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A system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their socio-economic factors.

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Social stratification

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What are the three key factors of social stratification?

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Wealth, power and Prestige

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Refers to the individual assets one poses: cash, savings, investments in stock, bonds, real estate properties. The U.S. income inequality is the greatest in the industrialized world.

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Wealth

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The ability to control others' behavior, even against their will.

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Power

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Subjective, it depends on how an individual is perceived by others.

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Prestige

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Category of people with same amount of income, power, and prestige.

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Social class

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Asking people to rank others.

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Reputational model

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Asking people to rank themselves.

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Subjective model

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Identifying classes through analysis of income, occupation, and education.

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Objective method

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Hunter-Gatherers are the most. Still not totally free of inequalities but there is not much opportunity to accumulate wealth. Large-scale societies without wealth accumulating opportunities. Also Communist societies.

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Egalitarian System

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Outlawed in virtually all societies and remains a significant human rights violation. Normally poor and minority.

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Master-Slave System

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Less extreme in practicing inequality. Agriculture produced more wealth and, thus, an increase in stratification. Social stratification resemble a pyramid: many people at the bottom and a smaller number of people toward the top.

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The Feudal System

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A rigid system in which position is bestowed for life at birth, ascribed & fixed, rather than achieved through personal accomplishment. It interferes with freedom & flexibility necessary for modern industrial production.

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The Caste System

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An open system in which people's positions are achieved and interchangeable. Economically based. Socially mobile.

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The Class System

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South Africa, Malaysia, Central Australia, North Korea, Cuba.

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Examples of Egalitarian

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Some families are forced to work in fruitless efforts to repay debts (found in parts of India, Thailand, Pakistan and Peru).

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Debt bondage

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An extreme form of inequality. The legal conditions have varied among societies: some deprived of all rights; some excluded from political positions & the military; some are held in servitude on someone else's property and, the less fortunate spent their days in hard labor.

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Slavery

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Agrarian societies of medieval Europe, Asia, Latin America.

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Examples of the Feudal System

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Those who worked the land.

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Serfs

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Those who appropriated some of the produce and labor of the peasants.

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Landlords

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Movement of individuals from one social standing to another as a result of changes in wealth, income, power and prestige.

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Social Mobility

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How far one moves up or down the socioeconomic scale over the course of working life.

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Intragenerational Mobility

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How children rate on the scale compared to parents or grandparents.

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Intergenerational Mobility

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People can move up or down the social ladder depending on changes in society (e.g. declining manufacturing base, globalization, immigration).

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Structural mobility

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Social mobility dependent on a person's personal achievement. Race, gender, access to education, and individual opportunities play a part.

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Individual mobility

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Key factor of social mobility.

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Educational Attainment

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Recently caused by corporate restructuring due to takeovers. Women are more likely to experience downward mobility because of childcare responsibilities, especially when combined with divorce or separation.

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Downward Mobility

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The lack of minimum food & shelter necessary for maintaining life.

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Absolute poverty

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Those who earn less than half of the nation's median income are poor.

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Relative poverty

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A huge number of women living in poverty as single mothers.

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Feminization of poverty

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Poor are believed to have failed to grab opportunities by not working hard.

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Blame-the-Poor Theories

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Used "culture of poverty" to explain how the poor had debilitating values and attitudes that are passed from generation to generation.

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Oscar Lewis

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Used "dependency culture" poor people who rely on welfare rather than entering the labor market.

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Charles Murray

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Structural forces within society shape the way resources are distributed. The lack of ambition among the poor is a consequence of their constrained situation, not a cause.

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Blame the system theories

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Some nations are in higher or lower classes. The consequences are poverty, inequality, child exploitation, and slavery.

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Global Stratification

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Rich nations exploit poor ones for power and commercial gain. Fails to explain the economic boom in middle eastern countries.

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Dependency Theory

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Group with inherited physical characteristics that distinguishes it from other groups. Based on perception.

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Race

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Cultural practices of a given community that have emerged historically & set people apart.

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Ethnicity

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People who identify with one another on the basis of common ancestry and cultural or religious heritage, language & history.

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Ethnic group

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Ethnic & racial identification is socially constructed.

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Situational ethnicity

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A member of an ethnic group assimilates to the larger culture, an ethically diverse culture.

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Symbolic ethnicity

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People who are subjected to prejudice and discrimination.

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Minority groups

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Have the greatest power, most privileges, and highest social status, e.g. people of English descent in the U.S.

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Dominant groups

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The poorest minority in the United States.

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Native Americans

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Prohibited segregation and discrimination in virtually all areas of social life. Still exists in housing and economics.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Largest minority in the United States. Worst of educationally.

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Latinos

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Fastest growing minority in the United States. More likely to graduates college and have higher pay.

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Asians

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The most successful minority. Perceived as hard-working, family-oriented, and friendly.

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Jewish Americans

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Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions.

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Racism

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Refers to thoughts or actions taken to eradicate racism.

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Antiracism

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The long history & persistence of policies promoted by social institutions that favor the white supremacy structure of social relations; not recognized as discrimination.

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Institutionalized discrimination

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A negative attitude or opinion towards a certain group of people. Preconceived views.

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Prejudice

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An unfavorable action or behavior taken against an individual because they are of a certain group of people. Exclusion of 'the other' or restricting opportunities.

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Discrimination

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Prejudice is the result of frustration, and scapegoats become targets of blame.

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Scapegoating

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If our parents, teachers, and media are prejudiced we are likely to follow their lead.

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Socialization

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Racism created a huge supply of cheap labor bringing profits to the dominant group.

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Economic

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Involves maintaining power for the dominant group.

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Political

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Reverse discrimination. Encourages employers to recruit qualified minorities.

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Affirmative action

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A relatively open stratification system in which people's positions are achieved and changeable.

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Class System

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Movement from one job to another within the same status category.

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Horizontal Mobility

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The changing relationship between economic development and social inequality names after its discoverer, Simon Kuznets.

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Kuznets Curve

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The likelihoood of living a good, long, successful life in a society.

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Life Chances

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Tastes, preferences and ways of living.

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Lifestyles

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The economic control exercised by rich nations over their former colonies.

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Neocolonialism

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A small group of top leaders not just from business corporations but also from the federal government and military.

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Power Elite

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The condition in which the same individual is given two conflicting status rankings.

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Status Inconsistency

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A system in which people are stratified according to their social prestige.

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Status System

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The method of identifying social classes by asking people to rank themselves.

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Subjective method

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Moving up or down the status ladder.

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Vertical Mobility

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The process by which the subcultures of various groups are blended together, forming a new culture.

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Amalgamation

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Prejudice or discrimination against Jews.

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Anti-Semitism

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The process by which a minority adopts the dominant group's culture as the culture of the larger society.

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Assimilation

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The social situation in which a minority adopts the dominant group's language, values, and behavioral problems.

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Behavioral assimilation

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The peaceful coexistence of various racial and ethnic groups, each retaining its own subculture.

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Cultural Pluralism

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Segregation resulting from tradition and custom.

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De facto segregation

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The wholesale killing of members of a specific racial or ethnic group.

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Genocide

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The prejudiced belief that keeps minority professionals from holding leadership positions in organizations.

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Glass Ceiling

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The persistence of discrimination in social institutions that is not necessarily recognized by everybody as discrimination.

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Institutionalized Discrimination

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A set of laws that segregated African Americans from whites in all kinds of public and private facilities.

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Jim Crow Laws

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An oversimplified, inaccurate mental picture of others.

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Stereotype

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The social condition in which the minority is accepted on equal terms with the rest of society.

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Structural Assimilation

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Divided society into two major classes and one minor class. Capitalists, workers and the small capitalists.

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Karl Marx

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Those who own the means of production and hire others.

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Capitalists

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Came up with the idea of the power elite.

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Charles Wright Mills

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The people that hold the most power are the capitalists.

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Marxist Theorists

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Power is not tightly concentrated but widely dispersed more or less equally among various competing groups.

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Pluralist Theorists

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The ancient form of human bondage.

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Chattel Slavery

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1. Brahmins 2. Warriors 3. Merchants 4. Artisans 5. Untouchables

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The 5 Castes

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Useful for investigating the class structure of a small community where everybody knows practically everybody else.

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Advantage of Reputational Model

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Cannot be applied to large cities, and cannot generalize findings from one community to another and it is impossible to find unanimity among the reputation judges.

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Disadvantage of Reputational Model

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Families that have been wealthy for generations, an aristocracy of birth and wealth.

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Old Rich

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Rockefellers, Vanderbilts and Du ponts.

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Examples of Old Rich

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People who have created their own wealth.

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New Rich

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Bill Gates and Oprah.

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Example of New Rich

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Rich that keep them so aloof of the masses because they tend to live, marry and belong to communities of likeminded people.

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Out-of-Sight class

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Highly successful professional careers. Work with unbounded enthusiasm and live very comfortably.

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Upper-Middle Class

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Largest class in the U.S. Also the most diverse. Have achieved the middle class dream of owning a suburban home.

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Middle-Class

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Those with little education and work in manual labor. Unskilled and underpaid.

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Working Class

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Joblessness and poverty. Very few have finished highschool.

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Lower Class

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A state of deprivation resulting from having less than the majority of the people have.

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Relative Poverty

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1. Dirty jobs get done. 2. High class can persue their careers if they have maids and stuff. 3. Poverty creates job for social workers and police.

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Functionalist Perspective

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Found that the majority of homeless men are African American, single or divorced men with low skills.

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Peter Rossi

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1. Increased shortage of inexpensive housing. 2. Decreasing demand for unskilled labor. 3. Erosion of public welfare benefits.

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Homelessness

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Stratification of society is necessary and it motivates people to work hard.

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Davis-Moore Theory

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Stratification is dysfunctional and by limiting the opportunities of those who are not privileged restricts the possibility of discovering talent hidden in society.

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Melvin Tumin

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Jewish term which means the fortunate are required to help the individuals and community in need.

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Tzedakah

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Racial apathy serves to support and sustain the status quo of racial inequality in society.

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Tyrone Forman

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Segregation required by law.

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De jure segregation

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The spacial and social separation of the dominant and minority groups, believing that the minority group is inferior.

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Segregation

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The dominant group expels a minority form certain areas or the country in general.

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Expulsion

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People believe in equality and never act against this.

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Unprejudiced nondiscriminators

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They do not believe in prejudice ideas but act on discrimination because of social pressures. AKA. fair-weather liberals.

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Unprejudiced discriminators

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Afraid to express their prejudice beliefs. Also called fair weather illiberals.

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Prejudiced nondiscriminators

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Have prejudice beliefs and act upon them. AKA the Klu Klux Klan.

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Prejudiced Discriminators

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Country totally free of discrimination because there is only one race and ethnicity.

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Iceland

Sociology 7 & 8

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