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examples/ types of authority

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traditional, rational, charismatic; the opposite of authority is coersion

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Berger suggest that _____ is the ultimate foundation of any political state

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violence

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types of democracy

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direct democracy and representative democracy

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pluralism

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power is divided among many special interest groups, so that it is difficult for one group to dominate

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power elite

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those who make the big decisions in America

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the three conditions identified by Nicholas Timasheff that is essential to incite war

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a cultural tradition of war, an antagonistic situation in which two or more states confront incompatible objectives and a 'fuel' that heats the antagonistic situation to a boiling point so that war is finally declared.

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the first noticeable conditions of social inequality occurred in human societies when:

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surplus became available

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forms of capitalism

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laissez-faire and socialism

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the theorist who contended that an item's value is based on the work that has gone into it, and the only way that a profit can be made is to pay workers less than the value of their work was:

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Karl Marx

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the primary criticisms of socialism and captialism

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socialism: does not fully respect individual rights capitalism: produces severe social inequality

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systems of descent

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bilateral patrilineal matrilineal

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functionalist argue that the incest taboo is a nearly universal norm because it:

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helps families to avoid role confusion

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second shift

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women take on house work/ caring for kids along with having a career

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marital homogamy

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the marriage of people with the similar characteristics

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there are approximately _____million married couples in the united states, of which ____ million are mixed marriages

answer

60 million; 3.5 million

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marriage squeeze

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The effect on marriage of an imbalance between the numbers of males and females

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the primary source of strain in the typical one parent family is

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money/income

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sociologist Blumstein and Schwartz found that same sex couples faced the same problems that heterosexual couples did but they were:

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more likely to break up

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serial fatherhood

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A pattern of parenting in which a father, adter a divorce, reduces contact with his own children, serves as a father to the children of the woman he marries or lives with, then ignores these children, too, after moving in with or marrying again.

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when it comes to injuries incurred during battering:

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gender equality vanishes with more wives than husbands requiring medical attention

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credential society

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diplomas determine job eligibility

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manifest and latent functions of American education system

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manifest: intended goals latent: consequences, not intended

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according to conflict theorist, the hidden curriculum perpetuates

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social inequality

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Durkheim referred to any group of people united by their religious practices as an....

answer

moral community

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rituals

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Ceremonies or repetitive practices; in religion, often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred.

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cosmology

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techniques or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world

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the phrase "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed...the opium of the people," can be credited to

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Karl Marx

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protestant ethic

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Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by hard work and frugality

question

Sunday morning between ten and eleven has been called "the most segregated hour in the United States." The reason for this segregation is that people:

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most people go to churches ; same racial categories

question

modernization

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changes that result from industrialization 4 types: General (formal education, life expectancy, residence Material (industrialized, division of labor) Social (gender equality, social stratification) Norms (social controls, tolerance of differences, views of morality)

question

geopolitics is the realignment of national-regional powers that occurred after:

answer

World War 2

question

an important threat to global control by the G8, the group of nations that decide world policy, is the:

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dealing with ethnic conflicts worldwide

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multilinear & Unilinear evolutionary theories of societies

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Multilinear: different routes lead to the same stage of development Unilinear: all societies flow the same evolutionary path

question

according to historian Arnold Toynbee, all civilizations

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face challenges to its existence (reach a peak,then decline and die)

question

According to Marx, human history shows that struggle develops between the thesis and its antithesis, leading to a synthesis. Marx called this historical change a ________.

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conflict over power (dialectical process of history)

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all societies use technology, but chief characteristic of postmodern societies is technology that increases our ability

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-communication -gather information -travel

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Sociologist Mayer Zald suggests that during some periods of time there are very few social movements in a society and, at other times, a wave of social movements will emerge. He suggests that the number of social movements increases:

answer

cultural issues/crisis

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different types of social movements

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alternative: seeks to alter behavior among individuals redemptive: seeks total change among individuals reformative: seeks to alter/reform society transformative: seek to change/transform society transnational: seek to change social conditions globally metaformative: seeks to change the social order of the world

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social stratification

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A system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige.

question

slavery and ancient Greece and Rome

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When Greece was a collection of city states, when a new city was conquered; it was common for the remaining people to become slaves. When the roman empire came to power, they did the same. slavery was a sign of debt, crime, or defeat in battle.

question

India's caste system

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Determined by birth and is a lifelong condition. Each caste has a set of acceptable jobs and they marry into their own castes. Formally abolished by the government but is still practice in a de facto manner.

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ascribed and achieved statuses

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ascribed: things that cannot be changed (race, gender) achieved: things that are earned by the person

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social class according to Marx

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Bourgeoisie are those who own the means of production. Proletariat or those who work for the owners

question

false consciousness

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Workers mistakenly thinking of themselves as capitalists.

question

social class according to weber

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wealth, prestige, and power

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ideology versus force as a means to maintain stratification

answer

???

question

in democracies, the ruling elite use two methods to control information. These two methods include:

answer

technology and media (selective release of information)

question

the three world model

answer

"First World" refers to so called developed, capitalist, industrial countries, roughly, a bloc of countries aligned with the United States after World War II Second World" refers to the former communist-socialist, industrial states, (formerly the Eastern bloc, the territory and sphere of influence of the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic) today: Russia, Eastern Europe "Third World" are all the other countries, today often used to roughly describe the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America.

question

global stratification

answer

it is an uneven distribution of privileges, material rewards, opportunities, power, prestige and influence among individuals and groups.

question

core nations

answer

Countries that industrialized first and became rich and powerful. Ex) Britain, France, Holland, and Germany.

question

semi-periphery nations

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the economy of these nations, located around the Mediterrainean, stagnated because they grew dependent on trade with core nations

question

periphery nations

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fringe nations, developed even less than semi. Eastern European countries, which sold cash crops to core countries

question

external areas

answer

areas that are left out of the development of capitalism all together.

question

wealth and income

answer

wealth: property, something you obtain income: what you make, the flow of money

question

income inequality in the United States over the past 60 years

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bottom 20%: decrease from 5.4% to 3.4% top 20%: increase from 41% to 50.4%

question

democratic facade

answer

power is in the hands of the elite

question

power elite

answer

those who make the big decisions in America

question

Erik's Wright's revision of Marx's concept of social classes

answer

1)capitalist 2) petty burgouise 3) managers 4) workers

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the social class most shaped by education is the:

answer

upper middle class

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The upward or downward movement in social class by family members from one generation to the next describes ________ mobility.

answer

intergenerational mobility

question

The working poor and underclass together account for approximately ________ of the U.S. population.

answer

20%

question

most of the poor in the United States are

answer

white males

question

feminization of poverty

answer

families headed by mothers have much higher chances of suffering from poverty

question

the meaning of race

answer

category of people who see themselves and are seen by others as different because characteristics that are assumed to be innate and biologically inherited

question

minority and dominant groups

answer

minority: group that is being discriminated against or singled out for unequal treatment dominant: the group with most power, privilege, and social status

question

ethnic work

answer

the way people construct their ethnicity 4 factors: 1) relative size of group 2) power of group 3) appearance 4) discrimination

question

prejudice and discrimination

answer

prejudice: an attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way. discrimination: an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or group.

question

individual discrimination

answer

The negative treatment of one person by another

question

institutional discrimination

answer

How discrimination is woven into the fabric of society

question

selective perception

answer

seeing certain features of an object or situation but remaining blind to others

question

reserve labor force

answer

the unemployed

question

split labor market

answer

workers split along racial, ethnic, gender, age, or any other lines' this split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of workers.

question

colonization

answer

A way for the most industrialized nations to exploit the least industrialized

question

internal colonialism

answer

the policy of economically exploiting minority groups

question

assimilation

answer

the process of being absorbed into the mainstream culture

question

genocide

answer

killing or attempted killing of people because presumed race or ethnicity

question

forced assimilation

answer

the dominant group refuses to allow the minority to practice its religion, to speak its language, or to follow its customs

question

first wave of feminism

answer

goal was to win the vote for women

question

second wave of feminism

answer

goal was to raise women's pay to changing policies o violence against women and legalizing abortion

question

glass ceiling

answer

the most invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

question

sexual harassment

answer

un-welcomed sexual attention at work or at school

question

Merton's strain theory and five adaptations

answer

we are all socialized to want certain cultural goals but we dont all have the means to attain those goals -conformity: the most common response to strain and is a non-deviant response -innovator: wants to achieve cultural goals but uses illegitimate methods -ritualism: has given up on attaining cultural goals but still clings to conventional means of conduct -retreatism- rejects cultural goals and means to attain those goals -rebellionsism: reject cultural goals and tries to replace them with own goals

question

social control theory

answer

we all want to commit deviant acts but we dont because of inner and outer controls

question

differential Association

answer

we learn to deviate by those we associate within our lives

question

the size of the different correctional populations

answer

correctional population: 7 million behind bars: 2.2 million community supervision: 4.8 million 1 out of every 32 american adults in the correctional system

question

formal and informal norms

answer

formal: laws informal: frowned upon by society

question

positivism

answer

The application fo the scientific method to the social world. Proposed by Comte during the French Revolution.

question

values

answer

Ideas of what is desirable in life, how people define what is good and bad.

question

norms

answer

expectations, rules of behavior governed by a culture's values

question

mores

answer

norms that are essential to our core values (murder, rape, domestic violence)

question

taboos

answer

strongly ingrained norm; violation is offensive (cannibalism, incest)

question

culture

answer

the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that characterize a group and are passed on through generations. two types: 1)material 2) non-material

question

sanctions

answer

reactions to following or breaking the norms positive: expresses approval of following norm (high-five) negative: reflects disapproval of breaking norm

question

gestures

answer

movement of the body to communicate with others

question

subculture

answer

The Values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its members from the larder culture. ex) jobs, religion, status, age.

question

total institutions

answer

a place that is almost totally controlled by who runs it

question

role

answer

the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

question

Auguste Comte

answer

founder of sociology

question

Herbert Spencer

answer

disagreed with Comte about the role of sociologist as reformers coined the phrase: survival of the fittest

question

Karl Marx

answer

believed that conflict was caused by economic inequalities "if your not an owner, your a worker"

question

Harriet Martineau

answer

published a report on family race and gender politics and religion in America

question

Jane Adams

answer

sociologist and reformer Hull House only sociologist to win the Nobel Peace Prize (1931)

question

W.E.B Du Bois

answer

founded the NAACP

question

Talcott Parsons

answer

social theorist focus on equilibrium

question

Charles Horton Cooley

answer

the looking glass self

question

George Herbert Mead

answer

play is essential in development

question

Ernest Burgess

answer

the sector model

question

conflict theory

answer

society is composed of groups that compete with one another for scarce resources

question

structural Funcitonalism

answer

society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together

question

symbolic interationism

answer

symbols are the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another

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