sociology chapter 5 and 8 – Flashcards
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socialization
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is the process that teaches the norms, values, and other aspects of a culture to new group members
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primary socialization
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is socialization that occurs during childhood
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secondary socialization
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is the dynamic whereby socialization continues throughout our lives
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nature theory
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states that the genes we get from our parents at conception are the primary causes of human behaviors
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nurture theory
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states that our environment influences the way we think, feel and behave
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feral
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means wild
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looking-glass self
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is the theory that the self develops through a process of reflection, like a mirror
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"I" self
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is the subjective part of the self
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"Me" self
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is the objective part of the self
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imitation stage
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is mead's first stage of development, which is the period from birth to about age 2, and is the stage at which children merely copy the behaviors of those around them
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play stage
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is meads second stage of development, which occurs around the age of 2-4 years, during which children play roles and begin to take on the characteristics of important people in their world
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game stage
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is meads third stage of development that never truly ends, and is the stage in which we begin to understand that others have expectations and demands placed upon them
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the generalized other
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is our sense of others
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psychosocial crisis
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is a crisis occurring during each of Erikson's stages that will be resolved either positively or negatively, and each outcome will have an effect on our ability to deal with the next one
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cognitive development
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is a person's ability to think and reason
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sensorimotor stage
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is the stage (birth to 2) at which infants learn to experience and think about the world through their senses and motor skills
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preoperational stage
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is the stage (2-7) at which the ability to speak grows rapidly
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concrete operational stage
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(7-12) at which children can think about objects in the world in more than one way and start to understand causal connections in their surroundings
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formal operational stage
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is the stage (12 and above) at which people become able to comprehend abstract thought
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Preconventional level
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is the first stage of moral development that lasts through the elementary school years; at this level, children make their moral judgements within a framework of hedonistic principles
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henodnism
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is the seeking pleasure over pain
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conventional level
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is the second stage of moral development that refers to a morality based on abstract principles
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morality of justice
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is morality based on the rule of law
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morality of care
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is morality decided by a standard of how best to help those who are in need
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agents of socialization
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are the people and groups who shape our self concept, beliefs and behavior
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authoritative style
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is a parenting style in which parents listen to their children's input while consistently enforcing the present rules
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permissive style
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is a parenting style in which parents provide high levels of support but an inconsistent enforcement of rules
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authoritarian style
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is a parenting style with which children experience high levels of social control but low levels of emotional support
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resocialization
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is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors, and abandoning old ones.
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total institution
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are places in which the most effective forms of resocialization can occur because they isolate people from outside influences so they can be reformed and controlled
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hidden curriculum
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refers to the lessons taught in school that are unrelated to academic learning
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gender socialization
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teaches members of society how to express their masculinity or feminity
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gender
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is the expectations of behavior and attitude that a society considers proper for males and females
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mass media
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include any print or electronic resource that is used to communicate to a wide audience
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social policies
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are deliberate strategies designed to correct recognized social problems
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title IX
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is a 1972 educational amendment that prohibits the exclusion of any person from participation in an education program on the basis of gender
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education
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is the formal system in which society passes its information an values from one generation to the next
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teacher expectancy effect
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is the impact of a teacher expectations on a students performance
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grade inflation
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is the trend of assigning higher grades than previously assigned to students for completing the same work
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human capital
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is a persons combination of skills, knowledge, traits, and personal attributions
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credentials
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is an emphasis on educational degrees in assessing skills and knowledge
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religion
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is a unified system of beliefs and practices, relative to sacred things, that is to say, sets apart and forbidden- beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a church, all those who adhere to them
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theism
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is the belief in a god or gods
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monotheism
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one god
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polytheism
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belief in multiple gods and demigods
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philosophies of life
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are ways of life that focus on set of ethical, moral or philosophical principles
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totemism
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is the practice of honoring a totem or a sacred object
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simple supernaturalism
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is the belief in a variety of supernatural forces that affect and influence people's lives
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animsim
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is the belief that recognizes that animate spirits live in natural objects and operate in the world
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cults
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are new religious movements led by charismatic leaders with few followers
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sects
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are religious groups that have enough members to sustain themselves and go against society's norms
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church
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is a large, highly organized group of beliefs
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theocracy
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is a state religion that is formed when government and religion work together to shape society
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sacred
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means connected to god or dedicated to a religious purpose
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profane
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means related to or devoted to that which is not sacred or biblical
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rituals
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are established patterns of behavior closely associated with experience of the sacred
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secularization
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is the overall decline in the importance and power of religion in people's lives
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civil religion
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is a binding force that holds society together through political and social issues
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intermarriage
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is marriage between people of different religions
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post denominationalism
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is a recent trend that stretches religious boundaries
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system of beliefs
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relates sacred objects to religious rituals and defines and protects the sacred from the profane
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organization of believers
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is a group that ensures the prosperity and effectiveness of the religious experience
