Sociology Chapter 4: Society and Social Interactions – Flashcards
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Society
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refers to a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture
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Gerhard Lenski
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defined societies in terms of their technological sophistication
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Preindustrial Societies
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hunter-gatherer, pastoral, horticulture, agricultural, and feudal
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Hunter-gatherer
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demonstrate the strongest dependence on the environment
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Pastoral
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rely on domestication of animals as a resource for survival, such as Maasai villagers
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Horticulture
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formed in areas where rainfall and other conditions allowed them to grow stable crops and they didn't abandon their location to follow resources
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Agricultural
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relied on permanent tools for survival, led to bigger surpluses of of foods
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"Dawn of Civilization"
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development of leisure and humanities
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Feudal
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strict hierarchal system of power based around land ownership and protection
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Industrial Society
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rooted in the production of material goods, information society focused on new tools, machines, and workers
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Postindustrial Society
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Information societies- recent development based on the production of information and services
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Émile Durkheim and Functionalism
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stressed interconnectivity of all its elements, society is an organism
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Social Integration
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strength of ties that people have to their social groups, which is a key factor in social life
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Mechanical Solidarity
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type of social order maintained by collective consciousness
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Organic Solidarity
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social order based around an acceptance
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Anomie
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"without law" society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness
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Karl Marx and Conflict Theory
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most significant thinker in recent history
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Base
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economy determines what society will be like
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Superstructure
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government, family, religion, education, culture
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Bourgeoise
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the owners of the means of production
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Proletariat
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the laborers
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Capitalism
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way of organizing the economy so that things are used to make and transport products (land, oil, factories, ships) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government
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Alienation
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the condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her own society, work, of sense of self, no control of one's life
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Alienation from the product of one's labor
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do not have chance to relate the product they're working on
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Alienation from the process of one's labor
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worker does not control the conditions of her job because she is not the owner
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Alienation from others
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workers compete rather than work together
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Alienation from one's self
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loss of connection between a worker and her occupation
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False Consciousness
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condition in which beliefs, ideas, or ideology of a person are not in the person's best interests
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Class Consciousness
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the awareness of one's rank in society
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Max Weber and Symbolic Interactionism
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one of the greatest influences in the field of sociology, feared industrialization would have negative effects on individuals
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Primary Focus
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structure of society lay in elements of class, status, and power
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Rationalization
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a society built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition
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Symbolic Interactionism Theory
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viewpoint of the individual and how individual relates to society
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Iron Cage
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individual is trapped by institutions and bureaucracy
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Habitualization
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how any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into pattern, which can be performed again in the future
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Institutionalization
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the act of implanting a convention or norm into society
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Thomas Theorem
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"if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" so if a kid is labeled a bum, player, overachiever, he may live up to that even if it wasn't initially apart of his character
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Self Fulfilling Prophecy
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moral codes and social norms are created by "successful definitions of the situation"
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Role
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behavior expected of one in status, patterns of behavior that we recognize in each other that are representative of persons social status (role of student, mother, daughter)
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Status
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position in group, describe the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society
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Ascribed status
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those you do not select such as son, elderly, female
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Achieved status
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obtained by choice, such as high school drop out
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Role Set
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array or rules
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Role Strain
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too much considered of a single role, like duties of a parent
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Role Conflict
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when one or more roles are contradictory
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Role Performance
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how a person expressed his or her role
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Looking Glass Self
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we base our image on what we think other people see
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Social Institutions
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clusters of norms, values, roles and relationships centered on human needs (education, family, religion, economy)
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Social Structure
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guides interaction with others, serves as a map
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Status Characteristics
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-independent -relational -occupy multiple statuses -not all equally important -sequential -ranked -degree of consistency
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Master Status
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usually occupation, men are welders, truck drivers and women are wife, homemaker, mother in the past now doctors etc.
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"Rites of Passage"
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ceremonial celebrations making tradition from one status to another
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Hierarchy
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unequal power, privilege, asymmetrical
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Status Inconsistency
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may have high status at school and low status at home, female doctor
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Role Resources
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possession of attributes, skills, materials essential for role performance, good student needs study skills, time, money, concentration
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Complementary Roles
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are other roles compatible with role in question,
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Role Conflict
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one status role in conflict with another, police finds daughter selling drugs
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Role Strain
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incompatibility between 2 or more major roles, college professors are expected to teach, do research, provide service
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Internalization
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does the role become important to one?
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Role distance
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not proud of your role
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Role Embracement
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important to you, strive to perform well like new parents
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Role Merger
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negative, cannot separate yourself from the role
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Role Engulfment
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overwhelmed, act in ways that aren't "yourself" and forces you to behave differently
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Mutual Support
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do other people play out there roles as they are supposed to?
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Clarity
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How clear is the role?
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Degree of Institutionalization
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how embedded is this role in the culture?
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Role Exit
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the process of leaving a role like getting a divorce, can be voluntary or involuntary
