Sociology Chapter 8- Social Mobility – Flashcards
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Social Mobility
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Change in social status over time, for either an individual or an entire group.
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Ascribed Traits
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Inherited from parents ( i.e. Social Class)
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Achieved Traits
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Acquired during the life cycle ( i.e. Education)
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Upward Mobility
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An improvement in status.
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Downward Mobility
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A decline in status.
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Horizontal (Lateral) Mobility
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Movement that is neither better nor worse but rather sideways or at the same level.
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Intergenerational Mobility
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Movement between generations.
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Intragenerational Mobility (Career/Occupational Mobility)
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Mobility within a single generation.
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Structural Mobility
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Changes in the structure of society.
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Circulation (Exchange) Mobility
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Results from innate skills and ambitions of individuals rather than changes in the occupational structure.
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Absolute Mobility
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Changes in position that result because living standards are changing in absolute terms.
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Relative Mobility
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The degree to which a person moves up or down in the various hierarchies compared to other people in the same generation.
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There are two common methods for determining levels of mobility, what are they?
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Intergenerational Correlations and Transition Studies.
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Intergenerational Correlations
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Correlations between quantitative indicators of parents' and children's status indicators.
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Whereas research on persistence in education, earnings, and wages is now relatively common, studies of intergenerational persistence of wealth ownership are still _______.
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Rare
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Transition Matrix (Mobility Table)
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Arrays individuals within groups in a start year and shows the proportion of who moved to another or stayed in the same group in a finish year.
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Transition Tables have been used extensively to understand what four types of mobility?
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Occupational, Income, Career. and Geographical
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Sociologists use several terms to categorize stratification systems. What are the two general types of systems used?
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Open and Closed Systems
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Open Stratification System
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Facilitates and even encourages social mobility.
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Closed Stratification System
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Mobility is rare and formal laws and social norms aim to prevent it.
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Which stratification system is more common today?
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Open Stratification System
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Class System
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People are not formally prevented from moving up or down and they are not guaranteed to retain their position.
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Caste System
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Social position is fixed strictly, firmly set, and nearly impossible to escape ( i.e. priests, warriors, farmers, etc.)
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The most extreme form of a closed stratification system involves _________.
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Slavery
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Slavery
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Forced labor in which slaves are captured, held unwillingly, and sold as property.
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Individual Approach
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Focuses on how characteristics of individuals and their families affect social mobility.
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Status Attainment Model
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Proposes that the degree to which people do well in life is influenced by traits that they inherit from their family as well as from individual treatment.
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Path Models
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Time-ordered models based on empirical data that attribute cause to various factors such as, ascribed and achieved characteristics.
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Structural Approach
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Finds fault with the common American assumption that individual desire and hard work are all that is required to get ahead. Hard work is not enough to create mobility if the structural conditions are not favorable.
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Generational Crowding
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The increased competition and related issues that those in large birth cohorts experience.
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Religious Homogamy
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Marriage to someone of the same religion.
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What researcher recognized the importance of downward mobility?
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Katherine Newman
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Social mobility refers to both upward and downward mobility. (T/F)
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True
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State budget cuts cause a woman to lose her job as an educator at a state funded zoo, and she is now unemployed. This is an example of which of the following types of social mobility?
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Downward Mobility
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A young man gets promoted from a bank teller position to a personal banking position at a local bank. He now has his own office, and no longer has to stand on his feet all day. This is an example of what type of social mobility?
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Upward Mobility
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Structural changes such as industrialization and advances in technology can lead to absolute mobility. (T/F)
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True
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Social patterns in mobility show that historically, mobility is somewhat limited in the U.S. (T/F)
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True
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Open stratification systems, such as class systems, encourage growth and social mobility. (T/F)
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True
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What country is well known for its Caste System?
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India
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Which of the following can influence social mobility?
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-Gender -The country you are born into -Religious Background
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Those at the very top of social hierarchy can move down the social ladder. (T/F)
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True
