Sociology Ch. 4 & 5 – Flashcards
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social interaction
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the process by which people act and react in relation to others.
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status
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a social position that a person holds.
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status set
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all the statuses a person holds at a given time.
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ascribed status
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a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntary later in life.
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achieved status
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a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort.
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master status
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a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life.
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role
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behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status.
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role set
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a number of roles attached to a single status.
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role conflict
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conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses.
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role strain
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tension among the roles connected to a single status.
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role exit
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the process by which people disengage from important social roles.
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social construction of reality
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the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction.
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Thomas Theorem
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situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences.
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ethnomethodology
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the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.
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dramaturgical analysis
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the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance.
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presentation of self
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a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others.
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Impression Management
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process that begins with the idea of personal performance.
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nonverbal communication
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communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech.
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Demeanor
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the way we act and carry ourselves.
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personal space
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the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy.
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embarrassment
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discomfort after a spoiled performance... "losing face"
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tact
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helping someone, "save face."
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social group
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two or more people who identify with and interact with one another.
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primary group
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a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships.
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secondary group
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a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity.
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secondary relationships
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involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another.
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instrumental leadership
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group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks.
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expressive leadership
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group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being.
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authoritarian leadership
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focuses on instrumental concerns, takes personal charge of decision making, and demands the group members obey orders.
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democratic leadership
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more expressive, making a point of including everyone in the decision-making process.
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Laissez-Faire
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allows the group to function more or less on it's own.
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groupthink
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the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue.
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reference groups
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a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions.
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in-group
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a social group towards which a member feels respect and loyalty
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out-group
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a social group towards which a person feel a sense of competition and opposition.
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dyad
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to designate a social group with two members (pair).
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triad
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a social group with three members.
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network
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a web of weak social ties.
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formal organizations
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large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently.
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utilitarian organizations
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one that pays people for their efforts.
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normative organizations
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also known as voluntary associations. pursue some goal they think is morally worthwhile.
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coercive organizations
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involuntary membership, ex: prison.
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tradition
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values and beliefs passed from generation to generation.
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rationality
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a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a task.
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rationalization of society
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the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought.
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bureaucracy
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an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.
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organizational environment
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factors outside the organization that affect its operations.
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bureaucratic ritualism
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to describe a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization's goals
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bureaucratic inertia
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refers to the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetrate themselves.
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oligarchy
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the rule of the many by the few.
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scientific management
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the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization.
