rate.
question
When a culture transforms over time, the process is called:
answer
social change.
question
Baby Boom" was a term used to describe the increased number of children born directly after World War II and its impact on current patterns of labor and retirement. This is an example of which factor that leads to social change?
answer
demographic factors
question
Which of the following was an early theory on collective action that suggested individuals who joined a crowd or mob became "infected" by a mob mentality and lost the ability to reason?
answer
contagion theory
question
Millions of people watch the Super Bowl at the same time on game day, but they don't all watch it together-some throw parties while others watch alone. This similar behavior is called
answer
mass behavior.
question
Jessica used to wear slap-bracelets and bell-bottom jeans. According to the textbook, these are examples of a/an
answer
fad
question
Which of the following is true concerning a tragedy of the commons?
answer
The benefit is to the individual, but the cost is shared by all
question
Branimir donates blood every month, even though he has never needed a blood transfusion and he may never need one in the future. He does this because people must be willing to donate even if they'll never need it in order for the blood donation system to work. This is an example of
answer
public goods dilemma.
question
Sean is the leader of a social group that meets once a week. The group's ideological commitment is to promote or resist social change
answer
social movement
question
Which theory of social movements focuses on the actions of oppressed groups who seek rights and opportunities already enjoyed by others in society
answer
relative deprivation theory
question
According to Armand Mauss, what happens in the fourth stage in a social movement
answer
The movement declines.
question
Which of the following U.S. social movements is best seen as a regressive movement?
answer
the Tea Party movement that began in 2009
question
Alex is leading a regressive social movement. Which of the following would be the one Alex is leading?
answer
a movement that encourages members to downsize in all areas of their lives to return to a simpler approach to life
question
Pangri wanted a new cell phone. Her parents told her she didn't need a new cell phone because her old phone still worked, although it didn't have advanced features like Web access. Pangri shouted in anger, "Technological determinism is part of this society and I need a new phone!" What was she referring to?
answer
the idea that technology plays a defining role in shaping society
question
The internet was available long before online classes were available. It took schools and universities a while to adapt to the new technology. Why?
answer
cultural lag
question
The fact that MTV can now be seen in about 166 countries is an example of
answer
cultural diffusion.
question
When Jarin traveled abroad, she noticed that many youths in Middle Eastern countries were being influenced by the values and goals projected by shows on MTV or in American movies. This could be considered an example of:
answer
cultural imperialism.
question
When Mychel traveled abroad, she noticed that many places were surprisingly similar to her hometown. The process by which societies lose their uniqueness by becoming increasingly similar is called:
answer
cultural leveling
question
Jennifer is interested in postmodernity, which focuses on _____________ rather than material things
answer
ideas and cultural debates
question
The fact that McDonald's restaurants are now in India can be seen as an example of
answer
cultural leveling.
question
The dramatic decline in the population of Vietnam due to refugees leaving the country during the Vietnam War is an example of:
answer
emigration.
question
The Industrial Revolution led many people to move from __________ areas.
answer
rural to urban
question
Janine lives in New York City. It is a fairly quick trip for her to get to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C. This network of nearby and closely tied urban areas is
answer
megalopolis.
question
The transformation of the physical, social, economic, and cultural life of formerly working-class or poor neighborhoods into more affluent middle-class communities is called:
answer
gentrification.
question
Greg lives in a city, so he feels like he has a great deal of freedom and choices. However, sociologists argue that this freedom prevents city dwellers from developing intimate personal relationships or community, a situation that is often referred to as:
answer
alienation
question
The bystander effect contends that during a moment of crisis, the more people present to witness the event,
answer
the less likely anyone will provide assistance
question
Azka wants to study human populations and their impact on the natural world. This would be called
answer
social ecology
question
Joe wants to study the interaction between society and the natural environment, including the social causes and consequences of environmental problems. This would be called:
answer
environmental sociology.
question
Herrica is looking for a renewable resource. Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource?
answer
oxygen
question
Which of the following is an example of a nonrenewable resource
answer
oil
question
Which of the following is true concerning consumption and resource depletion
answer
In 1950, rainforests covered twice as much area as they do today
question
In 1950, rainforests covered twice as much area as they do today
answer
term describing the operation of modern economic systems that require constant growth, which causes increased exploitation of resources and environmental degradation
question
Marc was part of the conservation era of the environmental movement, which focused on
answer
the preservation of wilderness areas.
question
Jessica was part of the modern environmental movement, which focused on:
answer
the environmental consequences of new technology, oil exploration, and nuclear power plants.
question
To prevent the clearing of a redwood forest in California, July "Butterfly" Hill practiced which form of environmental activism?
answer
conducting a 2-year-long tree sit
question
Anastacia is part of a grassroots environmental group. This is distinguished from mainstream environmentalism by:
answer
its belief in citizen participation in environmental decision-making.
question
Ginger is interested in an area's variety of species of plants and animals existing at a particular time, so she would study that area's
answer
biodiversity.
Environmental Sociology
Internal Combustion Engines
Introductory Sociology
Social Movements
Sociology
World System Theory
social change and the environment – Flashcards 76 terms

Thomas Alday
76 terms
Preview
social change and the environment – Flashcards
question
the alteration of culture and society over time, is a vital part of social life.
answer
Social change
question
Social change has included four social revolutions, a change from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft societies, capitalism and industrialization, modernization, and global stratification
answer
four social revolutions
question
Theories of social change include evolutionary theories, cyclical theories, and conflict theories.
answer
Theories of social change include 3 evolutionary theories
question
identified technology as the basis for social change. The processes of social change are innovation, discovery, and diffusion
answer
William Ogburn
question
refers to the symbolic cultures lagging behind changes in technology.
answer
Cultural lag
question
social movements can be classified as alterative, redemptive, reformative, or transformative
answer
social movements can be classified as
question
involve a large number of people who are organized to promote or resist social change
answer
Social movements
question
Because the mass media are the gatekeepers for social movements, their favorable or unfavorable coverage greatly affects a social movement, and tactics are chosen with the media in mind.
answer
f
question
Social movements go through distinct stages: initial unrest, mobilization, organization, institutionalization, and finally decline.
answer
Social movements go through distinct stages:
question
The solutions to environmental problems range from education, legislation, and political activism to ecosabotage
answer
f
question
sabotaging the efforts of people thought to be legally harming the environment.
answer
ecosabotage
question
Environmental sociologists attempt to study the relationship between human societies and the environment. Environmental sociologists are generally also environmental activists.
answer
Environmental sociologists
question
(1) the domestication of plants and animals, from which pastoral and horticultural societies arose; (2) the invention of the plow, leading to agricultural societies; (3) the industrial revolution; and (4) the information revolution, resulting in postindustrial societies.
answer
four social revolutions:
question
agricultural to industrial economic activity was accompanied by a change from Gemeinschaft societies (daily life centers on intimate and personal relationships) to Gesellschaft societies (people have fleeting, impersonal relationships) societies
answer
f
question
(daily life centers on intimate and personal relationships)
answer
Gemeinschaft societies
question
(people have fleeting, impersonal relationships) societies
answer
Gesellschaft societies
question
identified capitalism as the basic reason behind the breakup of feudal (agricultural) societies. As people were thrown off the land, they moved to cities, where they were exploited by the owners of the means of production.
answer
Karl Marx, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft
question
saw religion as the core reason for the development of capitalism; as a result of the Reformation, Protestants no longer feltSOCIAL CHANGE 219 assured that they were saved by virtue of church membership and concluded that God would show visible favor to the elect. They believed that prosperity was that visible sign.
answer
Max Weber, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.
question
Modernization (the change from agricultural to industrial societies) produces sweeping changes in societies. Modern societies are larger, more urbanized, and subject to faster change. They stress formal education and the future and are less religiously oriented. They have smaller families, lower rates of infant mortality, and higher life expectancy; they have higher incomes and more material possessions. They are Gesellschaft societies with more formal social control and more tolerance of differences.
answer
f, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.
question
When technology changes, societies change. Today, the technology of the industrialized world is changing traditional societies. For example, the export of Western medicine to the Least Industrialized Nations reduced death rates but did not affect high birth rates. Rapidly increasing populations strain the resources of the Least Industrialized Nations, leading to widespread hunger and starvation and the mass migration to cities and to the Most Industrialized Nations.
answer
f, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.
question
unilinear and multilinear.
answer
Evolutionary theories of social change are
question
follow the same path, evolving from simple to complex through uniform sequences.
answer
Unilinear theories assume that all societies
question
different routes can lead to a similar stage of development, thus, societies need not pass through the same sequence of stages to become industrialized.
answer
Multilinear theories assume that
question
Both unilinear and multilinear theories assume the idea that societies progress toward a higher state.
answer
f
question
examine great civilizations, not a particular society; they presume that societies are like organisms—that they are born, reach adolescence, grow old, and die.
answer
Cyclical theories
question
proposed that at first, a civilization is able to meet challenges, yet when it has become an empire, the ruling elite loses its capacity to keep the masses in line "by charm rather than by force," and the fabric of society is ripped apart
answer
Toynbee
question
proposed that Western civilization was on the wane; some analysts think that the current crisis in Western civilization may indicate that he was right.
answer
Oswald Spengler
question
identified three processes of social change: (1) inventions, which can be either material (computers) or social (capitalism); (2) discovery, which is a new way of seeing things; and (3) diffusion, which is the spread of an invention, discovery, or idea from one area to another. Ogburn coined the term cultural lag to describe the situation in which some elements of a culture adapt to an invention or discovery more rapidly than others.
answer
William Ogburn
question
work, schools, capabilities, nature of business
answer
tech. and changes
question
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
answer
ex proactive social movement
question
Ku Klux Klan (KKK
answer
example of reactive social movements
question
suggests that a cultural crisis can give birth to a wave of social movements. According to Zald, when a society's institutions fail to keep up with social changes, many people's needs go unfulfilled, massive unrest follows, and social movements come into being to bridge the gap.
answer
Mayer Zald
question
Two types seek to change people but differ in terms of the amount of change desired: Alterative social movements seek to alter only particular aspects of people (e.g., the Women's Christian Temperance Union)
answer
David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.
question
Two types seek to change people but differ in terms of the amount of change desired, redemptive social movements seek to change people totally (e.g., a religious social movement such as fundamental Christianity that stresses conversion).
answer
David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.
question
Two types seek to change society but also differ in terms of the amount of change desired: Reformative social movements seek to reform only one part of society (e.g., animal rights or the environment)
answer
David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.
question
Two types seek to change society but also differ in terms of the amount of change desired: transformative social movements seek to change the social order itself and to replace it with their own version of the ideal society (e.g., revolutions in the American colonies, France, Russia, and Cuba).
answer
David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.
question
simply means the presentation of information in an attempt to influence people.
answer
Propaganda
question
asserts that because the Least Industrialized Nations have become dependent on the Most Industrialized Nations, they are unable to develop their own resources.
answer
Dependency theory
question
occurs as the movement becomes bureaucratized and leadership passes to career officials who may care more about their position in the organization than about the movement itself.
answer
Institutionalization
question
rain containing sulfuric and nitric acid; the result of burning fossil fuels
answer
acid rain:
question
a social movement that seeks to alter only particular aspects of people (
answer
alterative social movement:
question
benefits (such as tax breaks or stadiums) given corporations to locate or to remain in an area
answer
corporate welfare:
question
William Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovation
answer
cultural lag
question
a view of history and power in which each arrangement, or thesis, contains contradiction, or antithesis, that must be resolved; the new arrangement, or synthesis, contains its own contradictions, and so on
answer
dialectical process
question
the spread of invention and discovery from one area to another; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change
answer
diffusion:
question
a new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change
answer
discovery:
question
actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment
answer
ecosabotage
question
the greater impact of pollution on the poor and racial minorities
answer
environmental injustice
question
a subdiscipline of sociology that examines how human activities affect the physical environment and how the physical environment affects human activities
answer
environmental sociology
question
the buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere that allows light to enter but inhibits the release of heat; believed to cause global warming
answer
greenhouse effect
question
the combination of existing elements and materials to form new ones; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change
answer
invention
question
a rare type of social movement that seeks to change the social order not just of society but of the entire world (
answer
metaformative social movement
question
the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies
answer
modernization
question
another term for postindustrial society
answer
postmodern society
question
a social movement that promotes social change
answer
proactive social movement
question
in its broad sense, the presentation of information in the attempt to influence people; in its narrow sense, one-sided information that may distort reality
answer
propaganda
question
how people think about some issue
answer
public opinion
question
a social movement that resists social change
answer
reactive social movement
question
a social movement that seeks to change people totally
answer
redemptive social movement
question
a social movement that seeks to reform some specific aspect of society
answer
reformative social movement
question
a stage at which social movements succeed or fail on the basis of their ability to mobilize resources such as time, money, and people's skills
answer
resource mobilization
question
the alteration of culture and societies over time
answer
social change
question
large numbers of people who organize to promote or resist social change
answer
social movement
question
an organization that is developed to further the goals of a social movement
answer
social movement organization
question
a world system in which we use our physical environment to meet the needs of humanity and leave a sound environment to the next generation
answer
sustainable environment
question
a social movement that seeks to change society totally
answer
transformative social movement
question
a social movement that seeks to change some social condition throughout the world
answer
transnational social movement
question
These sociologists found that propaganda relies on seven basic techniques, which they labeled "tricks of the trade."
answer
Alfred and Elizabeth Lee
question
Marx analyzed the emergence of capitalism and developed the theory of dialectical materialism
answer
Karl Marx
question
These sociologists investigated the resource mobilization of social movements and found that although there may be a group of angry and agitated people, without this mobilization they will never become a social movement.
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John McCarthy and Mayer Zald
question
His theory of social development once dominated Western thought. It said that societies pass through three stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization.
answer
Lewis Henry Morgan
question
Ogburn identified three processes of social change: invention, discovery, and diffusion. He coined the term cultural lag to describe a situation in which some elements of culture adapt to an invention or discovery more rapidly than others
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William Ogburn
question
Spengler wrote The Decline of the West, in which he proposed that Western civilization was declining
answer
Oswald Spengler
question
This historian suggests that each time a civilization successfully meets a challenge, oppositional forces are set up. Eventually, the oppositional forces are set loose, and the fabric of society is ripped apart.
answer
Arnold Toynbee
question
Weber argued that capitalism grew out of the Protestant Reformation.
answer
Max Weber
question
In analyzing social movements, Zald suggested that they were like a rolling sea, hitting society like a wave.
answer
Mayer Zald
International Relations
Maintaining The Status Quo
World System Theory
POLI 270 – Flashcard 135 terms

Carol Rushing
135 terms
Preview
POLI 270 – Flashcard
question
The agent-structure debate revolves, in part, around the role of individuals on the outcomes in International relations. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
Normative claims can be subjected to empirical tests to prove their validity. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Having a set of intensively held values
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Allows personal beliefs to influence empirical inquiry
question
Popper opposed an "open society" of scholars that embraces theoretical and methodological diversity. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
To think theoretically one must
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Assume an underlying order to human affairs
question
The "paradigm mentality" leads to research approaches that
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Are narrow and rigid
question
The best way to encourage theoretical creativity and imagination is to
answer
Have several competing theories
question
Systematic thinking about "International Relations" requires that we define the unit of analysis. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
Thinking theoretically requires a willingness to sacrifice detail and embrace broad observations. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
Positivism dominates what school of International Relations theory?
answer
Realism
question
E.H. Carr maintains that the nature of politic is such that a. Priority should be given to power. b. priority must be given to morality c. political power follows moral authority d. None of the above
answer
d. None of the above
question
Hedley Bull contends that
answer
Since the dawn of nation states, elements of international society have always been present
question
That moral principles should/ought to guide politics is an ideal embraced by
answer
Immanuel Kant
question
Kant argues that "reason instructs" and motivates us toward the goal of a world society of "perpetual peace" a. True b. False
answer
True
question
The concept of sovereign states as the supreme, independent, and final authority in international politics is very typical of normative thinking. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Just War Theory is a
answer
Normative theory that defines the conduct of war
question
Hugo Grotius argued that international law is based upon: a. natural law b. customary practices c. power politics d. international treaties e. all of the above except C f. all of the above except A
answer
all of the above except C
question
A theory of international politics based on "value judgments" and "moral perspectives" is considered
answer
Normative Theory
question
Divorcing norms from decisions we make about international relations may be difficult, but is possible according to normative theory. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
"A prince therefore who desires to maintain himself must learn to be not always good, but to be so or not as necessity may require." This sage advice was given by Immanuel Kant. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
The "English School" of International Relations Theory focused attention on
answer
the workings of an international society
question
Grotius argues that international law governs nations' behavior
answer
In times of war and peace
question
The "state" is generally assumed by realists to be
answer
a single rational actor
question
Realism holds that international relations are fundamentally:
answer
an amoral issue.
question
The Realist perspective originated with classical English authors such as Disraeli. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
The "Security Dilemma" is a phenomenon rooted in the anarchic international system. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
Thomas Hobbes argued that:
answer
"Where there is no common power, there is no law: where no law, no injustice."
question
_____writes that "the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept."
answer
Thucydides
question
According to Thomas Hobbes, war is an evil that can be prevented by improving human nature. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
For realists, moral and ethical concerns are generally
answer
subordinated to considerations of power and interests.
question
Realism emphasizes the constraints placed on international politics by a. human nature b. the absence of international government c. the primacy of power and security d. all of the above e. only B and C
answer
d. all of the above
question
The "stag hunt" is Rousseau's illustration of
answer
the logic of international anarchy.
question
Realist agree that "low politics" (trade, domestic concerns, etc) are on par with "high politics" (security, war, etc.) in determining state behavior. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
"The Melian Dialogue" underlines considerations of
answer
power and interest in international politics
question
For Classical Realists, fear is not a fundamental cause of war. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
According to Rousseau, the underlying cause of conflict in international relations is
answer
the social context within which states exist
question
For realists, anarchy drives states to seek security primarily by
answer
seeking relative power over other states.
question
____ argued that imperialism inevitably emerged as a direct continuation in the development of monopoly capitalism.
answer
V.I. Lenin
question
Lenin's theory of imperialism focused on
answer
Advanced capitalist states
question
Marx's theory of revolution underestimated the power of
answer
Nationalism
question
For economic structuralists, the proper starting point of analysis is:
answer
the international system
question
Marxists (economic structuralists) assume that uneven development is the result of
answer
Structures of domination
question
Marx assumed conflict (fault-line) within society was driven primarily by
answer
Mechanisms of exploitation controlled by a particular class.
question
For Marx, the principle form of conflict in human history is
answer
Class struggle
question
Marxism rejects Realism's tendency to analyze politics and the international state system in isolation and the lack of focus on the relationship global capitalism. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
The capitalist world-system theory, like theories of realism, necessarily places the state at the center of analysis. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Dialectical Materialism is a theory developed by:
answer
Karl Marx
question
Neorealism claims that states are structurally predisposed to behave in generally predictable patterns, but to understand specific behaviors we must look at
answer
the internal disposition of states
question
A systems theory of IR relegates state-level issues to secondary importance in explaining the outcomes of state actions. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
State behavior is characterized by rational self-interested behavior determined by the systemic constraints of the international system. This statement fairly represents the view of Neorealism. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
A system is a mental image that helps us visualize international relations and explain
answer
Patterns and interactions of states
question
The structure of the system influences state behavior, but does not determine the outcome. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
Neorealism highlights its constraints by only focusing on the influence of
answer
distribution of power among states
question
According to advocates of systemic theory, explaining international outcomes on the basis of state-level causes is an example of
answer
Reductionist theory
question
The international "system" is independent of the wishes of states but ________ determine system-level outcomes.
answer
competition among states
question
An "international system" is defined as:
answer
the phenomenon resulting from the interaction of actors
question
According to advocates of systemic theory, explaining international outcomes on the basis of state-level causes is an example of
answer
Reductionist theory
question
According to Neorealists, a theory of international relations that seeks explanation by looking at the human psyche is an example of:
answer
Reductionism
question
A decision-makers' "perceptions" are considered a "systemic cause" in Neorealist theory of IR. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Politics conducted in a condition of anarchy makes
answer
states functionally similar
question
The game of prisoners' dilemma is based on the assumption that states do act irrationally. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Waltz believes that it is not absolutely necessary to take into account
answer
The Domestic characteristics of states
question
Balance-of-power theory does not explain outcomes in international politics in which the system is anarchic and states seek to survive. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Neorealism assumes that economic cooperation is sought by states in an anarchic world. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Neorealist assume that one of the important effects of anarchy is
answer
Even states content to live in peace are condemned to a relentless struggle for security.
question
Balance-of-Power theory assumes that:
answer
balances are the natural and inevitable outcome of the struggle for power.
question
Neorealism focuses attention on
answer
states' concerns about relative gains in power
question
Waltz believes that taking into account which aspect(s) of structure is not necessary if the system is anarchic?
answer
the domestic characteristics of states
question
The ordering principle in any given system can be which of the following? a. Anarchy b. Autarky c. Hierarchy d. All of the above e. A or C
answer
e. A or C
question
Balance-of-Power is a theory used to explain the outcome of individual states' efforts to survive and enhance their power. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
The "structure" of the system is determined by
answer
the attributes of the system
question
The structure of a system is defined by a. its ordering principles b. the characteristics of actors in the system c. the distribution of capabilities across the system d. All of the above e. Only A
answer
All of the above
question
The structure of the system operates as a cause of state behavior, but not the only one a. True b. False
answer
True
question
That similar patterns of state behavior are observed in international politics is attributed to
answer
the structure of the system.
question
To say that a state is sovereign is to say that
answer
a state can decide for itself its policies.
question
The use of force and the threat of violence is what distinguish domestic politics and international politics. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
When cooperation occurs in international politics, the primary concern(s) of states is/are a. relative gains in power. b. the impact on the balance of power. c. absolute gains in power. d. Only A and B e. A, B and C are all correct
answer
Only A and B
question
A set of principles, norms, rules and procedure around which actors' expectations converge is an
answer
International regime
question
For liberals, anarchy is mitigated by a. International Regimes b. State level economic reform c. International institutions d. All of the above e. Only A and C
answer
Only A and C
question
Like realists, neoliberals assume that there is a logical link between the conditions of anarchy and war. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
For liberals, states are less inclined to resort to international hostility if a. They share a common political and economic regime-type b. They engage in commercial rivalry with other states c. They would suffer from the interruption of free trade d. All of the above e. Only A and C
answer
Only A and C
question
Economic self-interest is a disincentive for war when
answer
Trade creates mutual dependence
question
Liberal Institutionalists believe that states are more concerned with maximizing absolute gains than ensuring relative gains. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
Liberalism (Neofunctionalism) takes from game theory analysis of international politics a zero-sum perspective rather than a positive-sum perspective. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Liberals assume that international organizations can be independent actors in their own right. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
Liberals generally take _______ of how states affect international relations and outcomes.
answer
An inside-out view
question
From the perspective of liberalism, people are reasoning beings concerned with self-preservation and self-improvement and Liberals therefore assume that
answer
States can learn to secure international peace
question
Robert Keohane argues that strong states with a long time horizon
answer
Can facilitate cooperation when dealing with a global collective goods problem
question
Stephen Brooks argues that the key to understanding the relationship between international commerce and war is
answer
The globalization of production
question
A liberal theory that explains how states collaborate to achieve common goals is
answer
Functionalism
question
Voluntarism assumes that system structure takes precedence over agency. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Liberals believe that the moral aspirations of states will not be thwarted by the absence of an overarching global authority. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
Post-structuralism focuses our attention on competing representations of history and rejects the idea of a "true" account of history written by the dominant power. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
What do post-positivist theorists mean when they say that "theory is always for someone and for some purpose"?
answer
All theories are rooted in assumptions conditioned by human perspective
question
Realists rely on static definitions of the "national interests" to explain state behavior, but Constructivists (like Finnemore) contend that state action is motivated more by
answer
Changing international norms
question
Post-structuralists view state sovereignty as
answer
A questionable claim that the state is the primary and exclusive actor in IR
question
Constructivists believe that positivist theory is a firm foundation upon which we can base our explanation of reality. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Post-structuralism embraces a. The Enlightenment's views of scientific progress b. The Behavioralists's "scientific method" c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B
answer
Neither A nor B
question
For Constructivists, actors/agents (people and states) are atomistic rational actors, not inherently social and a product of social relationships. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
The fundamental orientation of Constructivism is theorizing about
answer
The normative and ideological impact on political actors
question
Constructivists (like Wendt) believe that neorealism's assumptions about international anarchy are:
answer
Socially constructed and subjective
question
According to constructivist theory, the security dilemma is an socially constructed feature of international relations, not an inherent aspect of anarchy. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
According to constructivist theory, states and individuals are subject to structural determinism. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
The end of the Cold War, and the "failure" of rationalist/positivitist IR theory (Neorealism and Neoliberalism) to predict and explain a fundamental change in the international system, motivated Constructivists to question these theories' assumptions about a. Anarchy b. Agent-structure relations c. The influence of ideas on state behavior d. All of the above e. Only A and B
answer
All of the above
question
Constructivist theories of International Relations are:
answer
Post-structural approaches to theorizing about identity and interest
question
Post-Structuralism takes issue with neorealist conceptions of the state as the primary unit of analysis by questioning (problematizing) the
answer
Origins of the state
question
Constructivists have criticized "rationalists/positivists" for being wrongheaded or misguided about a. Ontological issues b. Methodological questions c. Normative assumptions d. All of the above e. Only C
answer
All of the above
question
"Theory is always for someone and for some purpose" highlights the
answer
need to critically scrutinize all theory's ideological foundations
question
A major goal to Critical Theory is to
answer
emancipate us from unjust social and economic structures
question
A major focus of Critical Theorists is
answer
interpretation of observation
question
Critical Theory a. embraces the assumptions of human objectivity b. emphasizes the subjectivity of human inquiry c. rejects the notion of value-free social science d. All of the above e. Only B and C
answer
Only B and C
question
Phenomenology focuses on the interpretive understanding of human observation of the world around us. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
The current world order is assumed by Critical Theorists to be
answer
not natural, necessary, or historically invariable
question
Critical theorists reject as utopian concerns about a. universalizing certain moral and political principles b. reducing material inequality in the world c. respecting ethnic and cultural differences d. None of the above
answer
None of the above
question
The built-in bias of Neorealism and Neoliberalism toward stability and maintaining the status quo is viewed by Critical Theorists as
answer
typical of a problem solving/technical approach to IR Theory
question
Marxist ambitions of not just offering an alternative interpretation of the world but seeking to change the world are central to Critical Theory. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
On the Voluntarism-Determinism continuum, Critical Theorists fall on the
answer
Voluntarist extreme
question
Our assumptions about the essence of things in general is
answer
ontology
question
Self-reflection and probing the origins of knowledge are rejected by Critical Theorists in favor of rational accounts of International Relations. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Critical Theorists are not concerned with exposing ideological claims presented as objective theoretical explanations. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
For Critical Theorists, human observation and theory is subject to
answer
our inability to be completely independent of the world around us
question
Many feminists prefer historical or interpretive understandings of gender roles rather than methodologies that claim that facts are neutral. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
From a feminist perspectives
answer
states are just as likely to threaten human security as enhance it
question
The theoretical assumption that gender identities are natural or "human nature" (not socially constructed) a. reproduces the status quo in existing international power relations b. threatens the foundations of positivist international relations theory c. is rejected by feminist International Relations theory d. All of the above e. Only A and C
answer
Only A and C
question
Feminist perspectives on international organizations argue that
answer
these institutions reflect the norms and interests of hegemonic groups
question
The realist rational, unitary power-maximizing state perspective
answer
marginalizes a gendered analysis
question
Postmodern feminists, contrary to liberal and radical feminists, embrace the idea that women are a homogeneous group and embracing a uniform gendered perspective will undermine the "masculine" domination of IR. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Some feminists (radical feminists) argue that a. affirmative action will not solve the problem of gender in IR b. accounting for women's important role in IR will solve the problem c. the basic class/patriarchy structures in society must be changed d. All of the above e. Only A and C
answer
Only A and C
question
Gender is a set of a
answer
social and culturally constructed identities
question
Liberal or empirical feminists seek to bring in a gendered perspective by a. accounting for women's participation in international relations b. identifying ways to overcome barriers to women's under representation c. including women in national security/high politics circles d. All of the above
answer
All of the above
question
From a feminist perspective, gender permeates social life, and has profound, but often unnoticed effects on international relations. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
Feminists criticize international system beliefs that are masculine-biased as well as those that are gender-neutral. a. True b. False
answer
True
question
For feminists, social relations are a key unit of analysis for explaining
answer
unequal power relations
question
Mainstream structural theories of IR are embraced by some Feminist theories as adequate explanations of the human experience. a. True b. False
answer
False
question
Feminists' concern about gender inequality are in line with the concerns ctitical theorists have about the notion of security. a. True b. False
answer
True
20th Century
Asia And The Pacific
World System Theory
Antrho 9, 10, 11 – Flashcards 47 terms

Charlotte Small
47 terms
Preview
Antrho 9, 10, 11 – Flashcards
question
The theory of religion that states that every human, animal, and thing has a supernatural spirit double is:
answer
animism
question
Rites of passage:
answer
use ritual to mark a person's movement from one status to another
question
While forms of religion may vary, Prof. Griffin argued that all groups include a belief
answer
in a supernatural realm
question
A good example of the social control aspect of religions and magic is the potential for an accusation of "witchcraft":
answer
which tends to fall on those who are disruptive in their behavior causing fights or disputes. ALL OF THESE a power which can be contained in many cultures by simply taking certain medicines or performing certain rituals for the rest of one's life. which tends to fall on those people who don't conform to their culture as well as others.
question
Malinowski found that the Trobriand Islanders used magic
answer
in psychologically stressful situations, such as sailing.
question
What frequently occurs during the liminal phase of a rite of passage?
answer
Reversals of ordinary behavior
question
Polytheism refers to
answer
belief in multiple gods.
question
What kind of religion is most frequently found among foraging bands?
answer
Shamanic
question
Cargo cults, which mix Melanesian and Christian beliefs, are:
answer
Religious responses to the expansion of the world capitalistic economy, often with political and economic consequences.
question
In terms of energy consumption, what nation consumes the most nonrenewable resources today?
answer
United States
question
Which of the following resulted from the growing demand for sugar in Europe?
answer
The transatlantic slave trade developed.
question
Which of the following statements about Marx is not true?
answer
He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests.
question
Higher wages and improved benefits for workers in core nations is possible because added surplus from the periphery enables companies to maintain high profit margins.
answer
True
question
In Del Guercio's reader article:
answer
Davis argued that it was the fear of becoming a zombie, not the fear of zombies themselves, which constituted the "social control" aspect of this religion.
question
According to Gmelch's article "Baseball Magic," players engage in this "magic" because
answer
it gives them a sense of control and confidence
question
Which of the following statements about world-system theory is not true?
answer
It deals exclusively with non-Western, horticultural societies.
question
The former Soviet Union, as well as the socialist and previously socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia, are sometimes referred to as
answer
The Second World.
question
What are the three positions that nations occupy in the world system?
answer
Core, periphery, and semiperiphery
question
According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification?
answer
Wealth, power, prestige
question
The modern world system is best understood as
answer
A global system in which nations are economically and politically interdependent.
question
According to the Lappe and Collins' article "Why can't people feed themselves?" the hunger problem in the world today is due to:
answer
ongoing historical processes
question
Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and American racial classifications?
answer
In the United States, social race is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil, racial identity can change from day to day.
question
In Japan, burakumin
answer
suffer from discrimination as members of a stigmatized minority group.
question
In chapter 11 of our textbook we learn that the largest minority ethnic group in the United States (using the terms of the U.S. Census Bureau) is:
answer
Hispanic
question
"Race" is
answer
culturally constructed.
question
What term refers to the devaluing of a group because of its assumed behavior, values, abilities, or attributes?
answer
Prejudice
question
Why is it important to understand that human racial categories are based upon perceptions of phenotypic features and not on genotypes?
answer
Because race is socially constructed, not biologically determined
question
What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status?
answer
Nationalities
question
When a dominant group compels a minority group to adopt the dominant culture, this is known as
answer
forced assimilation.
question
Which of the following statements would apply to both ethnicity and race?
answer
Both terms are cultural rather than biological categories.
question
The theory that people in risky or unpredictable situations will often resort to magic or religion to alleviate their fears is known as
answer
anxiety theory.
question
Halloween allows children, who are usually perceived of as innocent and powerless, to misbehave and demand candy from strangers. This is an example of:
answer
a ritual of inversion.
question
Which of the following statements about religions is not true?
answer
Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain social divisions.
question
What kind of magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it?
answer
Contagious magic
question
What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals?
answer
Magic
question
Which of the following points is not consistent with Chapter 10's discussion of world religions?
answer
There is no variation in the growth rate of different groups of Christians.
question
Industrialization and mass production have given rise to a culture of consumption.
answer
True
question
The term indigenous peoples is used to refer to
answer
the original inhabitants of particular territories.
question
Modern colonialism began
answer
during the European "Age of Discovery."
question
The anthropologist Lucas Bessire describes his work in the Gran Chaco jungle, which is said to have "one of the world's highest local deforestation rates" (at least when the article was written in 2008) because of:
answer
the clearing for extensive cattle-ranching
question
Lucas Bessire reports in his article "Isolation" that many southern Ayoreo groups were attacked by northern Ayoreo groups, starting in 1947, when those less isolated Native American groups obtained shotguns from:
answer
Christian missionaries in the newly established villages
question
Which of the following statements about British colonialism is not true?
answer
It lacked an intervention philosophy.
question
The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is known as
answer
colonialism.
question
Which of the following statements does not characterize the modern world system?
answer
The U.S. lags behind India and China in total energy consumption.
question
Rather than attempting to classify humans into racial categories on a biological basis, biologists and anthropologists are:
answer
focusing on individual physical traits and explaining why specific biological variations occur
question
"Hispanic" is a racial category referring to people who are biologically descended from indigenous Central or South American populations.
answer
False
question
The anti-Basque campaign waged during the Franco dictatorship in Spain is an example of
answer
forced assimilation.
AP Human Geography
Holy Roman Empire
Multiple Nuclei Model
Political Science
Rural Urban Migration
World Geography
World System Theory
AP Human Geography, Unit 4, Political Geography, Key Issue Packet – Flashcards 116 terms

Keisha White
116 terms
Preview
AP Human Geography, Unit 4, Political Geography, Key Issue Packet – Flashcards
question
Define a Nation
answer
-culturally defined group of people -shared past, common future -relate to a territory and have political goals
question
Qualities of a Nation
answer
-single language -common history -similar ethnic background
question
Examples of a Nation
answer
Germany, Scots, Greece, Israel, Iran, Palestinians
question
What is a Nation-State
answer
-homogeneity of territory and culture
question
Qualities of a Nation-State
answer
-clear territory -boundaries match one ethnicity (or close) -substantial population
question
Examples of a Nation State
answer
Japan, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Israel, Turkey
question
What is a State
answer
-politically organized territory -permanent population -defined territory -government
question
Qualities of a State
answer
-provides services -demands taxes and adherence to laws
question
Examples of a State
answer
Spain, United Kingdom, Russia, Iraq, Germany
question
What is a Stateless-Nation
answer
-group of people with no state
question
Qualities of a Stateless-Nation
answer
-found in and across nation-states -lack sovereignty -lack a territory
question
Examples of a Stateless-Nation
answer
Kurds, Palestinians
question
State Characteristics
answer
size: big vs small demography: big vs small organization: democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, etc resources: natural or skilled population development: subsistence to tertiary power: both economic and military
question
Define sovereignty
answer
independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
question
List the 6 largest states in order
answer
1. Russia 2. Canada 3. United States 4. China 5. Brazil 6. Australia
question
How many micro states are recognized
answer
two dozen
question
What do many micro states have in common
answer
-many are islands -less than 1,000 square kilometers -most in Southern Hemisphere
question
Examples of micro states
answer
Monaco, Maldives, Bahrain, Dominica, Singapore, Barbados
question
When was the United Nations (UN) established? By whom?
answer
-end of world war II -by the Allies
question
Reasons memberships in the UN grew significantly
answer
1955- European countries liberated from Nazi Germany 1960- there were only 4 African states 1990's- break up of Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, & admission of several microstates
question
Who are the five permanent members of the Security Council?
answer
China, Russia, France, United Kingdom, and United States
question
Problem UN faces
answer
hard to keep peace
question
What part of Earth's surface are not part of a state?
answer
south pole
question
What states have laid claim to Antarctica
answer
Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, United Kingdom
question
Describe the Antarctic Treaty signed in 1959
answer
-no military activities -no one can own the land -research stations are permitted
question
What happened to the Arctic in 1982?
answer
Countries were permitted to submit a claim to it
question
Why do states want to lay claim in the Arctic?
answer
thought to be rich in energy resources
question
Define self-determination
answer
ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
question
What is a multi ethnic state?
answer
state that contains more than one ethnicity
question
What is a multinational state?
answer
country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination
question
Why is Denmark a fairly good example of a nation-state
answer
90% are Danes
question
List and describe the two regions of Denmark that prevent the country from being a perfect nation-state
answer
Faeroe Islands- 21 islands, nearly 50,000 inhabitants speak Faeroe Greenland- only 12% are considered Danish, the rest are Greenlanders who control their own affairs
question
How did communists suppress the issues of ethnicity and nationalism?
answer
-discouraged expressing cultural uniqueness -organized religion was minimized -centripetal forces -use of Russian languages
question
With the fall of Communist governments in the 1990's, what kind of problems have arisen in what places? Why?
answer
Problems occurred in the Balkans (Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia) where nation-states could not be outlined peacefully. Countries were dismantled because minority ethnicities opposed dominance by majority ethnicities
question
When the Soviet Union dissolved, how many countries formed?
answer
-15 in the 1990's -countries based on ethnicities -other than Russia, they can be divided into 4 groups based on location
question
Baltic Region of former Soviet Union created what 3 states
answer
Lithuania (closest to nation-state), Estonians, Lativans
question
Eastern Europe of former Soviet Union created what 3 states
answer
Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova (all are examples of nation-states)
question
Central Asia of former Soviet Union created what 5 states
answer
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan
question
Caucasus of former Soviet Union created what 3 states
answer
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia
question
Note the major religion and language of each of the Baltic States, (Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia)
answer
Estonia- Lutheran, speak Uralic, related to Finish Lithuania- Catholic, speak language in Balto-Slavic branch Latvia- Lutheran and catholic minority, speak language in Balto-Slavic branch
question
The ethnic divisions among the Eastern European states are blurred for what reasons?
answer
They speak East Slavic languages and all are Orthodox Christians
question
What did the majority of Moldovans want when they gained independence? Who opposed this?
answer
reunification with Romania Ukrainians and Russians in Moldova opposed
question
Where are the ethnic problems in Central Asia?
answer
Tajikistan- tension between Tajiks and Uzbeks, fighting left 15% homeless Kazakhstan_ tension between Kazakhs and Russians, but coexist peacefully
question
How many different nationalities (ethnicities) are found in the multinational state of Russia?
answer
39
question
For what two reasons does Russia resist the independence movement of Chechnya?
answer
Chechnya has large petroleum deposits and doesn't want other ethnicities to start a movement
question
What's the main problem with the Caucasus region?
answer
Territories occupied by the ethnicities don't match the boundaries
question
Define colony
answer
territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely indepnedent
question
define colonialism
answer
effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory
question
summarize three reasons Europeans sought colonies (GGG)
answer
God-promote Christianity Gold- extract useful resources and serve as captive markets for their products Glory- establish relative power through the number of their colonies
question
Which country had the largest empire? Second largest?
answer
1- United Kingdom 2- France
question
Contrast colonial policies of UK and France
answer
UK- on every continent, primarily eastern&southern Africa, S Asia, Canada, Middle East and Australia France- primarily in West Africa and SE Asia, attempted to assimilate French culture and educate an elite group for local administrative leadership
question
List the largest remaining colonies in the world who possesses each
answer
Greenland possessed by Denmark Hong Kong possessed by UK and Portugal
question
Define boundary
answer
An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
question
Define frontier
answer
a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
question
Define physical boudary
answer
coincide with significant features of the natural landscape
question
Define cultural boundary
answer
follow the distribution of cultural characteristics
question
What are 2 types of cultural boundaries that have often been used, give an example of each type of cultural boundary
answer
Geometric: straight lines drawn on a map Ex: U.S and Canada Ethnic: differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion Ex: Pakistan and India
question
Describe a compact states greatest advantage, shape, and examples
answer
good communication distance from center does not vary significantly Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda
question
Describe an elongated states biggest problem, shape, and examples
answer
poor internal communication long and narrow Malawi, Mozambique, Gambia
question
Describe prorupted states reason for protupting, shape and examples
answer
to provide access to resource, or separate states who would share a boundary compact but with large, projecting extension Namibia, Democratic Republic of Congo
question
Describe perforated states dependence of perforatee, shape, and examples
answer
must rely on for import and exports completely surrounds another state South Africa
question
Describe fragmented states different kinds, shape, and examples
answer
separated by water, separated by intervening state several discontinuous pieces Angolia, Tanzania
question
Define landlocked state
answer
lacks a direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries
question
Where are most of the world's landlocked states? Why?
answer
Africa Britain and France built railroads when they had control
question
What problems do landlocked states have?
answer
sending and receiving goods
question
List Africa's landlocked states
answer
Mali, Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland
question
Define democracy
answer
a country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office
question
Define autocracy
answer
A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people
question
What are the three areas democracies and autocracies differ
answer
-selection of leaders -citizen participation -checks and balances
question
Why has the world become more domocratic
answer
-diffusion from Europe and North America -widening of participation -replaces out of date structures -able to regulate tax and mobilize citizens in exchange for rights
question
Explain the Arab Spring
answer
-major protests in SW Asia and N Africa began 2010, forced several countries to convert to democracy from an autocracy -social media really helped
question
Define unitary state
answer
places most of its power in the hands of central government officials
question
Define federal state
answer
allocates strong power to units of local government within the country
question
Regarding unitary states, what are the two characteristics that tend to favor it for a country
answer
- few internal differences - strong sense of national unity
question
Where are unitary states most common
answer
Kenya, Rwanda, because they are small
question
Multinational states often adopt unitary systems for what reason? Example
answer
Values of one nationality imposed on others ex: Kenya and Rwanda, one ethnic group extends dominance over weaker groups
question
Why is the federal state system more effective for larger states?
answer
National capital may be too remote to provide control effectively over isolated regions
question
List good examples of federal states
answer
Russia, Canada, U.S, Brazil, India, Belgium
question
Why has tiny Belgium adopted a federal system?
answer
to accommodate the two main cultural groups
question
Why has an enormous China adopted a unitary system?
answer
to promote communist values
question
Why are boundaries of legislative districts occasionally redrawn? How often is this done int the US?
answer
-to ensure each district has the same population -US does every 10 years, (following the census)
question
What is gerrymandering?
answer
process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the political party in power
question
Describe wasted vote gerrymandering
answer
spreads opposition supporters across many districts but in the minority
question
Describe excess vote gerrymandering
answer
concentrates opposition supporters into a few distrits
question
Describe stacked vote gerrymandering
answer
links distant ares of like-minded voters through odd shaped boundaries
question
How is this type of boundary redrawing different in the US than in Europe
answer
US- done by state legislature Europe- done by an independent commission to create compact homogeneous regions
question
How is gerrymandering combined with ethnicity for political use? (What type of gerrymandering and why)
answer
stacked vote gerrymandering because it is attractive for creating districts inclined to elect ethnic minorities By creating an ethnic district, it ensures the candidates election by that district
question
What happened in 1985 concerning gerrymandering?
answer
US declared gerrymandering illegal, but didn't require dismantling of the existing ones
question
Why is the idea of two superpowers a relatively new one?
answer
Before the Cold War there were more than two, specifically 8
question
Define balance of power
answer
condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
question
Describe the history and purpose of NATO
answer
military alliance of 16 democratic states to prevent Soviet Union from overrunning smaller countries
question
Describe the history and purpose of the former "Warsaw Pact" countries.
answer
-defend each other in case of attack -provides Soviet Union with buffer between it and Germany
question
When was European Union formed
answer
1958
question
By what states was the European Union formed
answer
Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and Federal Republic of Germany
question
For what purpose was the European Union formed
answer
heal Western Europe's scars from WWII
question
What are some important changes in the European Union in recent years
answer
started with 6 countries, now larger addition of former members of COMECON
question
Briefly explain the Eurozone Crisis
answer
-single bank set interest rates -created euro -17 countries of the 27 in the European Union and 6 more
question
Define terrorism
answer
systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands
question
List typical methods/acts of terrorists
answer
-spread through fear -bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, taking hostages, assasination
question
Members and purpose of OSCE (Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe)
answer
members- 56 including US, Canada, Russia, and most European countries purpose- end conflict in Europe
question
Members and purpose of OAS (Organization of American States)
answer
members- all 35 Western Hemisphere states except Cuba purpose- promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among members
question
Members and purpose of AU (African Union)
answer
members- 53 African countries purpose- promoting economic integration in Africa
question
Members and purpose of The Commonwealth
answer
members- UK and 52 other states once under British controls purpose- economic and cultural cooperation
question
Why is terrorism different from other acts of political violence?
answer
attacks are aimed at ordinary people, not military targets or political leaders
question
List some places in which Americans were attacked by terrorists in the late 20th century and early 21st century
answer
- World Trade Center 1993 -Oklahoma City 1995 -USS Cole 2000
question
In what ways does Al-Qaeda, its religious and political views, and its methods pose a challenge to Muslims?
answer
How to express disagreements with US government policies yet renounce terrorism
question
In what ways does Al-Qaeda, its religious and political views, and its methods pose a challenge to Americans and Europeans?
answer
distinguish what are peaceful Muslim practices and abuse of Islam by terrorists
question
List three ways in which states (particularly in the Middle East in recent decades) have given support to terrorists.
answer
1. providing sanctuary for the terrorists 2. supplying weapons, money, and intelligence 3. planning attacks using terrorists
question
Countries that have supported terrorism
answer
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Libya
question
Define fatwa
answer
religious decree that it was Muslims duty to wage war on US citizens
question
What is the Jihad
answer
holy war recruit Muslims in the name of Jihad
question
enclave
answer
country line within another country Ex: Lesotho (completely surrounded by South Africa)
question
Exclave
answer
a territory legally or politically attached to a territory with which it is not physically contiguous ex: Kaliningrad (part of Russia but not attached)
question
define supernational organization
answer
political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among national states (two or more) to promote shared objectives Ex: EU, NATO, NAFTA, and UN
question
what does NAFTA stand for
answer
North American Free Trade Agreement
question
define devolution
answer
breakup of a state or regions within a state Ex: Yugoslavia, and former USSR
AP Human Geography
Global Positioning Systems
Least Developed Countries
Macroeconomics
World Geography
World System Theory
Macroeconomics Ch 4-7 – Flashcards 107 terms

Judith Simpson
107 terms
Preview
Macroeconomics Ch 4-7 – Flashcards
question
Economics
answer
the Structure of economic activity in a community, region, country, group of contries
question
Gross Domestic Product GDP
answer
The market value of all final goods and services produced in the nation during a given period (usually a year)
question
Gross World Product
answer
The market value of all final goods and services produced in the world during a given period
question
Flow Variable
answer
A Measure of something over an interval of time, such as your spending per week.
question
Stock Variable
answer
A measure of something at a particular point in time, such as the amount of money in your wallet
question
Mercantilism
answer
The incorrect theory that a nations economic objective should be to accumulate previous metals in the public treasury; this theory prompted trade barriers to cut imports but other countries retailed to reducing trade and the gains from specialization
question
Expansion
answer
A period during which the economy grows as reflected by rising output, employment, income, and other aggregate measures *Problem: Not all jobs are full time or pay high
question
Contraction
answer
A period during which the economy declines as reflected by falling output, employment, income and other aggregate measures
question
Depression
answer
A severe and prolonged reduction in economic activity during the 1930's
question
Recession
answer
A period of decline in economic activity lasting more than a few months, as reflected by falling outputs, employment, income and other aggregate measures Ex. Greece
question
Inflation
answer
An increase in the economy's average price level
question
Leading economic Indicators
answer
Variables that predict, or lead to, a recession or recovery Ex. consumer confidence, stock market prices, business investments, and big ticket purchases (cars, houses)
question
Coincident Economic indicators
answer
Variables that reflect peaks and troughs in economic activity as they occur Ex. employment, personal income, industrial production
question
Lagging Economic Indicators
answer
Variables that follow or trail, changes in overall economic activity Ex. Interest rates, duration of unemployment
question
Aggregate Output
answer
(Real GDP) A composite measure of all final goods or services produced in an economy during a given period
question
Aggregate Demand
answer
The relationship between the economy's price level and aggregate output demanded with other things constant
question
Price level
answer
A composite measure reflecting the prices of all goods and services in the economy relative to prices in a base year
question
Real Gross Domestic Product (real GDP)
answer
The economy's aggregated output measure in dollars of constant purchasing power
question
Aggregate Demand Curve
answer
A curve representing the relationship between the economy's price level and (real GDP) aggregate output demanded per period with other things constant
question
Aggregate Supply Curve
answer
A curve representing the relationship between the economy's price level and the (real GDP) aggregated output supplied per period with other things constant
question
The Age of Keynes
answer
Post WW2 (early 1970's), General theory of employment, spoke of business pessimism--instability of aggregate demand, John Maynard
question
Federal Budget
answer
A plan for federal government outlays and revenues of specific period (usually a year)
question
Federal Budget Deficit
answer
A flow variable that measures the amount by which the federal government outlays exceed federal government revenues in a particular period (usually a year)
question
Demand-side Economics
answer
Macroeconomics policy that focuses on shifting the aggregate demand curve as a way of promoting full employment and price stability
question
Fiscal Policy
answer
Government spending, taxes, and monetary policies
question
The Great Stagflation
answer
(1973-80) World economic boom: Inflation, drop failures, oil, costs of war
question
Stagflation
answer
A contraction, or stagnation of a nations output accompanied by inflation of price level *Rising prices, unemployment and interest rates
question
Supply-side Economics
answer
Macroeconomics policy that focuses on a rightward shift of the aggregate supply curve through tax cuts or other changes that increase production incentives
question
Economic growth
answer
An increase in gross domestic product illustrated by an outward shift of the long run aggregate supply curve or the production possibilities curve. *Result of increase in Technology/ New improved resources
question
Productivity
answer
The ration of a specific measure of output (such as real GDP,) to a specific measure of input (such as labor) *In this case real GDP per hour of labor
question
Human capital
answer
accumulated knowledge, skill, and experience, of the labor force
question
Physical capital
answer
Machines, buildings, roads, modes of transportation, and other manufactured creations used to produce goods and services
question
Labor productivity
answer
Output per unit of labor; measured as real GDP divided by hours of labor employed to produce that outpur
question
Law of diminishing returns
answer
When the production possibilities frontier levels off because an increase in output no longer yields much satisfaction
question
Per-worker Production Function
answer
The relationship between the amount of capital per worker in the economy and average output per worker *The better technology the more output Ex. Typewriter--> Computers
question
Capital Deepening
answer
An increase in the amount of capital per worker one source of rising labor productivity *Technology would do this
question
Basic Research
answer
The search for knowledge without regard to how that knowledge will be used
question
Applied Research
answer
Research that seeks answers to particular questions or to apply scientific discoveries to develop specific products
question
Convergence
answer
A theory predicting that the standard of living in economies around the world will grow more similar over time, with poorer countries eventually catching up with the richer ones
question
Industrial Policy
answer
The view that government-- using taxes, subsides , and regulations should nurture the industries and technologies of the future, thereby giving these domestic industries an advantage over foreign competition EX. Chrysler was by Fiat b/c Obama said so
question
Expenditure Approach to GDP
answer
A method of calculating GDP by adding spending on all final goods and services produced in the nation during the year
question
Income Approach to GDP
answer
A method of calculating GDP by adding all payments for resources used to produce output in the nation during the year
question
Final Goods and Services
answer
Goods and services sold to final, or end, users
question
Intermediate Goods and Services
answer
Goods and services purchased by firms for further reprocessing and resale
question
Double Counting
answer
The mistake of including the value of intermediate goods plus the value of final goods in GDP-- Counting the same good more than once
question
Consumption
answer
Household purchases of final goods and services, except for new residences (Investments) * 2/3 of economy
question
Investments
answer
The purchase of new plants, new equipment, new buildings, and new residences plus net additions to inventories *10-11 percent of economy
question
Residential Construction
answer
Building new homes or dwelling places
question
Inventories
answer
Producers stock of finished and in-process goods
question
Government Purchases
answer
Spending for goods and services by all levels of government outlays minus transfer payments
question
Net Exports
answer
The value of a countries exports minus the value of its imports
question
Aggregate Expenditure
answer
(GDP) Total spending on final goods and services during a given period, usually a year
question
Calculating GDP
answer
C + I + GS + (X-M)
question
Aggregate income
answer
The sum of all income earned by resource suppliers in an economy during a given period
question
Value Added
answer
the difference at each stage of production between the selling price of a product and the cost of intermediate goods purchased from other firms
question
Disposable Income (DI)
answer
The income households have available to spend or save after paying taxes and receiving transfer payments
question
Net taxes
answer
Taxes minus transfer payments
question
Financial Markets
answer
Banks and other financial institutions that facilitate the flow of funds from savers to barrowers
question
Leakage
answer
Any diversion of income from the domestic spending stream; includes savings, taxes, and imports
question
Injection
answer
Any spending other than by households or any income other than from resource earnings; includes investments, government purchases, exports, and transfer payments
question
Depreciation
answer
The value of capital stock used up to produce GDP or that become obsolete during the year
question
Net Domestic Production
answer
Gross Domestic Product minus depreciation
question
Nominal GDP
answer
GDP based on prices prevailing at the time of the transaction (Current dollar value)
question
Base Year
answer
The year with which other years are compared when constructing an index; the index equals 100 in this year
question
Price Index
answer
A number that shows the average price of goods; Changes occur over time show changes in the economies average price level
question
Consumer Price Index
answer
(CPI) A measure of inflation based on the cost of a fixed market basket of goods and services
question
GDP price level
answer
A comprehensive price index of all goods and services included in the gross domestic product
question
Chain Weighed System
answer
An index that adjusts the weights from year to year in calculating a price index, thereby getting rid of much of the bias caused by a fixed price weighting system
question
Noise
answer
Things that get in the way to determine inflation
question
Indexing
answer
Protects purchasing power when inflation increases
question
Distortion of tax
answer
tax code not index
question
Shoe-leather
answer
Costs of economizing cash, increased costs of transactions caused by inflation
question
Unemployment rate
answer
The number unemployed as a percentage of the labor force
question
Discourage Workers
answer
These who drop out of the labor force in frustration because they can't find work
question
Labor force participation rate
answer
The labor force as a percentage of the adult population *starts at 16 because you can graduate high school and work
question
Frictional Unemployment
answer
Unemployment that occurs because job seekers and employers need time to find each other *3-6 months
question
Seasonal Unemployment
answer
Unemployment caused by seasonal changes in the demand for certain kinds of labor
question
Structural Unemployment
answer
Unemployment because 1. the skills in demand do not match those of the unemployed 2. the unemployed do not live where the Jobs are Ex. The coal miners in West Virginia so they had to move to find work
question
Cyclical Unemployment
answer
Unemployment that fluctuates with the business cycle * increasing during contraction and decrease with expassion
question
Full employment
answer
Employment levels when there is no cyclical unemployment *Only 6% unemployment
question
Unemployment Benefits
answer
Cash transfers for those who lose their jobs and actively seeking employment *Extends 2 years
question
Underemployment
answer
Workers are overqualified for their jobs or work fewer hours than they prefer *Employers may consider you a threat
question
Hyper Inflation
answer
A very high rate of inflation
question
Deflation
answer
a sustained decrease in the price level
question
Disinflation
answer
A reduction in the price level
question
Demand Pull Inflation
answer
A sustained rise in the price level caused by a rightward shift of the aggregate demand curve
question
Cost Push inflation
answer
A sustained rise in the price level caused by a leftward shift of the aggregate supply curve
question
Interest
answer
The dollar amount paid by barrowers to lenders
question
Interest Rate
answer
Interest per year as a percentage of the amount load
question
Nominal Interest Rate
answer
The interest rate expressed in current dollars as a percentage of the amount loaned; the interest rate on the loan agreement
question
Real Interest Rate
answer
The interest rate expressed in dollars of constant purchasing power as a percentage of the amount loaned; the nominal interest rate minus inflation rate
question
COLA
answer
Cost of living adjustments; the increase in a transfer payments or wage that reflects the increase of price level
question
Hysteresis
answer
The possibility that periods of high unemployment tends to increase the rate of unemployment *Over time high unemployment may become the norm
question
Theory of productivity and growth
answer
Increase standard of living: 1. improvement in the rules 2. better technology -> Increase in amount of resorces
question
Productivity
answer
Efficient use of resources
question
Labor Productivity
answer
Output per unit of labor *Increases with human and physical capital per worker
question
Labor
answer
70 percent of production cost, most commonly used to measure production because it's easily measured
question
Basic Research
answer
General search for knowledge
question
Consumption Function
answer
The relationship between consumption and income *70 percent of GDP
question
Marginal propensity to consume
answer
(MPC) The fraction of a change in income that is spent on consumption; the change in consumption divided by the change in income
question
Marginal propensity of save
answer
(MPS) The fraction of change in income that is saved; the change in income that caused it
question
Net Wealth
answer
The value of assets minus liabities
question
Life Cycle Model of consumption and savings
answer
Young people barrow, middle age pay off debts and save, older people draw down their savings; on average net savings over a lifetime are small
question
Investment Fuction
answer
The relationship between the amount business' plan to invest and the economies income
question
Autonomous
answer
"Independent"
question
Investment
answer
16 percent of GDP
question
Government Purchases
answer
19 percent of GDP
Caste System In India
George Herbert Mead
Introductory Sociology
Sociology
World System Theory
Test Answers on Sociology Test 2 240 terms

Daniel Thompson
240 terms
Preview
Test Answers on Sociology Test 2
question
. Mrs. Butler is a 4th grade teacher. She has been teaching for 32 years and now has Robert Price Jr. in her class. Mrs. Butler remembers when she had his father, Robert Price Sr., in her class 25 years ago. Mrs. Butler believes that Robert Jr. will be a problem student, just as his father Robert Sr. was. She thinks that unruly behavior is genetic. Mrs. Butler supports the _____________ theory.
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A. Nature
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Rodney is 37 years old and he is engaged to Bridgette who is 32 years old. The two are taking a pre-marital class to help prepare them for the roles of husband and wife that they will take on when they get married. This is an example of:
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C. Secondary Socialization
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Affirmative Action is a program that was adopted by the government to correct problems created by discrimination against minorities. As such, affirmative action is an example of:
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C. Social Policy
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Stevie thinks that people are the way they are because of their environment. Stevie supports ______________ theory.
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A. Socialization
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Hezekiah is being released from prison after serving a 22 year sentence. Hezekiah needs to learn new values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in order to survive in the outside world. At the same time, he needs to abandon values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that were appropriate in the penitentiary. Hezekiah needs to experience:
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A. Resocialization
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Rachel works at a nursery and is faced with a moral dilemma. Mrs. Wilkinson is late picking up her child on a regular basis. The nursery rules state that the school has to charge parents $1.00 for every minute that they are late. However, Rachel knows that Mrs. Wilkinson is a low-income, single parent who cannot afford the late charges. Gilligan suggests that because Rachel is female, she will resolve this dilemma using the:
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B. Morality of Care
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According to the theory of the looking-glass self, Carlo is in the first stage of developing his 'self'. Carlo is:
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B. Imagining how his behaviors look to others
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Amelia is in a mental institution. There, she is isolated from outside influences so that she can be reformed and controlled. The mental institution is a:
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D. Total Institution
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The students at Washington High are gearing up for the student body elections. By participating in such elections, the teens are learning lessons about the importance of voting and representation. This is an example of the:
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C. Hidden Curriculum
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Twyla is a 4 year old preschooler. Her mother constantly yells at her and rarely offers encouragement. According to Erikson's eight stages of development, Twyla is at risk for developing:
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C. Guilt
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In her award acceptance speck, Roseanne thanked the many different people and groups that shaped her beliefs, behavior, and self-concept. She acknowledged:
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C. Agents Socialization
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Children at the elementary school are taught to place their right hand over their heart during the recitation of the pledge of allegiance. In this vein, the children are being taught the norms and values of the U.S. This is an example of:
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B. Primary Socialization
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Mrs. Nightingale is 76 years old. She fears death and wishes that she could relive her life. She would certainly make different choices if given another opportunity. According to Erikson's eight stages of development, Mrs. Nightingale is in the _________ stage.
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A. Integrity vs. Despair
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Little Billy is 7 years old. He would prefer to play his video game instead of doing his homework, but he knows that if he does so his father will spank him. From Little Billy's perspective, playing the video game s wrong because it will lead to pain. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Little Billy is in the __________________ stage.
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C. Preconventional
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The Madisons set a 10:00 pm curfew for their daughter Bethany, but Bethany wants to stay out until 11:00 pm. The Madisons listen to their daughter's input about how she has matured since the curfew was first established, but the parents still enforce the 10:00 curfew. This is an example of the ______________________ style of parenting.
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A. Authoritative
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Eddie is 5 years old. His ability to speak is growing rapidly. According to cognitive development theory, Eddie is in the _________________ stage.
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C. Properational
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According to Erik Erikson, the positive or negative resolution of each __________ that a person experiences will impact his/her ability to master future stages of development.
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C. Psycho-social Crisis
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The Lawson child is 22 months old. Whenever someone waves at her and says bye-bye, she waves back at them and repeats the words bye-bye. The Lawson child is in the stage when children copy the behaviors of those around them. This is the ____________ stage.
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B. Imitation
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Mrs. Keck is a first grade teacher. She likes to meet with all of the students' parents on the first day of class to get an idea about the environment that her students live in. Mrs. Keck believes that the environments of the students' home environment influences the way that they think, feel, and behave. Mrs. Keck supports the ______________ theory:
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A. Nurture
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Lauren's research focuses on older women's ability to think and reason. Lauren is researching:
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B. Cognitive Development
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Little Annie believes that using curse words are bad because her Daddy says that they are bad. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Little Annie is in the __________________ level.
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C. Conventional
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Zhongping's research focuses on how those who have wealth and power are socialized differently from those who do not have wealth and power. Zhongping's research supports the __________ perspective.
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C. Conflict
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The _____________ self is concerned with pleasing oneself.
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A. I
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Timmy is 8 years old and spends the day with his grandfather. When his grandfather loses his favorite rabbit's foot in the pond, Timmy is able to imagine the grief and disappointment that his grandfather is feeling. According to cognitive development theory, Timmy is in the ______________ stage.
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C. Concrete Operational
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According to Erikson, when all of the infant's needs are met, ______________________ develops.
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C. Trust
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The nature vs. nurture debate refers to a disagreement on the cause of behavior between social scientists and:
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B. Biologists
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Louise is a working-class mother. Helen is a middle-class mother. According to research, which of the following is most likely to happen:
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A. Louise will focus more on her children's obedience to authority
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Genie was a socially isolated child who lacked the skills to function effectively in society. As such, Genie was:
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C. Feral
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The Smith baby is 11 months old. Whenever her parents allow her to roam around the house in her walker, she grabs whatever she can and places the item into her mouth. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the Smith baby is in the ______________ stage.
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C. Sensorimotor
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At the maximum security prison, all inmates must submit to a body cavity search, in which officers inspect every opening of the inmate's body for contraband. According to symbolic interactionists, this process is required to:
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*Degrade the new inmates *Facilitate Resocialization *Control the Inmate (D.)
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When asked what magazines and newspapers she reads, Governor Sarah Palin stated that she reads the New York Times and The Economist. These are examples of:
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C. Mass Media
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Tina imagines how her parents will respond to her failing grades, interprets their screaming as a sign of disappointment, and develops a low self-concept. This process of reflection in developing the self is explained by the _____________________ theory.
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D. Looking-Glass Self
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Maggie tells her 15 year old daughter Karen that women should express their femininity by wearing make-up, keeping a clean house, and offering a gentle demeanor to others. This is an example of:
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B. Gender Socialization
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The Jeffersons provide a high level of support to their sons, but do not consistently enforce the rules. As such, the Jefferson have a(n) _________________ parenting style.
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B. Permissive
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Martha is a middle-aged woman who hopes to make a difference in the world. According to Erikson's eights stages of development, Martha is in the _________ stage.
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B. Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Lola understands abstract mathematical principles. According to cognitive development theory, Lola is in the ________________ stage.
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A. Formal Operational
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Janki is Hindu. Her religion teaches that premarital sex is wrong. Janki uses her religious beliefs to guide her decisions. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Janki is in the ________________ stage.
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C. Postconventional
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Demetrius is able to see his parents in a way that he never has before. He now understands that his mother has expectations and demands placed on her as a parent, wife, and secretary. According to George Herbert Mead, Demetrius is in the _______ stage.
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B. Game
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The _____________ self is concerned with obtaining favorable feedback from others.
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B. Me
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Nina is three years old. Nina likes to pretend to be her mother. She dresses up like her mother, and acts like she is cooking and supervising the children. According to George Herbert Mead, Nina is in the _______________________ stage.
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C. Play
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Learning that a red light means stop, a yellow light means approach with caution, and a green light means go is an example of:
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A. Socialization
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Terry is in elementary school. She is doing well in school and making new friends. According to Erikson's eights stages of development, Terry is in the __________________ stage.
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C. Industry vs. Inferiority
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Kirk and Carol are discussing their son and their daughter. They say that they want their son to grow up to be an independent and aggressive provider and they want their daughter to grow up to be a beautiful and passive nurturer. These parents are discussing their children's:
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B. Gender
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Mary and Luis Canova are strict disciplinarians. They expect absolute obedience from their children. Even more, the couple rarely expresses love and affection to their children. This is an example of the _________________ style of parenting.
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C. Authoritarian
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According to the theory of the looking-glass self, Richard is in the 2nd stage of developing his 'self'. Richard is:
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A. Interpreting others' reactions to his behavior
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Humans need other humans to develop normally.
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A. True
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Erik Erikson suggested that humans develop a personality in 12 stages.
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B. False
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Socialization is a never-ending process.
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A. True
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Boys advance through stages of moral development faster than girls.
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B. False
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Female participation in high school athletics increased 800% under Title IX.
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A. True
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Religious teens are less likely than non-religious teens to be delinquent.
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A. True
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Disciplining children is a cultural universal.
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A. True
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Children think like adults.
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B. False
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All total institutions are involuntary.
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B. False
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Primary socialization occurs during childhood.
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A. True
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1. After graduating from college, Donald landed a job at Microsoft that pays $93,000 per year. In this example, Microsoft is a(n):
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d. Utilitarian Organization
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2. Regina manages a day spa. She has developed personal relationships with all of the people that she supervises. She acknowledges their birthdays, encourages them when they are down, and rewards them for a job well done. Regina's employees truly enjoy her company and they follow her because they want to. This makes Regina a ______ leader.
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c. Permission
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3. When Christy entered high school, she noticed that most of her female classmates wore lipstick. Christy bought some lipstick and started wearing it so that she could fit in with the other young ladies. This is an example of:
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a. Conformity
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4. This is Katrina's first week on her new job at Jiffy Lube. She has had the opportunity to work with both of the shop managers. She notices that the morning manager assigns tasks to the employees without asking what they would prefer to do, while the evening manager asks for employee input in assigning the tasks. The morning manager has a(n) ______ leadership style, while the evening manager has a(n) _______ leadership style.
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d. Autocratic, Democratic
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5. Angelo is career criminal. He has been sentenced to serve the next 23 years in prison. Because Angelo is forced to go to prison against his own wishes, the prison represents a:
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d. Coercive Organization
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6. The Board of Trustees is made up of 15 members. Together, they oversee the State University. The board adopts rules, regulations, and policies for 27,000 students and 6,000 faculty and members. This small group's control of the university represents:
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b. Concentration of Power
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7. Destiny's Child is a musical group made up of three vocalists. The three members make up a:
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d. Triad
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8. The Middle Eastern Student Association was formed last semester on campus. When forming the group, the student organizers adopted by-laws, or rules and regulations to govern the group's activities. This reflects:
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a. Formal Structure
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9. Under the influence of groupthink, the boys at Ridgemont High decided to make a statement against the school uniform by wearing skirts on the first day of class. The fact that the entire group ignored the warnings that they would be suspended if they were not in uniform is an example of:
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c. Collective Rationalization
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10. Vilma works at the hospital as a certified nursing assistant. She does not like her boss Tyrone. Nevertheless, Vilma follows Tyrone's orders because Tyrone is her boss and has the title of supervising nurse. This mean's that Tyrone is a ______ leader.
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d. Positional
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11. Renee is a business consultant. She advises managers on how to increase productivity. Recently, Renee advised construction site managers that they should adopt the _______ leadership style if they aim to increase productivity.
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a. Democratic
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12. Brad was born in poverty. However, he is highly motivated and values education. Brad's motivation and values are a part of his:
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c. Social Capital
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13. The Gator fans at the University of Florida believe that their team is better than the Volunteers at the University of Tennessee. This reflects:
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a. In-Group Bias
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14. Chuiya believes that when ex-cons are released from prison, they must be provided with a new set of skills to be successful in society. As such, Chuiya volunteers at the Reichert Rehabilitation Center teaching ex-cons how to develop resumes and interview for jobs. For Chuiya, the Reichert Rehabilitation Center is an example of a:
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d. Normative Organization
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15. The Simmons family is planning their annual family reunion. Parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and siblings will meet on Cape Cod to celebrate their intimate and long lasting relationships. The Simmons family is an example of a(n):
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a. Primary Group
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16. Shakira owns the local bookstore and has seven employees. Shakira always asks her employees for their opinions before adopting a new policy. Shakira is a(n):
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c. Democratic Leader
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17. There are 14 members of the medical platoon stationed on the army base. These health care workers, who interact with one another and share a common identity, make up a:
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b. Social Group
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18. Rachel just signed up to join the soccer team. She has just formed a(n):
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c. Voluntary Association
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19.Giselle works at the public library. Her friend sees her there and asks, "Giselle, can you get me a job here?" Giselle replies, "You must go through the Human Resources Office to fill out an application and pass a series of tests in order to qualify for a position here." The fact that hiring is based on a worker's ability to perform a task reflects which characteristic of bureaucracy?
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d. Technical Qualifications
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20. Latoya likes to use Facebook, but her sister Shante likes to use MySpace. Both of these applications help the sisters maintain the ties that they have with others. As such, Facebook and Myspace help with:
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b. Social Networks
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21. In 1904, Mary McLeod Bethune founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls to provide black women with an opportunity to earn a college degree. The school is an example of a:
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b. Formal Organization
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22. The local bank recently installed five Automatic Teller Machines (Skill: ATM's) around town and fired two bank tellers. By taking these actions, the bank has been able to save money and customers have been given the convenience of conducting their business with the bank after hours. This is an example of:
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a. Formal Rationality
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23. At the advertising agency, decision-making power flows downward. The partners make the rules and pass them on to the junior partners, who then pass them down to the ad executives, who then pass them on to the administrative assistants. This reflects which characteristic of bureaucracy?
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c. Hierarchy of Authority
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24. Marsha thinks that she is fat although she weighs only 102 pounds and is 5 feet 7 inches tall. When her therapist asks Marsha what makes her think she is overweight, Marsha says that she is bigger than all of the supermodels that she sees on television and in fashion magazines. Because Marsha is comparing herself to the supermodels, they represent her:
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b. Reference Group
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25. At Big Al's restaurant, the hostess seats the customer, the waitress takes and serves the order, the cook prepares the food, the bus boy cleans the table, and the cashier collects the payment. These clearly defined roles and expectations reflect:
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c. Division of Labor
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26. The vice-president of Student Government received several anonymous notes from students who were discontent with the new budget. However, the vice-president did not share this information with the President. The vice-president wanted to protect the leader from views that contradicted the administration's position. This reflects which shortcoming of groupthink?
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c. Self-Appointed Mind Guards
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27. Students in the college town refer to the local residents as "Townies." The students feel disconnected from the Townies and often hold negative views towards them. From the students viewpoint, the Townies are a(n):
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b. Out-Group
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28. Beyonce wants to launch a new musical group. She wants to know how many members she should have in the group to ensure that the group stays together. She asks you how many people are in the most stable group. You correctly tell her:
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a. Two people
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29. The Science Club has an elected president, vice-president, treasurer, and secretary. This represents:
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c. Formal Structure
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30. The School Board Members in Gadsden County met today to vote on changing the dress code to allow students more variation in the school uniform. The board members voted against the proposal without discussing the potential benefits of such a change. Each member just conformed to what they believed was the consensus of the group. Because there was no objective thought in their decision, this reflects:
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a. Groupthink
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31. Every McDonald's employee is expected to treat each the customer the exact same way. When a customer approaches the counter, the employee is supposed to smile and say, "Welcome to McDonald's. May I please take your order?" The idea that all customers are treated the same way reflects which characteristic of bureaucracy?
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d. Impersonality
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32. Every McDonald's employee is expected to treat each the customer the exact same way. When a customer approaches the counter, the employee is supposed to smile and say, "Welcome to McDonald's. May I please take your order?" The idea that all customers are treated the same way reflects which characteristic of bureaucracy?
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b. Production
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33. Participation in voluntary organizations is:
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b. Decreasing
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34. When a judge ruled that Mary was a threat to herself and others, Mary was placed in the Crisis Stabilization Unit of the State Mental Hospital. Since this was against Mary's will, the State Mental Hospital represents a:
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c. Coercive Organization
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35. Fiona signed up to volunteer with the Voter Registration Council. The group will work together to register local high school graduates to vote in the upcoming election. This group has come together for a specific purpose and is an example of a(n):
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a. Secondary Group
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36. Although five men at the town meeting believed that it was wrong to deny women the right to vote, they kept their opinions to themselves and went along with the group. These men feared that they would be treated unkindly if they disagreed. This reflects which shortcoming of groupthink?
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d. Self-Censorship
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37. Groupthink is more likely to occur when there is:
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d. Cohesiveness, an external threat, and a strong leader
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38. When Jack joined the secret society of world leaders, he was told that membership was limited to 25 people, that he would be expected to develop an intimate relationship with his 24 "brothers," and that their relationship would last until death. Jack correctly concluded that the secret society of world leaders was expected to serve as a(n):
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a. Primary Group
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39. Fredrick is in a fraternity. He has 28 fraternity brothers on campus and he has a special friendship with each one. The friendships illustrate:
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b. Informal Structure
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40. Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania are examining the behavioral modes that people use to influence group members. The researchers are examining:
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d. Leadership Styles
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41. Joanie volunteers with the Parent Teacher Association. Along with other concerned parents, Joanie tries to enhance the educational experience of the youth in her community. To Joanie, the Parent Teacher Association is an example of a(n):
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c. Normative Organization
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44. Ray and Sharon are the parents of twin teen-aged boys, Wendell and Kendall. Ray and Sharon make all the rules and assign all the tasks. They expect their children to do what they say without question. Ray and Sharon are:
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a. Methods of Succession
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45. Les Brown is a motivational speaker. He leads people by empowering them to do things that they never thought was possible. This means that Les Brown is a __________________ leader.
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c. Autocratic Leaders
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46. When the 11-member Board of Directors voted to cut employee health care benefits, there were 9 Board Members in favor of the cut and 2 who Board Members who did not vote. The resulting tally of 9-0 made it seem as if everyone supported the cut, when in fact all did not. This illustrates:
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a. People Development
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47. When Candy Lightner started the group Mothers Against Drunk Driving to eliminate driving while under the influence of alcohol, she was developing a:
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b. Illusion of Unanimity
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48. The high school is a formal organization that is divided into a hierarchy of different departments with the principal's office at the top, followed by the dean's office, the math, language, reading and science departments as well as the nursing office, the cafeteria, and the janitor's office. As such, the high school is a(n):
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b. Formal Organization
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49. When Myrna was admitted into the University, she applied for on-campus housing. She was randomly placed in a room with Tiffany. Myrna and Tiffany had a respectful roommate-relationship but after the year school year was over, they never saw one another again. This is an example of a(n):
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c. Bounded Relationship
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50. Rebecca works at Wal-Mart as a cashier. When she sees a customer shoplifting, Rebecca calls for security. Rebecca does not confront the thieving customer, because that is not her job. This reflects:
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b. Division of Labor
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51. Michelle feels very close to the Republican Party and is very loyal to the group when she votes. To Michelle, the Republican Party is a(n):
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a. In-Group
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52. A decision to attack a rival gang was made by the Blood Demons. Under the influence of groupthink, the Blood Demons were excessively optimistic, believing that they would win the fight. This belief that the desired outcome would occur is called:
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a. Illusion of Invulnerability
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53. Takaya and Okim are dating. They couple makes up a:
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d. Dyad
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54. Gwendolyn is a sociologist. Her research question is, "How does job satisfaction impact productivity in the workplace?" What type of theorist would ask such a question?
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c. A Symbolic Interactionist
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55. Harold was selected by his boss to be the shift leader at Arby's restaurant. Harold was completely happy being a crewmember and did not want to be promoted into a leadership position. During his shift, Harold often retreats to the office in the back of the restaurant, allowing the crew members to do what they want to do. Harold is a:
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d. Laissez Faire Leader
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56. Khalyani is aspiring to be a world-class chef. She has just been hired by the Hilton Hotel as an assistant chef. For Khalyani, the Hilton Hotel is an example of a(n):
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c. Utilitarian Organization
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57. The art gallery holds a monthly wine and cheese reception on the first Friday evening of every month. This is an opportunity for hip, young, professionals to meet people will similar values, beliefs, and social identities. The art gallery is helping the young professionals develop:
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b. Social Networks
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59. Missy has never been to a Bar Mitzvah before so she is unsure of the appropriate dress for the occasion. When she arrives, Missy checks out what the other women are wearing. She is pleased to see that most women are wearing elegant dresses like hers. The women at the party make up Missy's:
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c. Reference Group
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60. On New Year's Eve, thousands of people gather together in Times Square in New York City. The on-lookers wait for the ball to drop at 12:00 am and then celebrate the beginning of a new year. The people gathered are an example of a:
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B. Crowd
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61. Positional leaders occupy the highest level of influence.
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B. False
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62. Secondary groups typically involve more emotion than primary groups.
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B. False
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63. A weak leader increases the likelihood of groupthink.
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B. False
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64. Contract networks provide emotional support.
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B. False
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65. The style of leadership directly impacts the level of leadership.
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B. False
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66. Ethnocentrism is an example of in-group bias.
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A. True
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68. A person can change his/her leadership style.
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A. True
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69. Attitudes are a part of social capital.
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A.True
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70. All organizations have informal structures.
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A. True
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67. A strong leader increases the likelihood of groupthink.
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A. True
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58. On a recent visit to the dentist, Professor Bush learned that her dentist was looking for a new receptionist. When Professor Bush found out that her student Toussant was looking for a job, she referred Toussant to the dentist and Toussant was hired on the spot! Dr. Bush is an example of Toussant's"
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a. Social Capital
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1. Marquita is working on a project for her sociology class. She asks every student living in her dorm how much money they expect to make on their first job. She finds that most students expect to make between $40,000 and $80,000 per year upon graduation. Marquita concludes that most of the graduates will be:
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b. Middle Class
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2. Lorenzo believes that social stratification in society is inevitable. Lorenzo is a(n):
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a. Functionalist
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3. Roz is a 34 year old public defense attorney. She is dating Peter, a garbage collector. Roz is embarrassed about introducing Peter to her colleagues because Peter's job has a low level of respect and esteem. Roz is concerned about Peter's:
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d. Prestige
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4. Omar is a functionalist. He believes that the amount of pay associated with a job depends on:
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b. How important the job is for society
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5. Malcolm was born into a poor family. Both of his parents were also born into poor families. Even more, Malcolm's grandparents were born into poor families. This reflects:
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c. Residual Poverty
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6. Sita is giving a class presentation on the voting behavior of Americans. She correctly tells her classmates that people with higher incomes are:
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a. More likely than people with low incomes to vote
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7. Some people believe that every American should be guaranteed health care by the government. These people suggest that health care should be provide through a(n):
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b. Entitlement Programs
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8. Michael is a member of the working class. He tells his son that for every working class person who moves up to the middle class, there is a middle class person that moves down to the working class. Michael is teaching his son about:
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c. exchange mobility
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9. Brett and Katherine are newlyweds. They have moved into a moderate apartment and they do not have much furniture. Although they don't have much money, Brett wants to go out and get furniture today. He tells Katherine that they can rent-to-own furniture for $100 a week over the course of 10 years. Katherine suggests that they wait until they can buy the furniture outright, to avoid heavy interest charges. Katherine's way represents:
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b. Delayed Gratification
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10. Barbara earns minimum wage and lives paycheck to paycheck. She has 3 dependent children and is below the government's poverty line. Barbara is a part of the:
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c. Lower Class
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11. Wanda is moving to Japan to teach English classes to children. Because she will be out of the country for five years, Wanda wants to sell all her material possessions including a condominium, a car, furniture, and electronics. The possessions along with the money that Wanda has in the bank are valued at $330,000. This reflects Wanda's:
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a. Wealth
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12. Angela Bauer has a Master's of Business Administration and earns a high salary as an advertising executive. However, she is not a part of the elite class. Angela is:
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c. Upper Middle Class
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13. Stephanie is a welfare recipient. She receives subsidized housing and food stamps. However, Stephanie does not like to talk about it. Stephanie is using the following coping strategy to deal with negative perceptions of welfare recipients :
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d. Distancing
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14. Norm aims to become a wealthy man within the next ten years. He wants to know if wealthy men are more likely to be single or married. Norm asks his sociology professor and the professor replies:
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a. The wealthiest people in the U.S. are married
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15. Jawanna works at the school cafeteria. When most students go home for the summer months, the cafeteria temporarily downsizes the staff. Jawanna is usually out of work between May and August. This temporary state reflects:
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b. Marginal Poverty
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16. At the 20 year class reunion, classmates learned that Davey Chappelle had become a millionaire. Davey was the only millionaire out of his class and there was a lot of buzz at the reunion about how Davey made his fortune. Sara Hollinger, who always had a crush on Davey, tells her classmates that, "Davey, like all self-made millionaires, made it because he was smart and hardworking." Sara Hollinger supports the:
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c. Meritocracy Argument
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17. Levi is a physician. He has the ability to get the nurses to do what he wants them to do. He tells them what to do with the patients and when to do it. This ability to impose his will on others reflects Levi's:
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a. Power
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18. Which of the following is true concerning neighborhoods and social class:
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d. There has been an increase in the concentration of poor people and affluent people in neighborhoods
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19. Wesley's grandfather was a sharecropper, farming someone else's land. Wesley's father was a farmer who farmed his own land. Wesley owns an international dairy company that responsible for providing milk products to people all around the world. This reflects:
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b. Intergenerational Mobility
question
20. Jenny went to college intending to meet a potential mate, not to receive a degree. She dated fourteen guys in three years. Today, Jenny will rank the fourteen young men in terms of their wealth, power, and prestige in order to determine who will make the best husband. Jenny is using a system of:
answer
c. Social Stratification
question
21. Mona makes $600 per night as a private dancer. This figure represents Mona's:
answer
b. Income
question
22. There is a telethon on channel 57 right now. The sponsors are asking viewers to phone in donations to feed the starving children in Haiti. These children who do not have enough food to survive are experiencing:
answer
a. Absolute Poverty
question
23. Hector is interested in studying how students at his school perceive social class differences. Hector is a(n):
answer
c. Symbolic Interactionist
question
24. Professor Kaegen is conducting research on the gender bias in poverty. Professor Kaegen is examining:
answer
b. The Feminization of Poverty
question
25. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act:
answer
d. All of the Above
question
26. Leon is giving an in-class presentation on minimum wage earners in America. Leon tells his classmates that most minimum wage earners are:
answer
d. Over the age of 25
question
27. Because of the cost of medical school, poorer students are less likely to become doctors than higher status students. Which theorists would be more likely to examine how this trend impacts social stratification in the U.S.?
answer
c. Conflict Theorists
question
28. Willie lives in a housing project in New York City. Willie's neighborhood is characterized by high levels of poverty, single-parent households, and male unemployment. Willie is a part of the:
answer
c. Urban Underclass
question
29. Next Saturday, students from all over the country will take the standardized SAT exam. Brittany was asked by her roommate to explain how students from different neighborhoods fare. Brittany correctly reply:
answer
c. Students from suburban areas will score higher than students from rural and urban areas
question
30. Zela is a very religious woman. She believes husbands are the head of the household and that wives should submit to their husbands' wills. Zela believes that husbands have been given power over women by God. From Zela's perspective, the husband's power is:
answer
c. Delegated
question
31. Betty has been approved to receive Temporary Aid to Needy Families (Skill: TANF). Betty asks her caseworker how long she will receive the benefits and her caseworker tells her that she can receive TANF for _______ consecutive years.
answer
a. 2 years
question
32. Jan lives in a neighborhood with a high concentration of poor people. If Jan experiences upward mobility, research predicts that she will:
answer
b. Move out of the neighborhood
question
33. The transition from welfare to work usually results in:
answer
b. Low-Paying Jobs
question
34. Laurie is the campaign manager for a mayoral candidate. Laurie tells the staff that they should target the voters who are a part of the largest social class in the United States. Laurie wants to target the:
answer
c. Middle Class
question
35. Pauline started out at the company as a Mail Room Clerk. After two years she was promoted to the position of Administrative Assistant. After 5 years, she became the Office Manager and now she is being promoted to the position of Associate Director. Pauline has experienced:
answer
c. Intragenerational Mobility
question
36. Manuel does not have the food, clothing, or shelter to survive another cold winter. Manuel is experiencing:
answer
b. Absolute Poverty
question
37. In the U.S., the power elite is made up of:
answer
d. Political Officials, Military Leaders and Corporate Leaders
question
38. Vera is a janitor on the night crew at the university. She will be retiring next week after 32 years of service. As Vera looks back over her life, she realizes that she is still in the same place that she was when she started her job. Although she worked hard and was fairly intelligent, she did not get ahead. Because of this, Vera disagrees with the:
answer
a. Meritocracy Argument
question
39. Lola is homeless. She lives on the streets of New York City. Lola is a member of the:
answer
c. Urban Underclass
question
40. Maria is a welfare recipient. She receives Section 8 housing, food stamps and cash payments. Yet Maria says, "I am different from other welfare recipients because I need the benefits to get on my feet after leaving an abusive marriage. Most of those other women are just lazy and are taking advantage of the system." Maria is using which coping strategy to deal with the society's negative perception of welfare recipients?
answer
c. Denial
question
41. Many factory workers join unions because unions are able to impose the will of the employees onto the employers. As such, unions wield a great amount of:
answer
d. Power
question
42. During the Great Depression in the U.S., millions of people lost their jobs and their homes because of the failure of the country's economy. This reflects:
answer
b. Structural Mobility
question
43. Babacar just moved his family to the U.S. from Kenya. When asked why he moved, Babacar said that this country will offer him an opportunity to change his social class. Babacar appreciates the ________________ available in the U.S.
answer
a. Social Mobility
question
44. Chas just learned that some people are paid by the hour while others earn a salary. Chas says that he wants to earn a salary. This means that wants to be a part of the:
answer
a. Middle Class
question
45. Dr. Edna Garrett is a physician who owns her own home, runs her own practice, and earns about $100,000 per year. Dr. Garrett is a member of the:
answer
c. Upper Middle Class
question
46. Terry lives in a shabby apartment and uses public transportation to get around. Larry owns a deluxe home and drives a brand new Mercedes. Compared to Larry, Terry is experiencing:
answer
a. Relative Poverty
question
47. Professor Fuentes is teaching her students about the three components of the social stratification system. She tells them that the three components are:
answer
b. Power, Wealth and Prestige
question
48. The fact that Cindy attended an exclusive prep school, belongs to exclusive social clubs, and was born into a wealthy and powerful family qualifies her for membership in the:
answer
b. Upper Class
question
49. Louise was a librarian who owned a home. After her husband's death, she lost her house and turned to alcohol to ease her pain. Now, Louise is a homeless beggar on the streets of San Francisco. This reflects:
answer
c. Vertical Mobility
question
The Cedar River Restaurant recently went out of business. Leanne, who was a waitress there, is now between jobs. She is putting in applications and interviewing to find a new position. In the mean time, Leanne is experiencing:
answer
d. Transitional Poverty
question
51. Shawn's father does manual labor at the paper mill and his mother is a custodian at the Junior High School. Shawn comes from a(n) _________________ class family.
answer
a. Working Class
question
52. Dorothy is a hair stylist working at Cuts-By-Us but she has applied for a stylist position at Super-Cuts so that she can work at a salon that is closer to her apartment. If Dorothy moves to Super-Cuts, she would be doing the same job and making the same amount of money. This reflects:
answer
c. Horizontal Mobility
question
53. The concentration of poverty in a neighborhood is related to:
answer
d. All of the Above
question
54. Elizabeth and Harry are divorced. Elizabeth receives $12,000 per month in alimony from her ex-husband and $6,000 per month from her job as a college professor for a total of $18,000 per month. The $18,000 per month represents Elizabeth's:
answer
d. Income
question
55. In India, society is divided into 4 different groups called castes. The castes are ranked from the highest to the lowest and certain societal rewards and privileges are given to those in the higher caste, while the rewards and privileges are withheld from the lower cases. This ranking is an example of:
answer
a. Social Stratification
question
56. Men are more likely than women to be poor.
answer
b. False
question
57. Suburban schools receive more funding than urban schools.
answer
a. True
question
57. Suburban schools receive more funding than urban schools.
answer
a. True
question
59. Most African Americans live at or below the poverty line.
answer
a. True
question
60. TANF allows people to receive funds for five years in their lifetime.
answer
a. True
question
61. People with higher levels of education are more likely to vote.
answer
a. True
question
62. The median household income in the United States is $19,178.
answer
b. False
question
63. The minimum wage is a government policy.
answer
...
question
64. The haves are more likely than the have-nots to talk about social stratification.
answer
b. False
question
65. Most working class people attended college.
answer
b. False
question
1. Today, Alvin will present a report to his class on the bottom ten income-producing countries in the world. Most of the countries that he will be discussing are located in:
answer
...
question
2. Emily is the regional manager for the largest fast food chain in the world. As such, she has a great deal of power in the company. According to Weber, Emily is a(n):
answer
...
question
3. Hiresh is a member of the lowest or 'untouchable' caste in India. Hiresh is a member of the ____________ caste.
answer
...
question
4. Sam owns a large factory that creates toys for children. According to Karl Marx, Sam is a member of the:
answer
...
question
5. Tony is conducting research on how language influences global stratification. This research is in line with:
answer
...
question
6. Stacy published an article on the wealth, prestige, and power of various countries in an effort to highlight patterns of inequality around the world. Stacy's article focused on:
answer
...
question
7. Millicent is a poor laborer. She works in the same industrial bakery that her mother and grandmother worked in and retired from. Millicent believes that if she works hard at the bakery, she can become rich. She has an unrealistic belief about her place in society. Millicent's view reflects:
answer
...
question
8. Lucious borrowed money and could not repay what he owed, so he borrowed money from Guavo to repay the old loan. Now, Lucious is working for Guavo to pay the new loan. In the meantime, Guavo provides shelter and food for Lucious and adds these expenses on to Lucious' debt. In truth, Lucious will never be able to work enough to pay off his growing debt to Guavo. This is an example of:
answer
...
question
9. The U.S. is a nation that constantly tries to expand their capitalist market, decrease costs, and increase profits. As such, Wallerstein's world system theory would suggest that the U.S. is a part of the:
answer
...
question
10. Purujit is a member of the Indian caste that represents the laborers. Purujit is a part of the ____________ caste.
answer
...
question
11. The largest political party in Canada is led by people who are patriotic, unified, and supportive of the status quo. According to Pareto, such leaders are:
answer
...
question
12. Rachel works in a factory. She has some training that prepared her for her job on the assembly line. As such, Weber would consider Rachel a(n):
answer
...
question
13. Senegal is a country that is relatively poor, with a high rate of childhood death, hunger and people living on less than one dollar a day. As such, Senegal is a(n):
answer
...
question
14. Professor Graham assigns each student a country and tells them to divide the country's total gross income by the number of people in that country. This formula will produce the:
answer
a. Per-Capita Income
question
15. At a recent labor union, the union leader told workers that each person must understand their position in society so that the workers could unite. This sentiment reflects:
answer
b. Entrepreneurs
question
16. The Trump family is a part of the business class in the U.S. They have a great deal of money, but the members of the family have to work hard to maintain their place. Because they represent "new money", Weber would say that the Trumps are:
answer
b. Entrepreneurs
question
17. Today, Sandra will present a report to her class on the top ten income-producing countries in the world. Most of the countries that she will be discussing are located in:
answer
d. Europe
question
18. Marcus is a poor factory worker. According to Karl Marx, Marcus is a member of the:
answer
d. Proletariat
question
19. Rajiv is a member of the Indian caste representing warriors. Rajiv is a member of the ____________ caste.
answer
c. Kshatriya
question
20. Each year, the U.S. uses American tax dollars to help other nations. This social policy is called:
answer
a. Foreign Aid
question
21. Mr. Brown owns a delicatessen on Main Street. Although Mr. Brown is a business owner, his wealth, prestige, and power are limited. According to Weber, Mr. Brown is a(n):
answer
c. Petite Bourgeoisie
question
22. Harry is interested in the system by which nations rank and provide rewards to its members. Harry is interested in:
answer
b. Social Stratification Systems
question
23. Lonnie believes that an imbalance of power between the elite and the poor leads to global stratification. Lonnie's belief is in line with:
answer
d. Conflict Theory
question
24. Ghana is a nation that is rich in natural resources like gold, diamonds, and petroleum. Ghanaians hope to generate wealth through the sale of their resources to other countries. Based on this, Wallerstein's world system theory would suggest that Ghana is a part of the:
answer
b. Periphery
question
25. Joe is a plumber. He holds a special position in society because he has abilities that others rely on. As such, Weber would consider Joe a(n):
answer
c. Craftsman
question
26. Chebu was born into a position of power and privilege. His place in society is permanently fixed. Chebu is a member of a:
answer
a. Caste System
question
27. Chad is an underdeveloped nation that has few natural resources and lacks the ability to attract investors from other countries. The country has a very limited impact on others. According to Wallerstein's world system theory, Chad is a part of the:
answer
d. External
question
28. The form of slavery that was legal in the U.S. considered slaves to be the property of the slave owner. This is an example of:
answer
d. Chattel Slavery
question
29. Ajay is a member of the Indian caste made up of merchants, traders, and artists. Ajay is a member of the ________________ caste.
answer
a. Vaishya
question
30. Bhummi's research examines the total control over people who have no choice about their state. Bhummi's research focuses on:
answer
c. Slavery
question
31. Jamaica is a poor country that borrowed funds from the United States. Unable to repay the loan, Jamaica has agreed to numerous alliances and trade agreements that benefit the United States. This process in which a powerful nation use loans and economic power to maintain control over a poor nation is called:
answer
a. Neocolonialism
question
32. April believes that climate, geography, and natural resources explain global stratification. April's beliefs are in line with:
answer
c. Functionalism
question
33. Japan has a well-educated population, regular elections, abundant industry, and free enterprise. As such, Japan is a(n):
answer
a. Developed Nation
question
34. Jorge and Alvaro signed a legal document stating that Jorge would work for Alvaro and that Alvaro would provide food and shelter for him. Jorge would like to break the contract, but he fears that Alvaro will harm him if he tries. This is an example of which type of slavery:
answer
c. Contract Slavery
question
35. The smallest political party in Mexico is led by people who are clever, rational, and against the status quo. According to Pareto, such leaders are:
answer
d. Foxes
question
36. The Rockefeller family represents "old money." For the past 175 years, the Rockefellers have owned businesses and real estate that have been passed down from one generation to the next. According to Weber, the Rockefellers are:
answer
a. Rentiers
question
37. In India, Nirayan is a part of the priestly, scholar class. Nirayan is a:
answer
d. Brahman
question
39. Ethiopia produces many doctors, but the majority of Ethiopian-born doctors have migrated to the United States for a higher standard of living. This instance of when the best talent leaves a poor country and provides a greater advantage to a wealthy country is called:
answer
b. Brain Drain
question
40. According to Karl Marx, ______________________ leads to revolution.
answer
b. Class Consciousness
question
41. James is a sanitation worker. He collects garbage from the curb and throws it into a truck driven by his buddy Dan. As such, Weber would consider James a(n):
answer
b. Unskilled Worker
question
42. Brazil is a developing nation which sells raw materials to other nations in an effort to keep more wealth within the country. According to Wallerstein's world system theory, Brazil is a part of the:
answer
a. Semi-Periphery
question
43. Thomas is studying the wealth, power, and prestige of the world's largest country in geographic area. Thomas is studying:
answer
b. Russia
question
44. All core nations eventually run out of natural resources.
answer
a. True
question
45. The number of slaves in the world is decreasing.
answer
b. False
question
46. The U.S. provides more than its agreed upon share to foreign aid.
answer
b. False
question
47. Half of the world's population lives on less than two dollars per day.
answer
a. True
question
48. Today, slaves are cheaper than in the 1800's.
answer
a. True
question
49. The caste system in India is illegal.
answer
a. True
question
50. The widest gaps in inequality are found within nations.
answer
b. False
question
51. Europeans work fewer hours, on average, than Americans.
answer
a. True
question
52. Tax burdens in the U.S. tend to be higher than in other nations.
answer
b. False
question
53. A person can move up or down in a caste system.
answer
b. False
200 000 Years Ago
Around The Globe
Linguistics
World System Theory
College speech midterm 103 terms

Donna Chou
103 terms
Preview
College speech midterm
question
ethnocentrism
answer
the tendency of any nation, race, religion, or group to believe that its way of looking at and doing things is right ant that other perspectives have less value.
question
stereotypes
answer
generalized pictures of a race, gender, or group that supposedly represent its essential characteristics
question
source
answer
the originator of a message
question
encoder
answer
the speakers voice
question
message
answer
the words, nonverbal cues, and presentation aids that convey the speaker's ideas, notices, and feelings toward a subject
question
channel
answer
air or medium through which the message flows
question
receiver
answer
the audience; those for whom the message is intended and in anticipation of whom the message is shaped
question
decoder
answer
process by which the listener determines the meaning of the speaker's message
question
noise
answer
sometimes called interference, this can indicate a range of problems from physical noise such as distracting sounds in the room to psychological noise (stereotypes, distractions, cultural barriers) in listeners that can distort or even block the reception of the message.
question
feedback
answer
speaker's perception of how audience members react to the message both during and after its presentation.
question
setting
answer
physical and psychological context in which a speech is presented
question
identification
answer
the feeling of closeness between speakers and listeners that may overcome personal and cultural differences.
question
responsible knowledge
answer
an understanding of the major features, issues, information, latest developments, and local applications relevant to a topic.
question
quoting out of context
answer
an unethical use of a quotation that changes or distorts the original speakers meaning or intent by not including parts of the quote
question
plagiarism
answer
presenting the ideas and words of others without crediting them as sources
question
dialogue
answer
having the characters in a narrative speak for themselves, rather than paraphrasing what they say.
question
transitions
answer
connecting elements used in speeches
question
extemporaneous presentation
answer
a form of presentation in which a speech, although carefully prepared and practiced, is not written out or memorized
question
key-word outline
answer
an abbreviated version of a formal outline that may be used in presenting a speech
question
ethos
answer
those characteristics that make a speaker appear honest, credible, powerful, and appealing
question
competence
answer
the perception of a speaker as being informed, intelligent, and well prepared.
question
integrity
answer
the quality of being ethical, honest, and dependable
question
goodwill
answer
the dimension of those by which listeners perceive a speaker as having their best interests at heart
question
indentification
answer
the feeling of sharing or closeness that can develop between spears and listeners
question
dynamism
answer
the perception of a speaker as confident, decisive, and enthusiastic
question
self-awareness inventory
answer
a series of questions that a speaker can ask to develop an approach to a speech of introduction
question
communication anxiety
answer
the range of unpleasant sensations and fears you may experience before or during a presentation
question
anticipatory anxiety
answer
the fear of public speaking that occurs before the actual presentation of a speech
question
anxiety sensitivity
answer
the tendency to label weak symptoms of anxiety as fear and then to over-respond to them
question
perfectionism
answer
believing that you must be perfect to be effective
question
presentation anxiety
answer
the fear reactions that occur during the presentation of a speech
question
selective relaxation
answer
the technique of tightening and relaxing muscles on command, used to help reduce communication anxiety
question
communication orientation
answer
looking at public speaking as an interactive communication event rather than as a performace
question
cognitive restructuring
answer
the process of replacing negative thoughts with positive, constructive ones.
question
visualization
answer
the process of systematically picturing oneself succeeding as a speaker and practicing a speech with that image in mind
question
skills training
answer
developing speaking abilities that help speakers control communication apprehension
question
informative value
answer
a measure of how much new and important information or understanding a speech conveys to an audience
question
speech of description
answer
an informative speech that creates word-pictures to help the audience understand a subject
question
speech of demonstration
answer
an informative speech aimed at showing the audience how to do something or how something works
question
speech of explanation
answer
offers understanding of abstract an complex subjects
question
intensity
answer
attention factor concerning how much an object contrasts with its background
question
repetion
answer
repeating sounds, words, or phrases to attract and hold attention
question
novelty
answer
the quality of being new or unusual
question
activity
answer
holding audience attention by offering a vigorous presentation, telling exciting stories, and using language that creates the sense of action.
question
contreast
answer
arranging supporting materials to highlight differences or gaining attention by using abrupt changes in presentation, dwelling upon opposites, or framing the pros and cons of a situation.
question
relevance
answer
holding attention by pointing out a subjects importance or value to vital intersests
question
retention
answer
the extent to which listeners remember and use the speakers message
question
spatial design
answer
a pattern for an informative speech that order the main points as they occur in actual space
question
sequential design
answer
a pattern for an informative speech that presents the steps involved in the process being demonstrated.
question
chronological design
answer
a pattern of speech organization that follows a sequence of important events in historical pattern
question
categorical design
answer
the use of natural or customary divisions within a subject as a way of orgainze an informative speech
question
comparative design
answer
a pattern for an informative speech that relates an unfamiliar subject to something the audience already knows or understands
question
literal analogy
answer
a comparison made between subjects withing the same field
question
figurative analogy
answer
a comparison made between things that belong to different fields
question
comparison an contrast
answer
an informative speech design that pints out similarities and differences between subjects or ideas
question
causation design
answer
a pattern for an informative speech that shows how one condition generates, or is generated by, another
question
briefing
answer
a short informative presentation offered in an organizational setting that focuses upon plans, policies, or reports
question
discovery phrase
answer
phase of the process of finding speech topics that identifies large topic areas
question
exploration phase
answer
phase of the process of finding speech topics that involves the close examination of large topics that involves the close examination of large topic areas to identify more precise topics that might be developed
question
refinement phase
answer
identifying the general and specific purposes of a speech topic and framing its thesis statement
question
brainstorming
answer
technique that encourages the free play of the mind
question
topoi of topic discovery
answer
probe questions used to stimulate the mind during topic exploration, centering of places, people, activities, things, events, ideas, values, problems, and campus concerns.
question
interest chart
answer
visual display of a spears interests as prompted by certain prole questions
question
topics areas inventory chart
answer
a means of determining possible speech topics by listing topics you find interesting and subjects your audience finds intersecting, and then matching them.
question
media prompts
answer
sources such as newspapers, magazines, and the electronic media that can suggest ideas for speech topics.
question
mind mapping
answer
changes customary patterns of thinking in order to free our minds for creative exploration
question
topic analysis
answer
using questions often employed by journalists to explore topic possibilities for speeches (who what why when where how)
question
general purpose
answer
the speakers overall intention to inform or persuade listeners or to celebrate some person or occasion
question
specific purpose
answer
the speakers particular goal or the response that the speaker wishes to evoke
question
thesis statement
answer
sometimes called the \"central idea\" it summarizes in a single sentence the message of your speech
question
topic briefing
answer
prospectus for a speech or series of speeches you propose to give
question
presentation aids
answer
visual and auditory illustrations intended to have the clarity and effectiveness of a presentation
question
graphics
answer
visual representations of information, such as sketches, maps graphs, charts, and textual materials
question
pie graph
answer
circle that shows size of a subjects part in relation to the whole
question
bar graph
answer
shows comparison and contrast between two or more items or groups
question
line graph
answer
lice that changes across time
question
flow chart
answer
shows steps in a process
question
textual graphics
answer
contain text or numbers
question
billeted list
answer
highlights ideas and lists them as brief statements
question
acronym
answer
a word composed of the initial letters of a series or words
question
flip chart
answer
on an easel to drawn on and page can be flipped over top to next one
question
computer-assisted presentation
answer
joins audio visual textual graphic and animated componts
question
analogous color scheme
answer
colors adjacent on the color wheel (suggest similarities and differences)
question
complementary color scheme
answer
colors opposite one another on the color wheel (shows tension and opposition)
question
monochromatic color scheme
answer
use of variations of a signal color in a presentation aid to convey the idea of variety within unity
question
hearing
answer
process in which brain hears sound waves
question
discriminate listening
answer
phase of listening in which we detect sounds of spoken communication
question
comprehensive listening
answer
focus on spiken messages
question
emphatic listening
answer
phase of listening in which we suspend judgment, allow spears to be heard, and try to see form their points of view
question
appreciative listneing
answer
enjoy the beauty of messages
question
critical listneing
answer
careful analysis and evaluation of message
question
constructive listneing
answer
search for the value that messages may have for your life
question
receiver apprehension
answer
fear of misinterpreting, inadequately processing and/or not being able to adjust psychologically to messages sent by theirs.
question
trigger words
answer
words that arouse such powerful feeling that they interfere with the ability to listen critically and constructively
question
filtering
answer
only listening to what you want to hear
question
assimilation
answer
interpret positions of a spear close to their own views than they actually are
question
contrast effect
answer
seeing positions different than your as being more distant than they actually are
question
facts
answer
information that can be verified by observation or expert testimoney
question
inferecnes
answer
assumptions based on incomplete infomation
question
opinoions
answer
expressions of personal attitude or belief offered without supporting material
question
demagogues
answer
political speakers who try to inflame feeling without regard to the accuracy or adequacy of their claims in order to promote their own agendas
question
critique
answer
an evaluation of a speech that emphasizes strengths as well as weaknesses and that focus on how a speaker might imporve
question
universal listener
answer
listening as though you represent all who might be affected by a message
Ethnic Studies
Introductory Sociology
Sociology
World System Theory
Sociology 7 & 8 115 terms

Mary Moore
115 terms
Preview
Sociology 7 & 8
question
A system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their socio-economic factors.
answer
Social stratification
question
What are the three key factors of social stratification?
answer
Wealth, power and Prestige
question
Refers to the individual assets one poses: cash, savings, investments in stock, bonds, real estate properties. The U.S. income inequality is the greatest in the industrialized world.
answer
Wealth
question
The ability to control others' behavior, even against their will.
answer
Power
question
Subjective, it depends on how an individual is perceived by others.
answer
Prestige
question
Category of people with same amount of income, power, and prestige.
answer
Social class
question
Asking people to rank others.
answer
Reputational model
question
Asking people to rank themselves.
answer
Subjective model
question
Identifying classes through analysis of income, occupation, and education.
answer
Objective method
question
Hunter-Gatherers are the most. Still not totally free of inequalities but there is not much opportunity to accumulate wealth. Large-scale societies without wealth accumulating opportunities. Also Communist societies.
answer
Egalitarian System
question
Outlawed in virtually all societies and remains a significant human rights violation. Normally poor and minority.
answer
Master-Slave System
question
Less extreme in practicing inequality. Agriculture produced more wealth and, thus, an increase in stratification. Social stratification resemble a pyramid: many people at the bottom and a smaller number of people toward the top.
answer
The Feudal System
question
A rigid system in which position is bestowed for life at birth, ascribed & fixed, rather than achieved through personal accomplishment. It interferes with freedom & flexibility necessary for modern industrial production.
answer
The Caste System
question
An open system in which people's positions are achieved and interchangeable. Economically based. Socially mobile.
answer
The Class System
question
South Africa, Malaysia, Central Australia, North Korea, Cuba.
answer
Examples of Egalitarian
question
Some families are forced to work in fruitless efforts to repay debts (found in parts of India, Thailand, Pakistan and Peru).
answer
Debt bondage
question
An extreme form of inequality. The legal conditions have varied among societies: some deprived of all rights; some excluded from political positions & the military; some are held in servitude on someone else's property and, the less fortunate spent their days in hard labor.
answer
Slavery
question
Agrarian societies of medieval Europe, Asia, Latin America.
answer
Examples of the Feudal System
question
Those who worked the land.
answer
Serfs
question
Those who appropriated some of the produce and labor of the peasants.
answer
Landlords
question
Movement of individuals from one social standing to another as a result of changes in wealth, income, power and prestige.
answer
Social Mobility
question
How far one moves up or down the socioeconomic scale over the course of working life.
answer
Intragenerational Mobility
question
How children rate on the scale compared to parents or grandparents.
answer
Intergenerational Mobility
question
People can move up or down the social ladder depending on changes in society (e.g. declining manufacturing base, globalization, immigration).
answer
Structural mobility
question
Social mobility dependent on a person's personal achievement. Race, gender, access to education, and individual opportunities play a part.
answer
Individual mobility
question
Key factor of social mobility.
answer
Educational Attainment
question
Recently caused by corporate restructuring due to takeovers. Women are more likely to experience downward mobility because of childcare responsibilities, especially when combined with divorce or separation.
answer
Downward Mobility
question
The lack of minimum food & shelter necessary for maintaining life.
answer
Absolute poverty
question
Those who earn less than half of the nation's median income are poor.
answer
Relative poverty
question
A huge number of women living in poverty as single mothers.
answer
Feminization of poverty
question
Poor are believed to have failed to grab opportunities by not working hard.
answer
Blame-the-Poor Theories
question
Used "culture of poverty" to explain how the poor had debilitating values and attitudes that are passed from generation to generation.
answer
Oscar Lewis
question
Used "dependency culture" poor people who rely on welfare rather than entering the labor market.
answer
Charles Murray
question
Structural forces within society shape the way resources are distributed. The lack of ambition among the poor is a consequence of their constrained situation, not a cause.
answer
Blame the system theories
question
Some nations are in higher or lower classes. The consequences are poverty, inequality, child exploitation, and slavery.
answer
Global Stratification
question
Rich nations exploit poor ones for power and commercial gain. Fails to explain the economic boom in middle eastern countries.
answer
Dependency Theory
question
Group with inherited physical characteristics that distinguishes it from other groups. Based on perception.
answer
Race
question
Cultural practices of a given community that have emerged historically & set people apart.
answer
Ethnicity
question
People who identify with one another on the basis of common ancestry and cultural or religious heritage, language & history.
answer
Ethnic group
question
Ethnic & racial identification is socially constructed.
answer
Situational ethnicity
question
A member of an ethnic group assimilates to the larger culture, an ethically diverse culture.
answer
Symbolic ethnicity
question
People who are subjected to prejudice and discrimination.
answer
Minority groups
question
Have the greatest power, most privileges, and highest social status, e.g. people of English descent in the U.S.
answer
Dominant groups
question
The poorest minority in the United States.
answer
Native Americans
question
Prohibited segregation and discrimination in virtually all areas of social life. Still exists in housing and economics.
answer
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
question
Largest minority in the United States. Worst of educationally.
answer
Latinos
question
Fastest growing minority in the United States. More likely to graduates college and have higher pay.
answer
Asians
question
The most successful minority. Perceived as hard-working, family-oriented, and friendly.
answer
Jewish Americans
question
Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions.
answer
Racism
question
Refers to thoughts or actions taken to eradicate racism.
answer
Antiracism
question
The long history & persistence of policies promoted by social institutions that favor the white supremacy structure of social relations; not recognized as discrimination.
answer
Institutionalized discrimination
question
A negative attitude or opinion towards a certain group of people. Preconceived views.
answer
Prejudice
question
An unfavorable action or behavior taken against an individual because they are of a certain group of people. Exclusion of 'the other' or restricting opportunities.
answer
Discrimination
question
Prejudice is the result of frustration, and scapegoats become targets of blame.
answer
Scapegoating
question
If our parents, teachers, and media are prejudiced we are likely to follow their lead.
answer
Socialization
question
Racism created a huge supply of cheap labor bringing profits to the dominant group.
answer
Economic
question
Involves maintaining power for the dominant group.
answer
Political
question
Reverse discrimination. Encourages employers to recruit qualified minorities.
answer
Affirmative action
question
A relatively open stratification system in which people's positions are achieved and changeable.
answer
Class System
question
Movement from one job to another within the same status category.
answer
Horizontal Mobility
question
The changing relationship between economic development and social inequality names after its discoverer, Simon Kuznets.
answer
Kuznets Curve
question
The likelihoood of living a good, long, successful life in a society.
answer
Life Chances
question
Tastes, preferences and ways of living.
answer
Lifestyles
question
The economic control exercised by rich nations over their former colonies.
answer
Neocolonialism
question
A small group of top leaders not just from business corporations but also from the federal government and military.
answer
Power Elite
question
The condition in which the same individual is given two conflicting status rankings.
answer
Status Inconsistency
question
A system in which people are stratified according to their social prestige.
answer
Status System
question
The method of identifying social classes by asking people to rank themselves.
answer
Subjective method
question
Moving up or down the status ladder.
answer
Vertical Mobility
question
The process by which the subcultures of various groups are blended together, forming a new culture.
answer
Amalgamation
question
Prejudice or discrimination against Jews.
answer
Anti-Semitism
question
The process by which a minority adopts the dominant group's culture as the culture of the larger society.
answer
Assimilation
question
The social situation in which a minority adopts the dominant group's language, values, and behavioral problems.
answer
Behavioral assimilation
question
The peaceful coexistence of various racial and ethnic groups, each retaining its own subculture.
answer
Cultural Pluralism
question
Segregation resulting from tradition and custom.
answer
De facto segregation
question
The wholesale killing of members of a specific racial or ethnic group.
answer
Genocide
question
The prejudiced belief that keeps minority professionals from holding leadership positions in organizations.
answer
Glass Ceiling
question
The persistence of discrimination in social institutions that is not necessarily recognized by everybody as discrimination.
answer
Institutionalized Discrimination
question
A set of laws that segregated African Americans from whites in all kinds of public and private facilities.
answer
Jim Crow Laws
question
An oversimplified, inaccurate mental picture of others.
answer
Stereotype
question
The social condition in which the minority is accepted on equal terms with the rest of society.
answer
Structural Assimilation
question
Divided society into two major classes and one minor class. Capitalists, workers and the small capitalists.
answer
Karl Marx
question
Those who own the means of production and hire others.
answer
Capitalists
question
Came up with the idea of the power elite.
answer
Charles Wright Mills
question
The people that hold the most power are the capitalists.
answer
Marxist Theorists
question
Power is not tightly concentrated but widely dispersed more or less equally among various competing groups.
answer
Pluralist Theorists
question
The ancient form of human bondage.
answer
Chattel Slavery
question
1. Brahmins 2. Warriors 3. Merchants 4. Artisans 5. Untouchables
answer
The 5 Castes
question
Useful for investigating the class structure of a small community where everybody knows practically everybody else.
answer
Advantage of Reputational Model
question
Cannot be applied to large cities, and cannot generalize findings from one community to another and it is impossible to find unanimity among the reputation judges.
answer
Disadvantage of Reputational Model
question
Families that have been wealthy for generations, an aristocracy of birth and wealth.
answer
Old Rich
question
Rockefellers, Vanderbilts and Du ponts.
answer
Examples of Old Rich
question
People who have created their own wealth.
answer
New Rich
question
Bill Gates and Oprah.
answer
Example of New Rich
question
Rich that keep them so aloof of the masses because they tend to live, marry and belong to communities of likeminded people.
answer
Out-of-Sight class
question
Highly successful professional careers. Work with unbounded enthusiasm and live very comfortably.
answer
Upper-Middle Class
question
Largest class in the U.S. Also the most diverse. Have achieved the middle class dream of owning a suburban home.
answer
Middle-Class
question
Those with little education and work in manual labor. Unskilled and underpaid.
answer
Working Class
question
Joblessness and poverty. Very few have finished highschool.
answer
Lower Class
question
A state of deprivation resulting from having less than the majority of the people have.
answer
Relative Poverty
question
1. Dirty jobs get done. 2. High class can persue their careers if they have maids and stuff. 3. Poverty creates job for social workers and police.
answer
Functionalist Perspective
question
Found that the majority of homeless men are African American, single or divorced men with low skills.
answer
Peter Rossi
question
1. Increased shortage of inexpensive housing. 2. Decreasing demand for unskilled labor. 3. Erosion of public welfare benefits.
answer
Homelessness
question
Stratification of society is necessary and it motivates people to work hard.
answer
Davis-Moore Theory
question
Stratification is dysfunctional and by limiting the opportunities of those who are not privileged restricts the possibility of discovering talent hidden in society.
answer
Melvin Tumin
question
Jewish term which means the fortunate are required to help the individuals and community in need.
answer
Tzedakah
question
Racial apathy serves to support and sustain the status quo of racial inequality in society.
answer
Tyrone Forman
question
Segregation required by law.
answer
De jure segregation
question
The spacial and social separation of the dominant and minority groups, believing that the minority group is inferior.
answer
Segregation
question
The dominant group expels a minority form certain areas or the country in general.
answer
Expulsion
question
People believe in equality and never act against this.
answer
Unprejudiced nondiscriminators
question
They do not believe in prejudice ideas but act on discrimination because of social pressures. AKA. fair-weather liberals.
answer
Unprejudiced discriminators
question
Afraid to express their prejudice beliefs. Also called fair weather illiberals.
answer
Prejudiced nondiscriminators
question
Have prejudice beliefs and act upon them. AKA the Klu Klux Klan.
answer
Prejudiced Discriminators
question
Country totally free of discrimination because there is only one race and ethnicity.
answer
Iceland
Introductory Sociology
Social and Political Philosophy
Social Mobility Refers To
Sociology
World System Theory
SOC 201 Unit 2 – Flashcards 65 terms

Daniel Jimmerson
65 terms
Preview
SOC 201 Unit 2 – Flashcards
question
social stratification
answer
a system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige
question
slavery in greece and rome
answer
slaves did the work, freeing citizens to engage in politics and the arts.
question
india's caste system
answer
status is determined by birth and is lifelong.it is based on religion. 3,000 years. someone who is born low status will always be low status, no matter how much that person may accomplish in life.
question
ascribed status
answer
social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life
question
achieved status
answer
a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
question
Marx's social class
answer
social class of Bourgeoisie (owners) and Proletariat (workers)
question
Bourgeoisie
answer
marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production
question
Proletariat
answer
marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
question
false class consciousness
answer
workers mistakenly thinking of themselves as capitalists
question
Weber's social class
answer
property, power, and prestige
question
ideology vs. force
answer
ideology reigns in a nation, and force can be used too
question
ruling elite's two methods to control information
answer
manipulating media and tracking technology
question
the three world model
answer
first world - industrialized capitalist nations. second world - communist or socialist countries. third world - any nation that did not fit into the first two categories.
question
core nations
answer
the countries that industrialized first
question
semiperiphery
answer
the economies of these nations, located aroun the mediterranean, stagnated because they grew dependent on trade with core nations
question
periphery
answer
the fringe nations whose economies developed the least
question
external areas
answer
the nations that were left out of the development of capitalism altogether.
question
first world country
answer
industrialized capitalist nations
question
second world country
answer
communist (or socialist) countries
question
third world country
answer
any nation that does not fit into first or second world categories
question
wealth
answer
when you add up the value of someone's property and subtract that person's debts (net worth)
question
income
answer
a flow of money
question
60 years
answer
US income over the past _____ has become even more gapped
question
democratic facade
answer
an example would be a country where the elections were rigged or unfairly influenced by fear and intimidation.
question
power elite
answer
those who make the big decisions in US society
question
Erik Wright
answer
man who revised Marx's concept of social classes: some people are members of more than one class at a time. they occupy contradictory class locations. capitalists, petty bourgeoisie, managers, and workers
question
upper middle class
answer
The social class most shaped by education:
question
social mobility
answer
the upward or downward movement in social classes
question
feminization of poverty
answer
poverty is associated more with women because of the number of births to single women
question
Race
answer
a group of people with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group
question
minority group
answer
people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
question
dominant group
answer
those who do the discriminating because they have the greater power, privileges, and social status
question
ethnic work
answer
the way people construct their ethnicity
question
prejudice
answer
an attitude. prejudging of some sort, usually in a negative way.
question
discrimination
answer
an action. unfair treatment directed against someone.
question
individual discrimination
answer
the negative treatment of one person by another
question
institutional discrimination
answer
the broader picture of how discrimination is woven into the fabric of society.
question
selective perception
answer
lead us to see certain things while they blind us to others
question
reserve labor force
answer
the unemployed
question
split labor market
answer
division of workers along racial-ethnic and gender lines
question
colonization
answer
system of settling new lands that remain under the government of their native land
question
segregation
answer
a social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups
question
internal colonialism
answer
the way in which a country's dominant group exploits minority groups for its economic advantage.
question
assimilation
answer
the process by which a minority group is absorbed into the mainstream culture.
question
genocide
answer
deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
question
forced assimilation
answer
the dominant group refuses to allow the minority to practice its own religion, to speak its language, or to follow its customs.
question
Rosa Parks
answer
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
question
Mexico
answer
Where do the most Latinos trace their heritage to?
question
William Julius Wilson
answer
says that social class has become more important than race in determining the life chances of african americans.
question
boat people
answer
____ were lower class refugees and the fleers were well educated and well to do. (cuba)
question
Asian
answer
What ethnic group is most likely to grow up with two parents and least likely to be born to a single mother?
question
Native American
answer
What ethnic group has the highest rates of suicide?
question
female circumcision
answer
feminists believe that ___ is a form of ritual torture to control female sexuality.
question
frederick engels
answer
proposed that patriarchy came with the development of private property
question
first wave of feminism
answer
Women attempt to vote, 14th and 15th ammendment grant women and black men to vote, organizations created (NWSA), new jobs for women, education opportunities, 19th ammendment, and reform begins to take place
question
second wave of feminism
answer
1960's-80's, proponents of the equal rights act, fought for women's right in the workplace, believe feminists should organize collectively to change patriarchal society; "Power Feminists"
question
female chromosome configuration
answer
XX
question
male chromosome configuration
answer
XY
question
sexual harrassment
answer
unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
question
75.6
answer
life expectancy of men in the US for 2010
question
81.4
answer
life expectancy of women in the US for 2010
question
as the meaning of old age was transformed, when it changed from an asset to a liability, not only did younger people come to view the elderly differently but the elderly also began to perceive themselves in a new light.
answer
How do symbolic interactionists believe that the social value of the elderly in America changed when the economy shifted from being based on agriculture to industry?
question
to celebrate old age as a time of renewal, not simply as a period that precedes death, but as a new stage of growth.
answer
Because the first of the baby boom generation have now turned 50, how will this translate members of society view the elderly and why?
question
EV1
answer
In the video, "Who Killed the Electric Car," what is the name of the main vehicle featured?
question
GM
answer
In the video, "Who Killed the Electric Car" who was the main auto manufacturer profiled?
Divine Right Of Kings
Introductory Sociology
Means Of Production
Sociology
World System Theory
Sociology 7, 8, 9 – Flashcards 56 terms

Patricia Smith
56 terms
Preview
Sociology 7, 8, 9 – Flashcards
question
_____ is the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige. a. social stratification b. bonded labor c. ideology d. caste system
answer
a. social stratification (think layering)
question
What is the difference between bonded labor and slavery? a. They are actually different terms for the same thing. b. Bonded labor is entered into voluntarily (or arranged by parents). c. Some people own other people in bonded labor. d. Slavery is entered into voluntarily.
answer
b. Bonded labor is entered into voluntarily
question
_____ refers to beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements. Social stratification Ideology Endogamy Apartheid
answer
Ideology
question
A person's status is a lifelong condition determined by birth in social democracy bonded labor. a caste system. all forms of social stratification
answer
a caste system
question
In endogamy, one marries within one's group. is forbidden to marry within one's group. has multiple wives. does not marry at all. I
answer
marries within one's group
question
The system of separating racial-ethnic groups that was practiced in South Africa was called slavery. bonded labor. apartheid. the caste system, which was imported from India.
answer
apartheid
question
In a class system, what is the main basis for social stratification? Sexual orientation Money Appearance Kindness
answer
money
question
The wealthiest 1% of adults worldwide own _____ of the Earth's wealth. 12% 29% 46% 88%
answer
46%
question
Gender is a basis of social stratification for ______ society(ies) in the world. no a few many every
answer
every
question
The tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth make up the bourgeoisie. proletariat. means of production. class consciousness.
answer
means of production
question
_____ Weber _____ Marx viewed property as significant in determining a person's standing in society. Neither; nor Both; and Not; but Notably; but not
answer
Both; and
question
Which of the following is most effective in maintaining society's stratification? Brute force Controlling people's ideas Control of food supplies Elites without limits
answer
Controlling people's ideas
question
To maintain their power, elites attempt to _____ information. freely distribute honestly convey shut off all control
answer
control
question
The terms that do not imply value judgments about some parts of the world while splitting it up into conceptual groups are First, Second, and Third Worlds. Most Industrialized, Industrializing, and Least Industrialized. Best, Better, and Worst. Developed, Developing, and Primitive.
answer
Most industrialized, industrializing, and least ind.
question
The _____ richest people in the world own as much of the world's wealth as the bottom half of the whole world's population. 700 422 153 85
answer
85
question
Which category of nations has the most land? Most Industrialized Nations Industrializing Nations Least Industrialized Nations Most Populous Nations
answer
Least industrialized nation
question
The United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, Japan, Australia, and other countries make up the Most Industrialized Nations. Industrializing Nations. Least Industrialized Nations. League of Nations.
answer
most industrialized nations
question
In the Least Industrialized Nations, _____ people are poor. none some most all
answer
most
question
_____ assumes that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people. Colonialism The culture of poverty Neocolonialism World system theory
answer
The culture of poverty
question
Global domination remains in the hands of the East. may be on the verge of a major shift from West to East. is shared democratically by the East and the West. may be on the verge of a major shift from East to West.
answer
may be on the verge of a major shift from West to East.
question
When workers identified with the interests of capitalists, Marx called it _____ class consciousness. false misguided optimistic budding
answer
false
question
The divine right of kings asserts that the king's or queen's authority comes from his or her forbears. God. the people. his or her superior ability.
answer
God
question
_____, according to Weber, is (are) a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige. Status consistency Social class The proletariat Capitalists
answer
social class
question
_____ is the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others. Social class Status Power Prestige
answer
Power
question
_____ is respect or regard. Status consistency Power Prestige Status inconsistency
answer
Prestige
question
Status consistency refers to day-to-day stability. ranking high or low on at least two dimensions of social class. ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class. lateral mobility.
answer
ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class.
question
Marx's model of the social classes included managers workers petty bourgeoisie royalty
answer
workers
question
The class most shaped by education is the _____ class. upper middle lower middle working upper
answer
upper middle
question
Members of the _____ tend to think of themselves as having "real jobs" and regard the "suits" above them as paper pushers. underclass working poor working class upper middle class
answer
working class
question
Homeless people are part of the working poor. working class. underclass. lower middle class.
answer
underclass
question
As you go down the social-class ladder, what happens to your mental health? It improves. It stays the same. There is no change. It worsens.
answer
it worsens
question
When it comes to child rearing, lower-class parents tend to focus more on developing their children's creative skills. encouraging their children to question authority. getting their children to follow rules and obey authority. developing their children's leadership skills.
answer
c. getting their children to follow rules or obey authority
question
When it comes to religion, the lower classes tend to be attracted to more subdued worship. more expressive worship services and louder music. the Episcopalian denomination. the nearest church.
answer
b.
question
Which statement is true about people toward the bottom of the class structure They are more likely to be politically active. On economic issues, they are conservative. They are less likely to be politically active. They walk the same political paths as the rich.
answer
c
question
_____ refers to the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next. Structural mobility Exchange mobility Intergenerational mobility Anomie
answer
intergenerational mobility
question
In Mexico, Javier was a physician. Javier emigrated to the United States and ended up working as a carpenter (which had been his hobby in Mexico). Javier experienced _____ mobility. downward social upward social intergenerational exchange
answer
downward social
question
What proportion of all African American adults works at white-collar jobs One-fourth More than one-half Two-thirds More than three-fourths
answer
more than half
question
The official measure of poverty of the U.S. government is called the poverty line. kept secret. five times a low-cost food budget. nine times a low-cost food budget.
answer
called the poverty line
question
Which statement about poverty is true? Poverty is unusual. Most poor people are poor because they do not want to work More children than adults are poor. There is more poverty in urban than in rural areas.
answer
more children than adults are poor
question
The reason why families headed by a mother, rather than by a mother and father or a father alone, are more likely to be poor is because two-parent families are more stable. women average only 72% of what men earn. women have less education. women are less inclined to work if they have children.
answer
b women average only 72% of what men earn
question
Going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future is called the geography of poverty. deprivation deferred gratification. immediate gratification.
answer
deferred gratification
question
___ refers to a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups. ethnicity race minority group dominant group
answer
race
question
The annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity is known as genocide racial superiority racial purification ethnic work.
answer
genocide
question
The difference between ethnicity and race is that ethnicity refers to _____ characteristics, and race to _____ characteristics, distinguishing one group of people from another. cultural; inherited physical inherited physical; cultural dominant group; minority group minority group; dominant group
answer
cultural; inherited physical
question
_____ is an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group. Racism Contact theory Discrimination Prejudice
answer
discrimination
question
Ezekiel's research (1995) found that Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi leaders believed that race represents the essence of a person. exists only in the mind. is superficial, because all people are the same in the eyes of God. is not a rigid category.
answer
represents the essence of a person
question
_____ mortgage applicants are most frequently offered subprime loans, which charge the highest interest. White African American Wallonian Latino
answer
b
question
In unintentional discrimination, the discrimination is deliberate. the discrimination is written into law. no one is aware of it. health care is one area that is exempt.
answer
c
question
Symbolic interactionists focus on the role of _____ in affecting perception and creating prejudice. the authoritarian personality labels history conflict
answer
labels
question
The United States government's relocation of Native Americans to reservations is an example of direct population transfer. friendship indirect population transfer. assimilation.
answer
a. dpt
question
orcible expulsion and genocide are types of internal colonialism. segregation. assimilation. ethnic cleansing.
answer
d. ec
question
_____ permits—or encourages—ethnic differences. Functionalism Ethnic cleansing Multiculturalism Compartmentalizati
answer
multiculturalism
question
WASP stands for Women Against Sexual Predestination. White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. War Against Special Populations. White And Selected Populations
answer
b. white anglo
question
Among Americans of European descent, the largest group comes from Germany England Italy Norway
answer
a. germany
question
There is a disagreement among sociologists on whether _____ or race is (are) more important in determining the life chances of African Americans. history ethnicity white ethnics social class
answer
d. social class
question
The concern in some quarters that too many immigrants will change the character of the United States is new to the last two decades. causing immigration to taper to a trickle. age-old. confined to California.
answer
c. age old
Environmental Sociology
Internal Combustion Engines
Introductory Sociology
Social Movements
Sociology
World System Theory
social change and the environment – Flashcards 76 terms

Thomas Alday
76 terms
Preview
social change and the environment – Flashcards
question
the alteration of culture and society over time, is a vital part of social life.
answer
Social change
question
Social change has included four social revolutions, a change from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft societies, capitalism and industrialization, modernization, and global stratification
answer
four social revolutions
question
Theories of social change include evolutionary theories, cyclical theories, and conflict theories.
answer
Theories of social change include 3 evolutionary theories
question
identified technology as the basis for social change. The processes of social change are innovation, discovery, and diffusion
answer
William Ogburn
question
refers to the symbolic cultures lagging behind changes in technology.
answer
Cultural lag
question
social movements can be classified as alterative, redemptive, reformative, or transformative
answer
social movements can be classified as
question
involve a large number of people who are organized to promote or resist social change
answer
Social movements
question
Because the mass media are the gatekeepers for social movements, their favorable or unfavorable coverage greatly affects a social movement, and tactics are chosen with the media in mind.
answer
f
question
Social movements go through distinct stages: initial unrest, mobilization, organization, institutionalization, and finally decline.
answer
Social movements go through distinct stages:
question
The solutions to environmental problems range from education, legislation, and political activism to ecosabotage
answer
f
question
sabotaging the efforts of people thought to be legally harming the environment.
answer
ecosabotage
question
Environmental sociologists attempt to study the relationship between human societies and the environment. Environmental sociologists are generally also environmental activists.
answer
Environmental sociologists
question
(1) the domestication of plants and animals, from which pastoral and horticultural societies arose; (2) the invention of the plow, leading to agricultural societies; (3) the industrial revolution; and (4) the information revolution, resulting in postindustrial societies.
answer
four social revolutions:
question
agricultural to industrial economic activity was accompanied by a change from Gemeinschaft societies (daily life centers on intimate and personal relationships) to Gesellschaft societies (people have fleeting, impersonal relationships) societies
answer
f
question
(daily life centers on intimate and personal relationships)
answer
Gemeinschaft societies
question
(people have fleeting, impersonal relationships) societies
answer
Gesellschaft societies
question
identified capitalism as the basic reason behind the breakup of feudal (agricultural) societies. As people were thrown off the land, they moved to cities, where they were exploited by the owners of the means of production.
answer
Karl Marx, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft
question
saw religion as the core reason for the development of capitalism; as a result of the Reformation, Protestants no longer feltSOCIAL CHANGE 219 assured that they were saved by virtue of church membership and concluded that God would show visible favor to the elect. They believed that prosperity was that visible sign.
answer
Max Weber, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.
question
Modernization (the change from agricultural to industrial societies) produces sweeping changes in societies. Modern societies are larger, more urbanized, and subject to faster change. They stress formal education and the future and are less religiously oriented. They have smaller families, lower rates of infant mortality, and higher life expectancy; they have higher incomes and more material possessions. They are Gesellschaft societies with more formal social control and more tolerance of differences.
answer
f, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.
question
When technology changes, societies change. Today, the technology of the industrialized world is changing traditional societies. For example, the export of Western medicine to the Least Industrialized Nations reduced death rates but did not affect high birth rates. Rapidly increasing populations strain the resources of the Least Industrialized Nations, leading to widespread hunger and starvation and the mass migration to cities and to the Most Industrialized Nations.
answer
f, Different explanations have been offered as to why societies changed from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft.
question
unilinear and multilinear.
answer
Evolutionary theories of social change are
question
follow the same path, evolving from simple to complex through uniform sequences.
answer
Unilinear theories assume that all societies
question
different routes can lead to a similar stage of development, thus, societies need not pass through the same sequence of stages to become industrialized.
answer
Multilinear theories assume that
question
Both unilinear and multilinear theories assume the idea that societies progress toward a higher state.
answer
f
question
examine great civilizations, not a particular society; they presume that societies are like organisms—that they are born, reach adolescence, grow old, and die.
answer
Cyclical theories
question
proposed that at first, a civilization is able to meet challenges, yet when it has become an empire, the ruling elite loses its capacity to keep the masses in line "by charm rather than by force," and the fabric of society is ripped apart
answer
Toynbee
question
proposed that Western civilization was on the wane; some analysts think that the current crisis in Western civilization may indicate that he was right.
answer
Oswald Spengler
question
identified three processes of social change: (1) inventions, which can be either material (computers) or social (capitalism); (2) discovery, which is a new way of seeing things; and (3) diffusion, which is the spread of an invention, discovery, or idea from one area to another. Ogburn coined the term cultural lag to describe the situation in which some elements of a culture adapt to an invention or discovery more rapidly than others.
answer
William Ogburn
question
work, schools, capabilities, nature of business
answer
tech. and changes
question
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
answer
ex proactive social movement
question
Ku Klux Klan (KKK
answer
example of reactive social movements
question
suggests that a cultural crisis can give birth to a wave of social movements. According to Zald, when a society's institutions fail to keep up with social changes, many people's needs go unfulfilled, massive unrest follows, and social movements come into being to bridge the gap.
answer
Mayer Zald
question
Two types seek to change people but differ in terms of the amount of change desired: Alterative social movements seek to alter only particular aspects of people (e.g., the Women's Christian Temperance Union)
answer
David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.
question
Two types seek to change people but differ in terms of the amount of change desired, redemptive social movements seek to change people totally (e.g., a religious social movement such as fundamental Christianity that stresses conversion).
answer
David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.
question
Two types seek to change society but also differ in terms of the amount of change desired: Reformative social movements seek to reform only one part of society (e.g., animal rights or the environment)
answer
David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.
question
Two types seek to change society but also differ in terms of the amount of change desired: transformative social movements seek to change the social order itself and to replace it with their own version of the ideal society (e.g., revolutions in the American colonies, France, Russia, and Cuba).
answer
David Aberle classified social movements into four broad categories according to the type and amount of social change they seek.
question
simply means the presentation of information in an attempt to influence people.
answer
Propaganda
question
asserts that because the Least Industrialized Nations have become dependent on the Most Industrialized Nations, they are unable to develop their own resources.
answer
Dependency theory
question
occurs as the movement becomes bureaucratized and leadership passes to career officials who may care more about their position in the organization than about the movement itself.
answer
Institutionalization
question
rain containing sulfuric and nitric acid; the result of burning fossil fuels
answer
acid rain:
question
a social movement that seeks to alter only particular aspects of people (
answer
alterative social movement:
question
benefits (such as tax breaks or stadiums) given corporations to locate or to remain in an area
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corporate welfare:
question
William Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovation
answer
cultural lag
question
a view of history and power in which each arrangement, or thesis, contains contradiction, or antithesis, that must be resolved; the new arrangement, or synthesis, contains its own contradictions, and so on
answer
dialectical process
question
the spread of invention and discovery from one area to another; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change
answer
diffusion:
question
a new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change
answer
discovery:
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actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are thought to be legally harming the environment
answer
ecosabotage
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the greater impact of pollution on the poor and racial minorities
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environmental injustice
question
a subdiscipline of sociology that examines how human activities affect the physical environment and how the physical environment affects human activities
answer
environmental sociology
question
the buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere that allows light to enter but inhibits the release of heat; believed to cause global warming
answer
greenhouse effect
question
the combination of existing elements and materials to form new ones; identified by William Ogburn as a major process of social change
answer
invention
question
a rare type of social movement that seeks to change the social order not just of society but of the entire world (
answer
metaformative social movement
question
the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies
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modernization
question
another term for postindustrial society
answer
postmodern society
question
a social movement that promotes social change
answer
proactive social movement
question
in its broad sense, the presentation of information in the attempt to influence people; in its narrow sense, one-sided information that may distort reality
answer
propaganda
question
how people think about some issue
answer
public opinion
question
a social movement that resists social change
answer
reactive social movement
question
a social movement that seeks to change people totally
answer
redemptive social movement
question
a social movement that seeks to reform some specific aspect of society
answer
reformative social movement
question
a stage at which social movements succeed or fail on the basis of their ability to mobilize resources such as time, money, and people's skills
answer
resource mobilization
question
the alteration of culture and societies over time
answer
social change
question
large numbers of people who organize to promote or resist social change
answer
social movement
question
an organization that is developed to further the goals of a social movement
answer
social movement organization
question
a world system in which we use our physical environment to meet the needs of humanity and leave a sound environment to the next generation
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sustainable environment
question
a social movement that seeks to change society totally
answer
transformative social movement
question
a social movement that seeks to change some social condition throughout the world
answer
transnational social movement
question
These sociologists found that propaganda relies on seven basic techniques, which they labeled "tricks of the trade."
answer
Alfred and Elizabeth Lee
question
Marx analyzed the emergence of capitalism and developed the theory of dialectical materialism
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Karl Marx
question
These sociologists investigated the resource mobilization of social movements and found that although there may be a group of angry and agitated people, without this mobilization they will never become a social movement.
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John McCarthy and Mayer Zald
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His theory of social development once dominated Western thought. It said that societies pass through three stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization.
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Lewis Henry Morgan
question
Ogburn identified three processes of social change: invention, discovery, and diffusion. He coined the term cultural lag to describe a situation in which some elements of culture adapt to an invention or discovery more rapidly than others
answer
William Ogburn
question
Spengler wrote The Decline of the West, in which he proposed that Western civilization was declining
answer
Oswald Spengler
question
This historian suggests that each time a civilization successfully meets a challenge, oppositional forces are set up. Eventually, the oppositional forces are set loose, and the fabric of society is ripped apart.
answer
Arnold Toynbee
question
Weber argued that capitalism grew out of the Protestant Reformation.
answer
Max Weber
question
In analyzing social movements, Zald suggested that they were like a rolling sea, hitting society like a wave.
answer
Mayer Zald
Culture And Society
Free Trade Zone
Free Trade Zones
World System Theory
ANTH101 Final – Flashcards 80 terms

Paulina Ratliff
80 terms
Preview
ANTH101 Final – Flashcards
question
What is communitas? A. Social inequality that is accepted even by those who are less privileged B. A feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness C. Anxiety about the meaning of life D. The Latin word for mana E. The supernatural
answer
B
question
The largest religion in the world, in terms of number of practitioners, is A. Buddhism. B. Islam. C. Judaism. D. Hinduism. E. Christianity.
answer
E
question
Which type of a situation is most likely to result in a matrilineal-matrilocal society? A. Population pressure is high. B. A shift to food production has recently taken place. C. Men's hunting activities are more important than women's gathering. D. Polygyny is common. E. Warfare is infrequent.
answer
E
question
Which of the following is not culturally constructed? A. Race B. Gender C. Kinship D. Sex E. Sexual norms
answer
D
question
What is the domestic-public dichotomy? A. Strong differentiation between spheres of exchange B. Strong differentiation between the secular and the sacred C. Strong differentiation between elite and commoners D. Strong differentiation between the home and the outside world E. Strong differentiation between local and international trade
answer
D
question
Which of the following statements concerning gender stratification is true? A. Gender equality is common among agriculturalists. B. There are many societies in which women control all the strategic resources and engage in the most prestigious activities. C. Gender stratification is generally reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated. D. The more women contribute to the domestic sphere, the more publicly recognized power they achieve. E. The less women contribute to the public sphere, the more publicly recognized power they achieve.
answer
C
question
Which of the following statements about ethnicity is not true? A. Ethnicity is based on actual, perceived, and assumed cultural similarities among members of the same ethnic group. B. People may change the amount of importance they place on ethnicity due to political or individual life changes. C. Ethnic distinctions can be based on language and geography. D. Unlike race, ethnicity derives from biological differences among human groups. E. Ethnic distinctions can be based on religion, kinship, history, and "race."
answer
D
question
In Codes of Gender, Sut jhally presents Erving Goffman's research on gender displays in the media. According to this, gender is primarily understood through ... A. a set of practiced performances of socially constructed rules for behavior. B. biological influences on the social role undertaken by men and women. C. male demand for a patriarchal relationship with women. D. All of the above E. None of the above
answer
A
question
The use of voodoo dolls is an example of A. imitative magic. B. contagious magic. C. taboo. D. animism. E. superstition.
answer
A
question
From the below choices, select the best answer to complete the statement. Based on the arguments presented in Codes of Gender, Sut Jhally demonstrates that the media's use of gender reaffirms in the cultural perception that A. masculinity is defined and enacted in opposition to femininity. B. masculinity can have flexible meanings as long as femininity is also display in flexible terms. C. masculinity is defined by a set of innate phenotypical traits of maleness D. the meaning of masculinity has been even more flexible then femininity in the modern era as men have to adapt to more domestic demands.
answer
A
question
What is the term for policies and practices that harm a group and its members? A. Colonialism B. Racism C. Prejudice D. Ethnocentrism E. Discrimination
answer
E
question
In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are characterized by all of the following except ... A. scarce resources. B. inheritance of land and prestige through female lines. C. a strongly developed public-domestic dichotomy. D. male control of prestige goods. E. increased intervillage warfare.
answer
B
question
Which of the following statements about applied anthropology is not true? A. One of the most valuable tools in applying anthropology is the ethnographic method. B. Many applied anthropologists have worked with development agencies such as the World Bank and USAID. C. The application of anthropology to social problems has been a central concern in the discipline since its origin. D. Applied anthropology is a recently developed subfield within anthropology and reflects an entirely new concern with the application of anthropology to social problems. E. Forensic anthropologists work with the police, medical examiners, and courts to identify victims of crimes.
answer
D
question
What term refers to changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact? A. Acculturation B. Hegemony C. Enculturation D. Diaspora E. Colonialism
answer
A
question
What is the name of the family in which a child is raised? A. Family of procreation B. Family of orientation C. Family of nucleation D. Levirate family E. Sororate family
answer
B
question
In general, the status of women ... A. rises as dependence on food production intensifies. B. is higher in societies in which males do most of the work in food production. C. is higher among food producers than it is among foragers. D. is higher in matrilineal societies than it is in patrilineal societies. E. is higher in Yanomami society than it is among the Betsileo of Madagascar.
answer
D
question
In the House We Live In, we see how the federal government helped to form and maintain American race ideologies. Which of the following are actions taken by the U.S. government to create a racial biased system? A. The Supreme Court limited the interpretation of who could be considered "white" by law to those who politically and socially fit into the culture of White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASPs). B. From 1790 until the 1950s. only free white could become naturalized citizens of the US. This expanded to include Blacks after the passing of the 14th Amendment, giving citizenship to former slaves. C. The FHA (Federal Housing Authority) informed realtors and insurance companies that allowing non-whites in community would devalue real estate. D. All of the above are actions taken by the United States.
answer
D
question
What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status? A. Silent majorities B. Captive nations C. Colonies D. Nationalities E. Plural societies
answer
D
question
Which of the following statements about polyandry is true? A. It is found only among mining communities in Madagascar. B. It is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation. C. It is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare. D. Polyandry almost always takes the form of a sororate. E. Polyandry fails to meet Leach's criteria for marriage.
answer
C
question
The binary construction of gender A. downplays the things males and females have in common. B. downplays the ways males are different from each other. C. downplays the ways female are different from each other. D. All of the above E. None of the above
answer
D
question
People may occupy many different social statuses during their lives, or even during the course of a day. What term refers to a person's ability to emphasize different identities in different social contexts? A. Ethnic identity B. Racial substitution C. Situational negotiation of identity D. Discourse analysis E. Rotating core personality traits
answer
C
question
What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals? A. Animism B. Magic C. Religion D. A rite of passage E. Pantheism
answer
B
question
What is the dominant intervention philosophy today? A. Neoclassicism B. Neoimperialism C. Neosocialism D. Neocommunism E. Neoliberalism
answer
E
question
Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and genitals, is known as ... A. sex. B. sexual dimorphism. C. gender. D. gender dimorphism. E. sexual bifurcation.
answer
B
question
Polytheism refers to A. belief in a single, all-powerful god. B. the second stage of a revitalization movement. C. the third phase of a rite of passage. D. belief in a force that animates all living things. E. belief in multiple gods.
answer
E
question
The gift that a wife's group gives to her husband's family is known as A. polygyny. B. lobola. C. dowry. D. progeny price. E. brideservice.
answer
C
question
Which of the following is true and was a factor that left a considerably large portion of black Americans in the dilapidated urban centers? A. The redlining process used by mortgage brokers and insurers left urban blacks in neighborhoods barred from new mortgage and home improvement loans. B. Few FHA loans, which are designed to aid first-time home owners at the lower end of the income scale buy houses, went to non-whites. (Between 1934 and 1962, only 2% went to non-whites.) C. Realtors and housing contractors were permitted not to sell to people based race. D. All of the above are true and contributed to the social construction of the growing black urban spaces.
answer
D
question
For Muslim women, which of the following does not represent why they choose to wear the hijab, burqa and/or veil? A. The clothing represents an act of self respect and demonstrates overall social respectability as women not defined through the sexual attention from men. B. The clothing represents the desire to show modesty and piety. C. The clothing represents the symbolic marriage to Allah. D. The clothing represents a bodily means to cultivate virtue and is a public expression of their desires to be close to God.
answer
C
question
Which is not generally true of core nations? A. They represent the dominant structural position in the world system. B. They consist of the strongest and most powerful states. C. They have advanced systems of production. D. They have complex economies. E. They have less control over world finance than do semiperiphery nations.
answer
E
question
What is the term for identification with, and feeling part of, a cultural group, and exclusion from other cultural groups? A. Culture shock B. Ethnicity C. Cultural relativism D. Assimilation E. Ethnocentrism
answer
B
question
Discrimination that is not legally sanctioned is known as A. ethnic discrimination. B. prejudicial discrimination. C. de jure discrimination. D. de facto discrimination. E. situational discrimination.
answer
D
question
Modern colonialism began A. following World War II. B. with the fall of Rome. C. during the European "Age of Discovery". D. as a result of the Bolshevik Revolution. E. at the end of the Seven Years' War.
answer
C
question
The worldwide increase in female-headed households stems from all of the following except ... A. decreasing divorce rates. B. male migration. C. unwed adolescent parenthood. D. civil strife. E. the idea that child care is a woman's responsibility.
answer
A
question
The oppression argument that Westerners use regarding Muslim women wearing veils has been a form of ethnocentrism , because ... A. it assumes a Christian perspective on why women veil and attempts to equate Christianity with freedom. B. it is built on "colonial feminism," which superficially used the veil issue to sway Muslim women in the political/military efforts, but offer women no substantive advances such as getting education for women. C. it ignores the same kind sect and ideological diversity, which exists in Christianity and continues to view all of Islam, especially its male practitioners, as the same as the Taliban. D. All of the above
answer
D
question
Which two answers best demonstrate why Free Trade Zones represent a classic example a neoliberal development program? A. in implementing these zones, governments of periphery nations must relinquish their legal control, including workplace protections for the citizens. B. in implementing these zones, governments of periphery nations eliminate tariffs on imports, which help promote trade in the global market, but lose the protection for their local businesses. C. in implementing these zones, governments of periphery nations provide areas that promote a competitive marketplaces were local businesses are now able to take advantage of the cheap labor like multinational corporations. D. in implementing these zones, governments of periphery nations are able to bolster their labor forces with trained skilled labor from around the world and attract multinational corporations. E. There are not just two correct answers. All demonstrate neoliberal aspects found in Free Trade Zones.
answer
A,B
question
What kind of magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it? A. Contagious magic B. Imitative magic C. Serial magic D. Sequential magic E. Simultaneous magic
answer
A
question
What frequently occurs during the liminal phase of a rite of passage? A. Reversals of ordinary behavior B. Intensification of social hierarchy C. Formation of an implicit ranking system D. Use of secular language E. No change in social norms
answer
A
question
Which of the following statements about world-system theory is not true? A. It has been written about by Wallerstein. B. It stresses the existence of a global culture. C. It claims that a set of economic and political interconnections has characterized much of the globe since the 16th century. D. It focuses on links and power differentials between local peoples and international forces. E. It deals exclusively with non-Western, horticultural societies.
answer
E
question
What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit? A. Stock B. Proletariat C. Caste D. Bourgeoisie E. Capital
answer
E
question
According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification? A. Means of production, mode of production, measure of production B. Status, exchange, religion C. Gender, ethnicity, race D. Wealth, power, prestige E. Age, gender, ethnicity
answer
D
question
A political system ruled by men in which women have inferior status is known as a(an) ... A. matriarchy. B. patriarchy. C. patrilocality. D. patrilineality. E. anarchy.
answer
B
question
Which of the following is one of the main differences between descent groups and nuclear families? A. Descent groups are typically not involved with politics, whereas nuclear families are. B. Nuclear families are always exogamous, whereas descent groups are always endogamous. C. Descent groups are permanent, whereas nuclear families are not. D. Members of descent groups are called affines, whereas members of nuclear families are called consanguines. E. Nuclear families are found only in industrial societies, whereas descent groups are found only in foraging societies.
answer
C
question
What term is used to refer to a nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan? A. Tarawad B. Sororate C. Levirate D. Totem E. Pater
answer
D
question
What is a disease? A. A health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual B. An artificial product of biomedicine C. A consequence of foraging D. An unnatural state of health E. A scientifically identified health threat
answer
E
question
What is an illness? A. A nonexistent ailment (only "diseases" are real) B. An artificial product of biomedicine C. A scientifically identified health threat D. A purely linguistic problem E. A health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual
answer
E
question
In recent years, which of the following is a Jamaican industry that has not been affected negatively by internal U.S. policies? A. Banana Industry - It is a tropical island. Bananas literally grow on trees there. B. Dairy Industry - Jamaican cows are plentiful and produce more than enough milk for the Island's population C. Meat Industry - With the influx of multinational corporations such of McDonald's, the cattle industry received a boost. D. We are globalized every industry is affected by global trade; however, each of these has been negligibly affected. E. Each has been affected to different degrees, but all struggle to exist in light of competition with heavily subsidized or otherwise, governmentally supported American corporations.
answer
E
question
What term refers to sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative? A. Levirate B. Sororate C. Polyandry D. Incest E. Exogamy
answer
D
question
Which of the following would not be an example of the ideas and justification of colonialism reflected in Britain's notion of "the white man's burden"? A. Justification of 19th-century British foreign policy B. Belief that the colonized people in the British Empire were, given some freedom, capable of governing themselves C. The need for British guidance in civilizing and Christianizing colonized peoples D. Paternalism E. Racism
answer
B
question
What is a commonly stated goal of recent development projects? A. To increase socioeconomic stratification B. To promote ethnocide C. To facilitate cultural assimilation D. To decrease local autonomy E. To increase equity
answer
E
question
Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and American racial classifications? A. Brazilians do not recognize racial differences. B. American categories are purer than Brazilian ones. C. Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype, whereas American categories are based on phenotype. D. In the United States, social race is determined at birth and does not change, but in Brazil, racial identity can change from day to day. E. There are no major differences between Brazilian and American racial classifications.
answer
D
question
Neoliberalism entails all of the following except A. the view that government should not regulate private enterprise and market forces. B. striving to cut government expenses. C. the belief that property should be communally owned and that people should work for the common good. D. maximization of profits through cost reduction. E. tariff- and barrier-free international trade and investment.
answer
C
question
What term refers to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes? A. Sex roles B. Sex stereotypes C. Gender stereotypes D. Gender roles E. Gender duties
answer
D
question
In what sense are nationalities "imagined communities"? A. Modern nationalities are imagined because all were created by colonial governments. B. Despite their shared feeling of comradeship, most members of a nationality will never meet; they only imagine that they participate in the group. C. Nationalities do not exist in real terms; they are merely fictional constructs of the ruling intelligentsia. D. Nationalities are comprised of many different ethnic groups and subcultures, and therefore may disintegrate at any moment. E. The members of a nationality constantly compare their society to an idealized, quasi-historical past.
answer
B
question
In explaining the failure of the periphery to achieve economic stability, which of the following is a fact they tends to be ignored within neoliberal arguments? A. these indigenous populations rarely own the local means of production so they largely complete in the global market as cheap labor B. wealthy nations can and do protect their share of the global market through tariffs and subsidizing their businesses, but insist that a free open global market cannot support such national policy, and thus force periphery nations not to use tariffs or to subsidize their local businesses. C. The ways in which the Core - through the IMF, WTO and the World Bank - limits the usage loan monies often prevent periphery nations from establishing sustaining industries and improving the skills of the local labor forces through better education. D. Al of the above are issues ignored by supporters of neoliberalism.
answer
D
question
Which of the following is an example of a neoliberal development program? A. Free Trade Zone B. Transnationalism C. Deindustrialization D. Neocolonialism E. All of the Above
answer
A
question
Applied anthropology's systemic perspective recognizes that A. diseases affect many different systems of the human body. B. changes don't occur in a vacuum, and a program or project has multiple effects. C. the world-system theory of Wallerstein provides the best basis for applied work. D. it is necessary for applied work to focus entirely on educational systems. E. the most effective viewpoint for applied work is always that of a state administrator.
answer
B
question
More than half of American households with incomes below the poverty line A. are patrifocal. B. are extended. C. are headed by men. D. are headed by women. E. are headed by grandparents.
answer
D
question
What is the most stable social group among band societies with a seasonal pattern of population dispersal? A. The lineage B. The band C. The nuclear family D. The clan E. The expanded family household
answer
C
question
Which of the following statements about religions is not true? A. Specific religious beliefs and practices vary cross-culturally. B. Religion can be an instrument of societal change, even revolution. C. Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain social divisions. D. Religion is a cultural universal. E. State religions are presided over by full-time specialists.
answer
C
question
All development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following except A. to promote change, but not overinnovation. B. to preserve local systems, while working to make them better. C. to respect local traditions. D. to base models of development on indigenous practices and social forms. E. to develop strategies with little input from local communities.
answer
E
question
Rites of passage usually consist of what phases? A. Uncertainty, anxiety, and solace B. Ritual, purification, and absolution C. Separation, liminality, and incorporation D. Aggregation, celebration, and liturgical orders E. Confusion, ecstasy, and nirvana
answer
C
question
Witchcraft accusations are often aimed at A. powerful politicians. B. individuals who are widely respected in a community. C. socially marginal people. D. upstanding citizens. E. prominent religious leaders.
answer
C
question
In what way is exogamy adaptive? A. It increases the number of individuals that one can rely on in times of need. B. It increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression and thus be eliminated from the population. C. It impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population expansion. D. It was an important causal factor in the origin of the state. E. It reduces the gene pool of a community.
answer
A
question
What is polygyny? A. A situation in which a woman has more than one husband at the same time B. The custom whereby a wife marries the brother of her dead husband C. The type of marriage that follows divorce D. The custom whereby a widower marries the sister of his dead wife E. A situation in which a man has more than one wife at the same time
answer
E
question
What form of rule did France use in colonies with long histories of state organization? A. Indirect rule B. French-appointed leaders moved to the colony to rule C. Direct rule D. Corrupt rule E. Capitalist rule
answer
A
question
What is the natural phenomenon that keeps the Earth's surface warm? A. Atmosphere B. Global warming C. Ocean currents D. Hothouse effect E. Greenhouse effect
answer
E
question
The term indigenous peoples is used to refer to A. people who live in autonomous, independent nation-states. B. peasants who are of the same ethnicity as the ruling elite. C. the original inhabitants of particular territories. D. any population living in a nation-state on the periphery of the world system. E. people who have immigrated to a new country.
answer
C
question
Today, rather than attempting to classify humans into racial categories, biologists and anthropologists are A. denying the existence of any biological variation among humankind. B. attempting to create new categories based only on blood type. C. confident that earlier racial classifications are still valid. D. trying to verify anthropometric data from the turn of the century. E. seeking to explain why specific biological variations occur.
answer
E
question
Within the American two-sex, two gender system, the hijras of India like the berdaches in the Native American traditions would be considered ... A. Asexual: indifferent toward either sex B. Bisexual: habitually attracted to both sexes C. Transgendered: persons who gender performances and identity defy the binary construction. D. All of the above E. None of the Above
answer
C
question
What rule automatically places the children of a union between members of different groups in the minority group? A. Hypervitaminosis B. Polygyny C. Polyandry D. Hypodescent E. Hypogamy
answer
D
question
Which of the following statements about the incest taboo is true? A. Incest is tabooed only in societies that practice patrilocal residence. B. The incest taboo is a feature of a capitalist economy. C. The incest taboo does not eliminate incest. D. Anthropologists, like Gezon and Kottak, predominantly believe that the incest taboo has a genetic basis. E. Incest was not documented in classic ethnographies and has only recently been the focus of research in anthropology.
answer
C
question
"Race" is A. based on biology, whereas ethnicity is based on culture. B. only important in the United States. C. an achieved status. D. a scientifically defined characteristic. E. culturally constructed.
answer
E
question
Which is not part of the Blockbusting process? A. real estate brokers selling to non-white at over inflated prices. B. real estate brokers encouraging whites to sell quickly and cheaply in fear of the effect incoming non-whites will have on poverty values. C. mortgage brokers using FHA guidelines would loan monies for mortgages in areas viewed stable, upwardly mobile and largely white. D. All are part of this process since realtors and mortgage brokers worked together.
answer
C
question
What term refers to the view that cultural diversity in a country is something good and desirable? A. Assimilation B. Acculturation C. Enculturation D. Colonialism E. Multiculturalism
answer
E
question
Which of the following does not describe indigenous identities? A. They emerge through a specific process. B. They are fixed. C. They are ways of being someone or something in particular times and places. D. They are potentially plural. E. They can be fluid or competing.
answer
B
question
Which of the following is not true of postmodernism? A. It originally described a style and movement in architecture. B. It rejects rules, geometric order, and austerity. C. It has a clear and functional design or structure. D. It draws on a diversity of styles from different times and places. E. It extends "value" well beyond classic, elite, and Western cultural forms.
answer
C
question
When a dominant group compels a minority group to adopt the dominant culture, this is known as A. attitudinal discrimination. B. genocide. C. forced assimilation. D. ethnocentrism. E. environmental racism.
answer
C
question
Which of the following statements about the domestic-public dichotomy is true? A. It tends to be more pronounced among food producers than among foragers. B. It tends to be more pronounced among foragers than among food producers. C. It is not significant in urban industrial societies. D. It is reinforced in American society by women working both inside and outside the home. E. It is not present in the industrial states of the Western world.
answer
A
question
The deliberate physical extinction of a group is known as A. ethnocide. B. genocide. C. indigenocide. D. cultural imperialism. E. acculturation.
answer
B
question
Gezon and Kottak argue that the relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poorer North Americans is A. the result of a patrilocal residence pattern. B. an adaptation to poverty. C. maladaptive, since smaller families would have fewer expenses. D. the result of bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by Scotch-Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century. E. the reason welfare in the United States is ineffective.
answer
B
Business Ethics
Business Management
Cause Related Marketing
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Golden Gate Bridge
Non Profit Organization
World System Theory
CH9&12&13&11&14 – Flashcards 200 terms

Elizabeth Mcdonald
200 terms
Preview
CH9&12&13&11&14 – Flashcards
question
International markets must be pursued if firms want to remain
answer
competitive
question
Peter Drucker has labeled the expanded global marketplace the
answer
transnational economy
question
Which of the following is not a feature of the global economy?
answer
international laws governing fair trade
question
The process by which firms increase their awareness of the influence of international activities on their future and establish and conduct transactions with firms from other countries is known as
answer
internationalization
question
Economic integration of many formerly national economies into one worldwide economy is called
answer
globalization
question
The center of the controversy that aligns rich nations against poor nations is
answer
what the trade rules will be, and who will write the rules
question
Moving jobs that have historically resided in the home country to a lower-cost host country is called
answer
offshoring
question
Which of the following countries was not an original participant in the NAFTA agreement?
answer
Puerto Rico
question
The most challenging situation for an MNC to face is
answer
operating is less-developed countries.
question
To be viewed as legitimate in their host countries, MNCs must fulfill their social responsibilities, including all of the following except
answer
Technological functions
question
Which of the following is not a factor in a host country's perception of the legitimacy of an MNC?
answer
profitability of the firm
question
The requirement for an MNC to take on local partners is referred to as
answer
creeping expropriation.
question
Which of the following is not one the broad issues facing MNCs in their relationships with host countries?
answer
religious and other traditional holidays
question
The main two factors of concern in management and control of global operations are
answer
organizational structure/design and human resource management.
question
Richard Robinson suggests three levels of sensitivity that MNCs should exhibit for the long-run national interests of less-developed countries. All of the following are levels of sensitivity except
answer
the need to modify marketing efforts to conform to local custom.
question
To resolve the infant formula controversy, Nestlè agreed to do all of the following except
answer
providing purified water with the formula
question
Which of the following is not a characteristic of sweatshops?
answer
forced prostitution
question
All of the following groups have criticized MNC labor practices except
answer
church groups.
question
Which of the following is not an SA8000 standard proposed to improve sweatshop conditions?
answer
provision of educational opportunities for workers
question
All of the following are proposed standards for the SA8000 program, to improve sweatshop conditions, except
answer
providing retirement benefits.
question
The Alien Tort Claims Act allows
answer
foreign individuals to sue U.S. firms in American courts for their actions abroad.
question
U.S. based MNCs are increasingly interested in cases brought under the Alien Tort Claims Act because
answer
they are increasingly being named as defendants in tort cases for doing business in countries with repressive governments.
question
Which of the following is not an example of corruption?
answer
negotiating for the lowest price on a contract
question
All of the following are arguments in support of bribery except
answer
it is a way of providing needy foreigners with money they need.
question
Which of the following is not an argument commonly used against bribery?
answer
Bribes are unfair because foreigners can get them, while U.S. citizens cannot
question
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
answer
makes it illegal for the representative of an American corporation to offer or pay officials of foreign governments for the purpose of getting or maintaining business.
question
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act allows
answer
grease payments.
question
Payment of a bribe implies some type of
answer
quid pro quo.
question
Which of the following is not part of the anticorruption movement?
answer
World Trade Organization
question
The United States' rank in the Corruption Perception Index is
answer
somewhere in the middle.
question
Recent instability and violence in certain foreign markets will result in all of the following effects except
answer
abandonment of existing operations
question
The position that advocates that an MNC should continue to follow its home country's ethical standards even while operating in another country is known as
answer
ethical imperialism.
question
The position that advocates that an MNC follow the host country's ethical standards is called
answer
ethical relativism.
question
Which of the following is not one of George Enderle's types of global firms with respect to their use of home versus host country ethical standards?
answer
imperial
question
Values that are acceptable to all cultures and organizations are called
answer
hypernorms
question
A country's ethical norms that are inconsistent with at least some other countries' legitimate norms are called
answer
moral free space.
question
Which of the following is not a strategy for improving global business ethics?
answer
imposing the home country's ethical standards on the host country
question
The ethics and global strategy plan for improving global business ethics has as its central idea
answer
utilizing ethical standards as significant inputs into top-level strategy formulation and implementation
question
An attempt to assess the underlying moral justifications for corporate actions and the consequent results of those actions are contained in
answer
ethical impact statements
question
Richard DeGeorge's seven moral guidelines for global business are similar to
answer
hypernorms
question
Which of the following is not a driver of the quest to improve product and service quality?
answer
legislation and regulation
question
The two central issues of goods and services are
answer
quality and safety.
question
All of the following are reasons given for the current obsession with quality except
answer
employee satisfaction
question
Which of the following is not a dimension of quality listed in the textbook?
answer
status
question
All of the following are dimensions of quality except
answer
objectivity
question
The ethical theory based on the concept of duty that states that firms have a responsibility to comply with the terms of the sale, inform the customer about the product, not misrepresent anything, and not coerce the customer is
answer
contractual theory.
question
The ethical theory based on the concept of duty that focuses on the relative vulnerability of the customer is
answer
due care theory.
question
The ethical theory based on the concept of duty that suggests that if a product causes harm, the firm should pay the costs of any injury is
answer
social costs view.
question
The legal view of "let the buyer beware" that prevailed in the 1800s was
answer
caveat emptor.
question
The current legal view of "let the seller take care" is
answer
caveat vendor.
question
Which of the following is not one of the top ten list of safety principles?
answer
Allow a margin of error for the consumer.
question
All of the following are in the top ten principles of safety except
answer
encourage customers to try out the product before purchasing it.
question
Which of the following is not an allegation commonly made in product liability suits?
answer
The product was produced under inhumane conditions.
question
The primary responsibility for product safety lies with the
answer
producer.
question
Which of the following is not one of the top consumer product categories most frequently associated with injuries requiring hospital treatment?
answer
automobiles
question
Reasons to be concerned about product liability include all of the following except
answer
the number of trial attorneys being licensed.
question
The legal principle that anyone in the value chain of a product is liable for harm caused to the user if the product as sold was unreasonably dangerous is
answer
strict liability.
question
Due diligence means that a company
answer
has taken every possible precautionary step possible and followed all industry standards.
question
The fact that a company is responsible for the harm done to customers by its product even if it can show that it did its best according to the state of the art in the industry at that time is called
answer
absolute liability.
question
A company that is held responsible for the damage caused by its product in proportion to its percentage of industry sales is subject to
answer
market share liability.
question
The Tylenol case in the 1980s, in which capsules were injected with cyanide, is an example of
answer
product tampering.
question
Business claims that current product liability law suffers from all of the following problems except
answer
bias
question
Which of the following is not a way in which the Consumer Product Safety Commission works to reduce the risk of harm from consumer products?
answer
lobbying Congress to pass new consumer protection laws
question
The Consumer Product Safety Commission works to reduce the risk of harm from consumer products in all of the following ways except
answer
passing legislation outlawing products
question
Early research conducted in the organization later known as the Food and Drug Administration fed small doses of poison to
answer
the "Poison Squad."
question
The Food and Drug Administration regulates all of the following except
answer
personal care products.
question
Which of the following is not part of the FDA's mission?
answer
to help identify and develop new foods and drugs
question
The Food and Drug Administration is part of
answer
the Health and Human Services Department
question
Which of the following is not an activity engaged in by the Food and Drug Administration?
answer
promotion
question
Some people are trying to get the Food and Drug Administration involved in the regulation of
answer
dietary supplements
question
Business's response to consumerism over time has been one of
answer
ineffective action, followed by improved responses.
question
Today's consumers exhibit all of the following characteristics in dealing with business except
answer
forgiveness
question
Businesses have responded to consumer activism with all of the following efforts except
answer
rebate and discount programs.
question
Programs that attempt to blend all of the functions of a business into a holistic, integrated philosophy built around teamwork, productivity, and customer satisfaction are called
answer
total quality management programs.
question
The focus of total quality management programs is
answer
the customer.
question
The initial part of the total quality management process is to
answer
define quality in terms of customer expectations.
question
An important criticism of total quality management is that it
answer
never did anything to define quality.
question
The body of methodologies and techniques for achieving quality that focuses on the number of defects is called
answer
Six Sigma.
question
One of the strengths of Six Sigma program's has been its
answer
clarity of process and the steps companies must take to adopt it.
question
Six Sigma practitioners believe in fixing the ____ rather than the ____.
answer
process; product
question
Anything that is internal or external to an entity is its
answer
environment
question
The volume and intensity of use that can be sustained in a particular place and time is called
answer
carrying capacity.
question
A measure of disorder of energy, indicating its unavailability for recycling for the same use, is
answer
entropy.
question
All living and nonliving substances present in a particular place is a(n)
answer
ecosystem
question
The role an organism plays in its natural community is its
answer
niche
question
The continuous looplike movement of water, air, and various nutrients is a(n)
answer
cycle
question
The point at which a particular phenomenon suddenly begins to be activated is the
answer
threshold
question
Material or energy that has gone through a transformation process and is perceived as unwanted or devalued is
answer
pollution
question
The inability of humans and nature to restore environmental conditions to a previous state within a relevant time frame is
answer
irreversibility
question
The characteristic of an entity that is related to its ability to exist and flourish over an extended period of time is
answer
sustainability
question
Which of the following is not commonly viewed as an existing natural environment problem
answer
light pollution
question
All of the following issues are current environmental problems except
answer
volcanic activity.
question
Human denial of responsibility for the misuse of the environment is reflected by:
answer
NIMBY
question
The prevention of solar heat absorbed by our atmosphere from returning to space is known as
answer
the greenhouse effect.
question
The secondary reason for the greenhouse effect is
answer
deforestation
question
In the United States, the average weight of waste produced per person per day is about
answer
4.4 pounds.
question
Which country releases 3.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year due to deforestation?
answer
Indonesia
question
Problems made worse by deforestation include
answer
soil erosion. the greenhouse effect. moisture and nutrient ecosystem cycles.
question
Endangered species are threatened with extinction due to all of the following reasons except
answer
drought
question
A large number of children in developing countries suffer from chronic coughing due to
answer
air pollution.
question
Precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids
answer
is called acid rain.
question
Indoor air pollution
answer
is becoming an increasing concern because most people spend the majority of their lives indoors.
question
Energy inefficiency is a major concern
answer
in all countries.
question
Chemicals or mixtures that may present unreasonable risks of injury to health or to the environment are called
answer
toxic substances.
question
The number of oil spills reported worldwide in a typical year is
answer
around 14,000.
question
Companies with strong environmental management are likely to outperform companies that have
answer
environmental liabilities.
question
Reports of studies explaining and estimating the ecological ramifications of questionable practices and irreversible uses of resources and proposing detailed, reasonable alternatives to these practices and uses are
answer
environmental impact statements.
question
One approach to resolving air pollution problems, intended to reduce a particular pollutant over an entire industrial region by treating all emission sources as if they were under one bubble is called
answer
emissions trading
question
The purpose of Superfund legislation was to
answer
clean up hazardous waste dumps and spills.
question
In the Montreal Protocol of 1987, most of the nations that produced or used CFCs agreed to
answer
a quick phase-out of CFCs
question
Environmental interest groups and business have recently
answer
been reasonably cooperative with each other.
question
Groups that employ violent acts that involve real or threatened damage to people or property in pursuit of environmental goals are called
answer
ecoterrorists
question
Businesses are paying close attention to all of the following green groups except
answer
legislators
question
Business that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is following principles of
answer
sustainability
question
Which of the following is not a CERES principle
answer
cooperation with business and government
question
CERES principles include all of the following except
answer
concentrate on industrialized countries
question
Managers can use crisis management in the environmental area by focusing on:
answer
Prevention Contingency plans all of these
question
Which of the following is not a principle of sustainable success?
answer
Your business should never use more than it can replace
question
Paul Dolan formulated all of the following principles of sustainable success except
answer
Your business should never overextend in any area.
question
A systematic approach to incorporating environmental issues into running a business is
answer
strategic environmental management.
question
The ability of an organization to effectively identify, acquire, foster, and retain loyal profitable customers is
answer
customer relationship management.
question
The one question that is the best measure of customer loyalty is
answer
would you recommend this product/service to a friend?
question
Which of the following is not one of the rights in the consumer's Magna Carta?
answer
right to be protected
question
A consumer's right to choose refers to
answer
the assurance that competition is working effectively.
question
The right to be heard was listed as part of the consumer's Magna Carta because
answer
many consumers felt that they could not effectively communicate their desires and grievances to businesses
question
The social movement that seeks to augment the rights and powers of buyers in relation to sellers is
answer
buyer beware. consumerism.
question
Which of the following is not a lesson from the consumer movement?
answer
Consumers can force companies to change their behaviors through boycotts.
question
The father of the consumer movement is
answer
Ralph Nader.
question
Common consumer complaints include all of the following except
answer
lack of consumer credit
question
The power held by consumers comes from
answer
grassroots involvement.
question
The two major classifications of issues in the business/consumer relationship are
answer
product information and the product itself.
question
Issues related to product information include all of the following except
answer
website design
question
Which of the following is not a commonly recognized benefit of advertising?
answer
It lowers the price of goods and services.
question
Information that is direct and straightforward, that is not deceptive or manipulative is
answer
clear.
question
Information that communicates truths, and avoids exaggeration and innuendo is
answer
accurate
question
Information that provides potential purchasers with enough information to make the best choice among the options available is
answer
adequate
question
Advertising abuses include all of the following types except
answer
cynical depictions.
question
Words that are inherently vague, without being misleading are referred to as
answer
weasel words.
question
Use of plot placements involve
answer
placement of products part of the storyline of a television show.
question
Advertising claims that cannot be substantiated by evidence are termed
answer
exaggerated claims.
question
Puffery is another way of saying that a statement is an exaggeration that uses
answer
general superlatives.
question
Which of the following is not a problem associated with exaggerated claims?
answer
They generally cost more to produce.
question
Advertising that is designed to persuade on the basis of human emotions and emotional needs rather than reason relies on
answer
psychological appeals
question
The practice of directly contrasting a firm's product with the product of a competitor is called
answer
comparative advertising.
question
The fact that Abercrombie and Fitch terminated its sexually explicit catalogue is evidence that
answer
sex does not necessarily sell.
question
The Children's Television Act was passed to
answer
prohibit the airing of commercials about products or characters during a show about those products or characters
question
Which of the following is not part of CARU's guidelines for advertising directed toward children under the age of twelve
answer
consider the socioeconomic level of the audience
question
CARU would object to tobacco ads directed toward children as a violation of which of its principles?
answer
products that are inappropriate for use by children should not be advertised to them
question
The basic activity of CARU is
answer
to review and evaluate child-directed advertising in all media.
question
The industry under the greatest attack for its marketing and advertising practices is
answer
cigarettes
question
All of the following are significant issues in cigarette advertising except
answer
its aim at less-developed countries
question
The fact that advertising can increasingly be found everywhere is referred to as
answer
ad creep
question
Warranties were originally used by manufacturers to
answer
limit the length of time they were responsible for products.
question
The traditional term that was used for advertising located in novel locations (now called ad creep) was
answer
ambient advertising
question
An implied warranty is
answer
an unspoken promise that there is nothing significantly wrong with the product.
question
A guarantee that is explicitly offered at the time of sale is called a(n)
answer
express warranty.
question
The purpose of the Federal Packaging and Labeling Act of 1967 was to
answer
both prohibit deceptive labeling of certain consumer products and require disclosure of certain important information.
question
The Federal Packaging and Labeling Act of 1967 is administered by the
answer
Federal Trade Commission.
question
Which of the following is not a law that addresses information disclosure issues?
answer
Credit Collection Limitation Act
question
The federal government's major body for ensuring that business lives up to its responsibilities is the
answer
Federal Trade Commission.
question
Community involvement is most commonly manifested through
answer
donating the time and talents of its employees.
question
Educational recipients of giving include each of the following except
answer
Student matching gifts
question
The biggest change in corporate philanthropy since 2001 was its alignment with which of the following
answer
Each of these
question
Companies can benefit from volunteer programs that they sponsor in all of the ways shown below except
answer
increasing productivity at work.
question
Which of the following is not a way in which companies can benefit from volunteer programs?
answer
developing strong ties with local government officials
question
Assessing a firm's competencies and determining where sharing them would accomplish the most good is an example of
answer
resource-based giving.
question
Community involvement focuses on the contribution of
answer
employee time and talent.
question
The central reason for community involvement is
answer
self-interest.
question
Which of the following is not a reason commonly given for community involvement?
answer
a way to help employees build their resumès
question
Being more systematic about the company's relationship with the community often results in developing a
answer
community action program.
question
Steps in developing a community action program include all of the following except
answer
building bridges to the community.
question
Selection of projects for a community action program grows out of
answer
matching community needs with company resources.
question
Guidelines for developing a community involvement strategy include all of the following steps except
answer
decisions about which projects to undertake should take place at the highest levels of management.
question
Which of the following is not a guideline for developing a community involvement strategy?
answer
The company should get involved in projects that will help it make more profit.
question
Standards of excellence in corporate community involvement include all of the following except
answer
efficiency.
question
Which of the following is not a standard of excellence by which corporate community involvement should be judged?
answer
crisis management
question
In terms of community involvement, foreign direct investors have practices and viewpoints
answer
quite similar to those of U. S. firms
question
Philanthropy, as it is used in the textbook, means
answer
business giving of financial resources.
question
Which of the following is not a reason that some people want more transparency in corporate philanthropy
answer
to close tax loopholes
question
The "third sector" is composed of
answer
non-profit organizations.
question
Which of the following is not a category of corporate contributions programs?
answer
firms whose donations usually go to children's programs
question
Of the portion of corporate philanthropy that goes to education, the majority of donations go to
answer
higher education.
question
The primary reason given for support of higher education programs is
answer
to increase the pool of trained personnel.
question
Fund-raising efforts by large non-profit organizations like United Way, who in turn donate funds to specific causes, are called
answer
federated drives
question
Which of the following is not a category of recipient to whom corporations often give money?
answer
athletic teams
question
Which of the following is a reason that corporate giving has slowed?
answer
all of these
question
When a non-profit organization and a for-profit company join forces for their mutual advantages, they form a
answer
public purpose partnership
question
An approach by which corporate giving is designed in a way that best fits with the firm's overall mission and goals is called
answer
strategic philanthropy.
question
One way in which philanthropy can be made strategic is to
answer
bring contribution programs into sharper alignment with business endeavors.
question
The direct linking of a business's product or service to a specified charity is
answer
cause-related marketing
question
Cause branding is similar to cause-related marketing, but
answer
is a longer term commitment.
question
Outsourcing refers to
answer
the use of outside resources to accomplish tasks that were once done in-house
question
Employees might consider their roles in plant closings
answer
an extension of numerous employee rights issues.
question
According to philosopher John Kavanagh, business's moral responsibility with a plant closing is to
answer
minimize negative externalities.
question
Which of the following actions is not usually a viable alternative to closing a plant?
answer
seek tax breaks that will help profits
question
Employee ownership of a business whose former owners were considering shutting it down
answer
is a difficult endeavor, with no assurance of success
question
For employee ownership of a business to work
answer
employees must believe they have role to play in leading the company.
question
After the decision to close a plant has been made, actions that management should take may include all of the following except
answer
announce the decision in the press before telling employees and community leaders.
question
The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) requires firms employing 100 or more workers to notify workers of a large layoff or shutdown at least ____ in advance
answer
sixty days
question
Outplacement services seek to
answer
minimize cost and disruption to the company and maximize benefits to the displaced workers.
Introductory Sociology
Social Change
Sociological Theory
Sociology: Chapter 1 Exam Review – Flashcards 71 terms

Maisie Clarke
71 terms
Preview
Sociology: Chapter 1 Exam Review – Flashcards
question
the primary relationships studied by sociologists are the ones between ________
answer
individuals and society
question
which of the following is an accurate description of sociology? a. the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society b. the systematic study of how social relationships influence people's behavior c. the systematic study of how major social institutions and individuals interact d. all of the above
answer
d. all of the above
question
the sociological imagination ________
answer
is an awareness of the relationship between individuals and social forces
question
one way to develop a sociological imagination is to view your own society _________
answer
as an outsider
question
a sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on ___________
answer
the interaction among fans during the pre-game ritual of tailgate parties
question
what would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination?
answer
a study of the behavior of people listening to a religious service compared to that of people listening to a rock concert
question
unemployment can be viewed as _____
answer
both a private trouble and a public issue
question
the sociological imagination is an empowering tool because it _________
answer
helps us to understand the perspectives of people from different social circumstances.
question
the fact that it is possible to make a hamburger without having to personally complete every one of the many steps that go into making a hamburger from scratch illustrates _________
answer
society's shared knowledge and skills
question
which of the following are the key components of the definition of sociology? a. systematic study b. the individual and society c. the consequences of social differences d. all of the answers are correct
answer
d. all of the answers are correct
question
the fact that men in Indonesia are more likely to survive certain kinds of natural disaster, because men in that society are generally taught to swim while women are not, is an example of ________
answer
the consequences of difference
question
a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as _______
answer
social inequality
question
a body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation is called a __________
answer
science
question
sociology is considered a science because sociologists __________
answer
engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding
question
fields of study that explore the ways the behavior features of humans interact and change are considered ________
answer
social sciences
question
fields of study that explore the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change are considered _________
answer
natural sciences
question
a natural scientist would be likely to study _________
answer
rock formations and composition in the grand canyon
question
a social scientist would be likely to study the _________
answer
reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the united states
question
what would be the type of question a sociologist might ask in studying the global economic crisis that began in 2008?
answer
how do the positions we occupy influence our experience of the crisis?
question
sociologists argue that, unlike scientific knowledge, commonsense conclusions are ________
answer
unreliable
question
a sociological study of the divorce rate among U.S. soldiers served to _________
answer
emphasize the distinction between sociology and common sense
question
a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior is called a __________
answer
theory
question
emile durkheim's study of suicide related suicide rates to __________
answer
the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society
question
emile durkheim's explanation of suicide was scientific because he ________
answer
developed conclusions based on systematic examination of data
question
what statement is an example of a sociological theory?
answer
suicide rates are a reflection of whether people are, or are not, integrated into the group life of a society
question
which sociologist established europe's first university department of sociology?
answer
emile durkheim
question
what is true about august comte?
answer
- he sought to establish a science that would reveal the basic "laws of society" - he thought humans could learn to understand the forces that helped society to maintain order and stability - he thought humans could learn to understand the forces that caused society to change
question
what is true about harriet martineau?
answer
- she introduced the significance of inequality and power into the discipline of sociology - she believed scholars should be activists and not just commentators
question
harriet martineau argued that we could learn a lot about a culture by analyzing the ideas, themes, and images reflected in which type of cultural product?
answer
popular songs
question
anomie refers to a ________
answer
loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective
question
in many emerging nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in emerging nations are likely to suffer ________
answer
anomie
question
durkheim was particularly concerned about __________
answer
the loss of social order
question
what did karl marx view as the key factor distinguishing humans from animals?
answer
humans' ability to transform raw material into finished products
question
in karl marx's analysis, social inequality is determined by _______
answer
ownership, or lack thereof, of key material resources
question
max weber's theory of power included _________
answer
social status and organizational resources
question
sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are defined as ______
answer
macrosociology
question
a study of divorce rates among the populations of canada, england, the united states, and france is an example of _________
answer
macrosociology
question
what stresses the study of small groups?
answer
microsociology
question
a sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. this would be an example of ________
answer
microsociology
question
erving goffman popularized the dramaturgical approach, which ________
answer
compares everyday life to a theatrical performance
question
w. e. b. du bois investigated power and inequality based on ___________
answer
race
question
ida wells-barnett investigated power and inequality based on ________
answer
gender and race
question
what is true about jane addams?
answer
she used sociology as a tool to improve the lives of the urban poor
question
what is a functionalist perspective?
answer
society is structured to maintain stability
question
which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability, then it does not serve a useful function?
answer
functionalist perspective
question
a functionalist perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests ________
answer
that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs
question
which sociological perspective emphasizes the distribution of power and the allocation of resources?
answer
conflict perspective
question
critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy, white males who decide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. this analysis reflects the __________
answer
conflict perspective
question
with what conflicting groups are contemporary conflict theorists concerned?
answer
- women and men - the wealthy and the poor - blacks and whites
question
interactionist perspective _______
answer
uses everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole
question
which sociological approach would argue that people respect laws or disobey them based on their own past experience as well as their subjective understanding of the law?
answer
interactionist perspective
question
which sociological perspective would argue that laws reinforce the positions of those in power?
answer
conflict perspective
question
which sociological perspective would argue that public punishments reinforce the social order?
answer
functionalist perspective
question
which sociological perspective would argue that social change is predictable in its progression toward greater order?
answer
functionalist perspective
question
the view that social order is maintained through cooperation and consensus would most likely be held by _______
answer
functionalists
question
which sociological perspective would suggest that social change is reflected in people's communication patterns and social positions?
answer
interactionist perspective
question
in general, sociologists tend to ___________
answer
draw insights from all three major sociological perspectives
question
personal sociology _______
answer
requires recognition of how our individual position in society shapes our perspective
question
using sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations is referred to as ________
answer
applied sociology
question
which of the following statements is true? a. clinical sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions b. applied sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions c. applied sociology has become less popular in recent decades d. clinical sociology has existed for only the last 20 years
answer
a. clinical sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions
question
the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as _______
answer
globalization
question
true or false: a sociological relationship between the individual and society is one in which the choices of the individual are determined by the individual's societal position
answer
false
question
true or false: given c. wright mills' description of the sociological imagination as our ability to see the interaction between history and biography, it follows that neither society nor the individual can be understood in isolation from the other
answer
true
question
true or false: the main purpose of the "hamburger as miracle" story is to show that, when the need arises, all individuals are capable of achieving their goals without the help of others
answer
false
question
true or false: the observation by sociologists that the 2004 indian ocean tsunami killed a higher proportion of men than women is an example of the importance of the consequences of difference
answer
true
question
true or false: sociology can most accurately be considered a natural science because it involves the systematic examination of the effects of human nature on society
answer
false
question
true or false: the fact that sociologists have found little difference between the sexes in terms of talkativeness is an example of why the systematic analysis of facts is generally more reliable than common sense knowledge
answer
true
question
true or false: according to durkheim's theory about the causes of suicide, the more interconnected and interdependent a society's members, the lower its suicide rate should be
answer
true
question
true or false: of the three main sociological perspectives, the dramaturgical approach, as popularized by Erving Goffman, would best be considered an example of the interactionist perspective
answer
true
question
true or false: a sociologist who views religion as a societal institution that functions to preserve existing inequalities is most likely to be a conflict theorist in terms of perspective
answer
true
question
true or false: of the various ways to practice sociology, the way that offers the most direct link between theory and practice is clinical sociology
answer
true
Gender And Race
Introductory Sociology
Social Change
Sociological Theory
Sociology
Chapter 1-4 Study Questions – Flashcards 281 terms

Jazzlyn Sampson
281 terms
Preview
Chapter 1-4 Study Questions – Flashcards
question
The primary relationships studied by sociologists are the ones between
answer
individuals and society
question
Which is an accurate description of sociology
answer
the systematic study of the relationship between the individual and society, of how social relationships influence people's behavior, and how major social institutions and individuals interact
question
The sociological imagination
answer
is an awareness of the relationship between individuals and social forces
question
One way to develop a sociological imagination is to view your own society
answer
as an outsider
question
A sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on
answer
the interaction among fans during the pre-game ritual of tailgate parties
question
Which of the following would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination
answer
a study of the behavior of people listening to a religious service compared to that of people listening to a rock concert
question
Unemployment can be viewed as
answer
both a private trouble and a public issue
question
The sociological imagination is an empowering tool because it
answer
helps us to understand the perspectives of people from different social circumstances
question
The fact that it is possible to make a hamburger without having to personally complete every one of the many steps that go into making a hamburger from scratch illustrates
answer
society's shared knowledge and skills
question
Which of the following are the key components of the definition of sociology
answer
systematic study, the individual and society, and the consequences of social differences
question
The fact that men in Indonesia are more likely to survive certain kinds of natural disaster, because men in that society are generally taught to swim while women are not, is an example of
answer
the consequences of differences
question
A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as
answer
social inequality
question
A body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation is called a
answer
science
question
Sociology is considered a science because sociologists
answer
engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding
question
Fields of study that explore the ways the behavior features of humans interact and change are considered
answer
social sciences
question
Fields of study that explore the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change are considered
answer
natural sciences
question
A natural scientist would be likely to study
answer
rock formations and composition in the Grand Canyon
question
A social scientist would be likely to study the
answer
reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the United States
question
Which of the following would be the type of question a sociologist might ask in studying the global economic crisis that began in 2008
answer
how do the positions we occupy influence our experience of the crisis
question
Sociologists argue that, unlike scientific knowledge, commonsense conclusions are
answer
unreliable
question
A sociological study of the divorce rate among U.S. soldiers served to
answer
emphasize the distinction between sociology and common sense
question
A set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior is called a
answer
theory
question
Emile Durkheim's study of suicide relate suicide ages to
answer
the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society
question
Emile Durkheim's explanation of suicide was scientific because he
answer
developed conclusions based on systematic examination of data
question
Which of the following statements is an example of a sociological theory
answer
suicide rates are a reflection of whether people are, or are not, integrated into the group life of a society
question
Which sociologist established Europe's first university department of sociology
answer
Emile Durkheim
question
Which of the following is true about August Comte
answer
he sought to establish a science that would reveal basic "laws of society", he thought humans could learn to understand the forces that helped society to maintain order and stability, he though humans could learn to understand the forces that caused society to change
question
Which of the following is true about Harriet Martineau
answer
she introduced the significance of inequality and power into the discipline of sociology, and she believed scholars should be activists and not just commentators
question
Harriet Martineau argued that we could learn a lot about a culture by analyzing the ideas, themes, and images reflected in which type of cultural product
answer
popular songs
question
Anomie refers to
answer
loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective
question
In many emerging nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in emerging nations are likely to suffer
answer
anomie
question
Durkheim was particularly concerned about
answer
the loss of social order
question
Which of the following did Karl Marx view as the key factor distinguishing humans from animals
answer
human's ability to transform raw material into finished products
question
In Karl Marx's analysis, social inequality is determined by
answer
ownership, or lack thereof, of key material resources
question
Max Weber's theory of power included
answer
social status and organizational resources
question
Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are defined as
answer
macrosociology
question
A study of divorce rates among the populations of Canada, England, the United States, and France is an example of
answer
macrosociology
question
Which of the following stresses the study of small groups
answer
microsociology
question
A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of
answer
microsociology
question
Erving Goffman popularized the dramaturgical approach, which
answer
compares everyday life to a theatrical performance
question
W. E. B. Du Bois investigated power and inequality based on
answer
race
question
Ida Wells-Barnett investigated power and inequality based on
answer
gender and race
question
Which of the following is true about Jane Addams
answer
she used sociology as a tool to improve the lives of the urban poor
question
Which of the following is a functionalist perspective
answer
society is structured to maintain stability
question
Which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability, then it does not serve a useful function
answer
functionalist perspective
question
A functionalist perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests
answer
that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs
question
Which sociological perspective emphasizes the distribution of power and the allocation of resources
answer
conflict perspective
question
Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy, White males who divide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the
answer
conflict perspective
question
With which of the following conflicting groups are contemporary conflict theorists concerned
answer
women and men, the wealthy and poor, and blacks and whites
question
Interactionist perspective
answer
uses everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole
question
Which sociological approach would argue that people respect laws or disobey them based on their own past experience as well as their subjective understanding of the law
answer
interactionist perspective
question
Which sociological perspective would argue that laws reinforce the positions of those in power
answer
conflict perspective
question
Which sociological perspective would argue that public punishments reinforce the social order
answer
functionalist perspective
question
Which sociological perspective would argue that social change is predictable in the progression toward great order
answer
functionalist perspective
question
The view that social order is maintained through cooperation and consensus would most likely be held by
answer
functionalists
question
Which sociological perspective would suggest that social change is reflected in people's communication patterns and social positions
answer
interactionist perspective
question
In general, sociologists tend to
answer
draw insights from all three major sociological perspectives.
question
Personal sociology
answer
requires recognition of how our individual position in society shapes our perspective.
question
Using sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations is referred to as
answer
applied sociology.
question
Which of the following statements is true
answer
clinical sociology is dedicated to facilitating change by altering organizations or restructuring social institutions
question
The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as
answer
globalization
question
A sociological relationship between the individual and society is one in which the choices of the individual are determined by the individual's societal position. T/F
answer
False
question
Given C. Wright Mills' description of the sociological imagination as our ability to see the interaction between history and biography, it follows that neither society nor the individual can be understood in isolation from the other. T?F
answer
True
question
The main purpose of the "hamburger as miracle" story is to show that, when the need arises, all individuals are capable of achieving their goals without the help of others. T/F
answer
False
question
The observation by sociologists that the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed a higher proportion of men than women is an example of the importance of the consequences of difference. T/F
answer
True
question
Sociology can most accurately be considered a natural science because it involves the systematic examination of the effects of human nature on society T/F
answer
False
question
The fact that sociologists have found little difference between the sexes in terms of talkativeness is an example of why the systematic analysis of facts is generally more reliable than common sense knowledge T/F
answer
True
question
According to Durkheim's theory about the causes of suicide, the more interconnected and interdependent a society's members, the lower its suicide rate should be. T/F
answer
True
question
Of the three main sociological perspectives, the dramaturgical approach, as popularized by Erving Goffman, would best be considered an example of the interactionist perspective T/F
answer
True
question
A sociologist who views religion as a societal institution that functions to preserve existing inequalities is most likely to be a conflict theorist in terms of perspective. T/F
answer
True
question
Of the various ways to practice sociology, the way that offers the most direct link between theory and practice is clinical sociology. T/F
answer
True
question
Which of the following is true of sociology
answer
it represents a conversation between theory and research
question
The scientific method
answer
maximizes consistency in research
question
If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to
answer
define a problem to study
question
Defining a sociological problem involves
answer
explicitly identifying the concepts you want to learn more about
question
An operational definition is
answer
the transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable
question
Which of the following best describes theories
answer
they are our most informed explanations of what happens and why
question
Which of the following would be least likely to be used in formulating an operational definition for a study on racial bias in the workplace
answer
the narrative of a single person describing an incident of employment discrimination
question
When researching a concept, why do sociologists conduct a review of the available literature
answer
to refine the problem under study, to clarify possible techniques to be used in collecting data, to eliminate or reduce avoidable mistakes
question
A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a
answer
hypothesis
question
The statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of
answer
a hypothesis
question
A variable is
answer
a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions
question
Which of the following can serve as a variable in a study
answer
marital status, ethnic background, age
question
The relationship between variables in which a change in one leads to a change in the other is known as
answer
casual logic
question
The statement "People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens" is an example of
answer
a hypothesis
question
The causal variable that brings about change is known as a(n)
answer
independent variable
question
Which of the following would be considered the independent variable in the statement "People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens"
answer
level of income
question
Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)
answer
independent variable
question
The race of a criminal offender is associated with the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, capital punishment would be considered the
answer
dependent variable
question
The relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(n)
answer
correlation
question
Individuals who have divorced parents are more likely to experience long-term adverse effects than individuals who have parents who did not divorce. This statement is an example of a(n)
answer
correlation
question
In which type of sample does each member of the entire population have the same chance of being selected
answer
a random sample
question
If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a
answer
random sample
question
Valid research measures
answer
accurately reflect the phenomenon under study
question
Which of the following would be considered a valid measure of an individual's intelligence
answer
None of the answers are correct - not the individual'e employment, or the researchers opinion, or the number of years of school that the individual has completed
question
A research measure that provides consistent results is considered
answer
reliable
question
A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a
answer
control variable
question
Which of the following is true about a research design
answer
it is a detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data
question
Developing an effective research design is important because it directly influences both the amount of time needed to collect the data and the
answer
cost of the project
question
To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as
answer
a survey
question
In order to provide information that is useful, open-ended survey questions
answer
must be worded accurately and without bias
question
The results of an interview may be influenced by
answer
the gender of the interviewer or the race of the interviewer
question
Surveys most often represent ______ research, which collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
answer
quantitative
question
The number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values is referred to as the
answer
mean
question
The midpoint, or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values, is referred to as the
answer
median
question
Which number would be considered the mode of the following: 10-10-9-9-8-8-7-7-7-6-5
answer
7
question
Research that relies on what sociologists observe in the field and naturalistic settings, and that often focuses on small groups and communities, is referred to as
answer
qualitative research
question
Researchers who use sociological observation to collect data do so by either watching a group or by
answer
directly participating in a group
question
A sociologist attends meetings at all the schools and churches in his community over several years, and meets as many residents as he can for the purpose of exploring all facets of the community's social life. He then compiles a detailed description of the community. He is conducting a(n)
answer
ethnography
question
The initial obstacle participant observers encounter is
answer
gaining acceptance into an unfamiliar group
question
Once a researcher has been accepted into a group, a major challenge of participant observation is
answer
maintaining a degree of detachment
question
An artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables is known as a(n)
answer
experiment
question
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the
answer
control group
question
Sociologists performing research
answer
tend to use both laboratory experiments and field work, but not in conjunction with each other
question
A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the college's computer center. When the students realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved in their interactions. This is an example of
answer
the Hawthorne effect
question
Which of the following is true about Devah Pager's research
answer
it attempted to approximate experimental conditions in the field
question
Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that
answer
use previously collected and publicly accessible information and data
question
If a sociologist uses information gathered by the United States Census Bureau in a study, that sociologist is performing
answer
a secondary analysis
question
Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be
answer
a nonreactive form of research
question
An inherent problem in using secondary sources of data is that
answer
researchers may not find the exact data needed for their research
question
A researcher studies adolescent attitudes about senior citizens by analyzing depictions of the elderly in the lyrics of popular music and the content of teen magazines. This is an example of
answer
content analysis
question
Erving Goffman's pioneering exploration of how advertisements portray women as dependent upon men is an example of
answer
content analysis
question
Which of the following is included in the code of ethics for sociology
answer
using appropriate research techniques, maintaining integrity in research, remaining unbiased and nondiscriminatory
question
Which of the following is not incorporated into the basic principles of the code of ethics for sociology
answer
a required number of data sources
question
Rik Scarce's jail experience in 1993 revealed the potential consequences of
answer
maintaining the confidentiality of sources
question
After the 1989 Valdez disaster, the Exxon Corporation sought out many experts, including sociologists, to study jury deliberations. Which of the following was a major ethical concern for these sociologists
answer
Funding from Exxon might influence the results of the studies
question
According to value neutrality, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to which of the following
answer
their own personal views, theoretically based explanations, widely accepted beliefs
question
Joyce Ladner's The Death of White Sociology called attention to
answer
the tendency of mainstream sociology to investigate the lives of African Americans only in the context of social problems
question
Which of the following is true about Shulamit Reinharz
answer
she argued that sociological research should be open to drawing on relevant research by nonsociologists
question
Feminist sociologists
answer
view work and family as interrelated topics
question
Which of the following statements is true about the contributions of feminist sociologists?
answer
they have difficulty maintaining value neutrality due to the subject of their research
question
One important goal of applying the scientific method to the study of society is to ensure that the researchers' own values and opinions are allowed to influence the results. T/F
answer
False
question
The purpose of transforming a concept into its operational definition is to make the concept easier to observe and measure T/F
answer
True
question
In the hypothesis "the more socially integrated a person, the less likely that person is to commit suicide," level of social integration is the independent variable. T/F
answer
True
question
If x is correlated with y, then by definition, x must be the cause of y. T/F
answer
False
question
If x causes y, then by definition, x must be correlated with y. T/F
answer
True
question
For the purposes of data analysis, the most important quality of a sample is that it is representative of the population from which it is drawn T/F
answer
True
question
One way to ensure that a sample is representative of the broader population from which it is taken is to ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected in the sample. T/F
answer
True
question
If the same questionnaire about income and education is given to the same person at two different times, and nothing significant has changed between the two times, the responses should be the same, and if they are not, the questionnaire can best be described as invalid. T/F
answer
False
question
Of the two main types of survey instrument—the face-to-face interview and the questionnaire—the use of a questionnaire is likely to generate the higher response rate because it allows more time for the respondent to respond. T/F
answer
False
question
While sociologists use a variety of different approaches to the study of social phenomena, they all accept that value-neutrality is essential in the interpretation of data. T/F
answer
False
question
The totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior is known as
answer
culture
question
Culture helps us to
answer
interpret information received by our senses
question
Which of the following best defines a society
answer
the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared
question
Which of the following best explains the role of a society
answer
it provides the context within which cultural relationships develop
question
Cultural preferences vary across societies. Which of the following is an example of a cultural preference
answer
marriage ceremonies, methods of education, religious doctrines
question
Common practices and beliefs shared by all societies are called
answer
cultural universals
question
In his research, George Murdock determined that
answer
although all cultures share common denominators, how cultures address these practices and beliefs varies greatly
question
What is the most common stance among researchers on the "nature vs. nurture" debate
answer
they view the debate as inadequate
question
Sociobiology is the systematic study of
answer
how biology affects human social behavior
question
Which of the following would be of interest to a sociobiologist
answer
the explanation of how our thoughts and actions are linked to our genes
question
Innovation interests sociologists because it
answer
often has continuing effects beyond the initial change
question
Which of the following is a method through which culture is diffused
answer
military conquest, tourism, the Internet
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Which of the following would be an example of discovery
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the identification of bacteria
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Which of the following would be an example of invention
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superconductors
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Which of the following examples illustrates the rapid globalization of culture
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starbucks stores in China
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English-speaking people in the United States commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of
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cultural diffusion
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In practice, globalization has led to which of the following phenomena
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the cultural domination of developing nations by developed nations, people in developing nations often discarding their traditional values, and native cultures being threatened by Western popular culture
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The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives represent
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material culture
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Which of the following is an example of material culture
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a slice of pizza
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Which of the following is true about cognitive culture
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it consists of our mental and symbolic representations of reality
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Which of the following is a component of cognitive culture
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language
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Which of the following is true about the pace at which nonmaterial culture changes?
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it is more resistant to change than material culture
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What is cultural lag?
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an adjustment period when nonmaterial culture struggles to adapt to new material conditions
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Culture lag occurs because people in most societies are
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more likely to change their material culture than their nonmaterial culture
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Which of the following is true about language?
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it includes speech, writing, and nonverbal gestures
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Which of the following is true about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
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It argues that the language we use shapes our perception of reality
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In some parts of the United States, horse breeding is commonplace. People involved in breeding have developed different words to distinguish between breeds, sizes, and sexes of horses, and these words are not very familiar to people who are uninvolved in the "horse world." This is an example of
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the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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What is one of the contributions the feminist perspective has made to the study of language?
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It suggests that gender-related language reflects traditional acceptance of men and women in certain occupations.
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The words blacklist and white lie are examples of
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language that can promote racial stereotypes.
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Which of the following is an example of nonverbal communication?
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a high five, a hug, a frown
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Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper (or bad, undesirable, and improper) are known as
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values
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Which of the following is true about the list of U.S. basic values offered by sociologist Robin Williams?
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It includes the values of freedom, equality, morality, democracy, and conformity
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In surveys of first-year college students over the last 40 years, which value has shown the strongest gain in popularity?
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being very well-off financially
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Which of the following is true about norms?
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they are established standards of behavior maintained by a society, they must be widely shared and understood, they are classified as formal or informal
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Formal norms enforced by the state are
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laws
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Informal norms are
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generally understood but not precisely recorded
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While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and picks his nose. He is violating
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informal norms
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Mores are
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norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society
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Which of the following is true about folkways?
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They are norms that govern everyday behavior
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Which of the following is not a culturally learned behavior?
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instincts
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Within the traditional Buddhist areas of Southeast Asia, in the sleeping cars of trains, women do not sleep in upper berths above men. This norm
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reinforces patterns of male dominance
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Which of the following is an example of a norm that is often ignored because of weak enforcement?
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teenage drinking of alcohol and use of shady accounting techniques in business
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Which of the following is an example of a practice that appears to violate the norms of society in general, but actually represents adherence to the norms of a particular group?
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teenage drinking of alcohol and use of shady accounting techniques in business
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Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm are known as
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sanctions
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A Girl Scout works hard on a difficult project, and when she has completed her work, she is given a badge that she can wear on her uniform. This is an example of
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a sanction
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A dominant ideology is a
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set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimate existing powerful social, economic, and political interests
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Which of the following is a limitation of the dominant ideology thesis?
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Significant shifts in cultural values occur from generation to generation
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In the United States, professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists are all examples of
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subcultures
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The use of terms like g-man, honey boat, and airmail by sanitation workers in New York City is an example of
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argot
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Which of the following is the best example of a counterculture within the United States?
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hippies
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Armed militia groups, such as the one that was involved in the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, are an example of
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both a subculture and a counterculture
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Which of the following constitutes culture shock?
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The feeling of disorientation that is experienced when people encounter cultural practices different from their own
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A man from a very conservative culture travels to a country where the culture is more liberal. As he walks down the sidewalk, he is startled to see women wearing pants and even shorts instead of the long skirts and dresses worn by women in his culture. He is experiencing
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culture shock
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The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent what is normal or are superior to all others is called
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ethnocentrism
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Students who return home after studying abroad and soldiers returning home from war often experience a kind of reverse culture shock, which reflects
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how much we take culture for granted.
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A member of a new fundamentalist church believes that she has found the one true way to achieve salvation, and that members of other religions are pagans who will go directly to hell when they die. This is an example of
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ethnocentricism
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Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?
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People from India being repelled by the common American practice of living in the same household with dogs and cats.
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In which country did ethnocentric value judgments hamper United States efforts to build a democracy?
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Iraq
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A United States sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the peoples of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of
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cultural relativism.
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Which of the following concepts employs the kind of value neutrality that Max Weber saw as so important?
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cultural relativism
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One of the reasons why we need culture is that it helps us to make sense of, and relate to, the physical world around us. T/F
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True
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George Murdock found that there are 70 categories of true cultural universals T/F
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False
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Humans have more control over their own destinies if they are the product of nature rather than nurture. T/F
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False
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In general, sociobiologists emphasize how social behavior can influence our biological evolution as a species T/F
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False
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The main difference between discovery and invention is that only invention involves the creation of something that did not previously exist T/F
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True
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The diffusion of cultures across national borders can have positive and negative effects. The negative effects are most likely to be experienced by developing rather than developed countries. T/F
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True
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Language can be described as being "socially constructed" because it has no inherent meaning other than that assigned to it by humans. T/F
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True
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One important implication of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that the capacity to conceptualize the world must evolve before language can emerge. T/F
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False