Social Psych Chapters 1-3 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
After breaking up with your boyfriend, you imagine that you would still be with him if you had treated him more considerately. This is an example of
answer
counterfactual thinking.
question
According to a study by Burger and Pavelich (1994), voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the _______ the day after a presidential election, and to the _______ a year after the election.
answer
candidate's personal traits and positions; nation's economy
question
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called
answer
a self-fulfilling prophecy.
question
Attributing behavior to a person's traits is an example of what type of attribution?
answer
dispositional
question
According to the text, many men assume women are flattered by repeated requests for dates, which women more often see as harassing. This is an example of
answer
misattribution.
question
After 9/11, many people abandoned air travel because of the
answer
availability heuristic.
question
A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself is called
answer
self-awareness.
question
Assuming most crimes involve violence because the news generally reports on rapes, robberies, and beatings is an example of the _______ heuristic.
answer
availability
question
Burger and Pavelich (1994) found that voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the candidate's personal traits and positions the day after a presidential election, and to the nation's economy a year after the election. This represents which of the following explanations for the fundamental attribution error?
answer
changing perspectives trend
question
"Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness is called
answer
automatic processing
question
Although travelers in the United States are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on a commercial flight covering the same distance, people often assume that flying is more dangerous than driving. What type of heuristic are people using when they make this assumption?
answer
availability heuristic
question
A fellow student is consistently late for class. You assume this is because he is lazy and unorganized. What type of attribution are you making for his behavior?
answer
dispositional
question
According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975), if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets, you should repeatedly
answer
congratulate them for being neat and tidy.
question
According to the attribution theorist Kelley (1973), what three types of information do we use when we make attributions for other people's behavior?
answer
consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
question
"Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called
answer
controlled processing
question
According to your text, people everywhere perceive referees and the media as
answer
biased against their position.
question
Activating particular associations in memory is called
answer
priming
question
Attributing behavior to a person's environment is an example of what type of attribution?
answer
situational
question
According to the text, observers tend to attribute a person's behavior to _______ the more that time passes.
answer
the situation
question
After reading a newspaper article about teenagers who illegally download music from the Internet, you conclude that those who engage in such behavior are morally bankrupt. It never occurs to you that the reason teenagers download music from the Internet is because they are not able to afford the price of a compact disc, or the temptation to download, coupled with the peer pressure to do so, is often great. Your thinking on this matter can be characterized by the
answer
fundamental attribution error.
question
According to the research study in the video, if a subject is told that their ability to learn a skill is based on "innate IQ and ability":
answer
They become less confident and unwilling to set high goals.
question
High self-efficacy leads one to be:
answer
More persistent.
question
Albert Bandura studied how _________ ___________ contributed to performance:
answer
Self-efficacy
question
Patricia Ryan explained how status can be increased by:
answer
Speaking calmly and making eye contact.
question
Carl Rogers proposed that:
answer
Everyone has the capacity for self-understanding and self-direction.
question
Research has indicated that our beliefs and behavior can create their own reality. We behave in a certain way, others respond to us based on our behavior. This is called:
answer
Behavioral confirmation.
question
Freud believed that the "self":
answer
Was a weak, passive link between the id and superego.
question
According to the research of Dr. Teresa Amabile:
answer
People motivated by interest and enjoyment are the most creative.
question
Someone who is very concerned about their own weight, may perceive others through weight issues. They would be considered:
answer
Weight schematic.
question
What do social psychologists mean by "individuation?"
answer
Separation of the child from its mother.
question
When we behave in such a way that we want others to see us as we see ourselves, this is called:
answer
Strategic self-presentation.
question
According to the research of Dr. Hazel Marcus:
answer
People in Japan prefer to be connected to others.
question
These are cognitive ways in which we categorize things in the world, an organized system of beliefs about something that is built up from experience and guides the processing of new information:
answer
Schemas.
question
All of the following except ___________are kinds of "self" according to William James
answer
Cultural.
question
Considering that most people want others to view them in a positive light, the particular way in which we strive to view ourselves and the way in which we want others to view us pertains to our ________________.
answer
self presentation
question
The results of research regarding rating one's self, compared to others, in numerous domains, show that people tend to
answer
rate themselves as being better than average compared to other people.
question
Some people engage in _______________ behavior by not trying their best, on purpose, out of fear of failure, to avoid dealing with negative feelings that might arise if they were to try their hardest and it was not good enough to succeed.
answer
self-handicapping
question
Research regarding self-serving bias has shown that displaying a self-serving bias can
answer
be adaptive and protect a person from stress and negative moods.
question
What term, originally observed by studying dogs in an experimental situation, who appeared passive and depressed after being forbidden to escape an electric shock and did not try to escape from the shock when permitted to do so, was extrapolated and applied to humans who give up and do not try to better themselves when faced with overwhelming adversities.
answer
learned helplessness
question
At the luncheon, Steven rambled on and on about his political views, thinking everyone at the table agreed. Little did he know, they were secretly groaning and rolling their eyes. Which of the following would this describe?
answer
The false consensus effect.
question
A young child brings her finger painting home to her narcissistic parent. What will the child most likely hear?
answer
"Uh, what does that have to do with me?"
question
In the middle of a grueling exam, a student pauses momentarily and gives herself a silent cheer: "You can do it, you can do it. You can, you can." She winds up earning an A. This would demonstrate which of the following concepts?
answer
Being high in self-efficacy.
question
The term ______________ is used to describe when a person's confidence level moves into the realm of arrogance.
answer
narcissism
question
Regarding research on subjects who are presented with choices about which they can make decisions, there is evidence that shows that
answer
subjects are more satisfied after having fewer possible choices than more choices
question
The false uniqueness effect occurs when
answer
a person thinks they are overly special for being talented or performing a good deed, not realizing that they are relatively common and not so great.
question
The results from research on optimism shows that
answer
people rate themselves in a manner that is unrealistically optimistic.
question
Group-serving bias involves
answer
attributing positive aspects to a group that a person is affiliated with, and negative aspects to those who are not part of a person's group.
question
Julian Rotter's concept of locus of control involves
answer
when someone attributes an event as being something that is under their control or as being outside of their control.
question
Cultural differences in a person's self-concept reflect
answer
collectivism and individualism.
question
Self-serving bias involves
answer
the tendency to take credit for something when succeeding, and to blame others when one has failure experiences.
question
Self-concept refers to
answer
a person's identity.
question
How is self-esteem different from self-concept?
answer
both B and C.
question
The term "possible selves" refers to
answer
who we hope to be in the future and who we hope not to become.
question
Someone who speaks their mind, as opposed to being a "yes-man" would be considered
answer
low in self monitoring
question
A famous study to research obedience to authority was surprising to scientists and the public because:
answer
No one expected that 65% (2/3) of the participants would obey the experimenter and deliver shocks up to the highest level.
question
This famous social psychologist escaped Nazi Germany and went on to study leadership styles:
answer
Kurt Lewin.
question
Which statement BEST describes the "error" in the fundamental attribution error?
answer
We tend to overemphasize the influence of personality factors in making attributions about others.
question
Alex is a participant in a study that involves judging line length. On several trials, all of the other participants made obviously incorrect judgments, and Alex must decide what to do. This study was developed by ________________ to study ___________:
answer
Solomon Asch; conformity.
question
Social psychology began to emerge as the distinctive field it is today during:
answer
World War II when researchers contributed studies about persuasion and leadership styles.
question
What 3 leadership styles were studied in 1939 with young boys as subjects?
answer
Democratic, autocratic, laissez-faire.
question
Why is there concern about experiments involving shocking others?
answer
There may be long term emotional effects on the part of the subjects.
question
Thomas Moriarty found in his research:
answer
That 95% of people would help when asked.
question
The famous leadership study found that:
answer
Autocratic leaders produced more work when they were present.
question
The main point of Phillip Zimbardo's study related to:
answer
How social roles dictate our behavior.
question
Phillip Zimbardo's classic study was discontinued early because:
answer
The "prisoners" started to have stress reactions.
question
Ellen Langer found in her research:
answer
Cadets who flew a flight simulator had better vision than cadets who did not fly a flight simulator.
question
What was the name of the social psychologist who conducted a study in which participants were required to shock another person?
answer
Stanley Milgram.
question
It is best to use _____________ to ensure that the population of subjects being studied is representative of the larger, broader population under question.
answer
random sampling
question
The hallmarks of an experiment include
answer
both a&b
question
Deception, which is considered an acceptable practice in psychological research, may include
answer
All of these.
question
A theory falls by the wayside when
answer
a better theory is proposed to account for the findings.
question
One of the best ways to conduct an experiment is to
answer
randomly assign the subjects to the groups.
question
A researcher was interested in the relationship between the amount of violent t.v. shows children watched, and observable acts of aggression exhibited by children. The experimenter randomly assigned the children into three groups. One group watched five hours of violent t.v., a second group watched ten hours of violent t.v., and a third group watched fifteen hours of violent t.v. Parents and teachers then recorded the number of acts of physical aggression committed by the children. The physical aggression measured from the children was the
answer
dependent variable.
question
When reading research results, it is important to keep in mind which of the following?
answer
Both A and B.
question
Criticisms regarding social psychology include that
answer
it is dangerous and trivial.
question
In the Dartmouth versus Princeton study discussed in the text, each group of students reported viewing a greater number of violations committed by the opposing school's football team, compared to their own football team. The findings suggest that
answer
perceptions are influenced by biases, beliefs, and values, despite objective reality.
question
Three years after Tom ended their relationship, Julie finally understood her grandmother's words "Darling, he did you a favor." Which term best describes this?
answer
hindsight
question
Constructing a survey to administer to subjects can be quite complex and involving. Which of the following can influence the results when designing a survey?
answer
All of these.
question
Based upon a theory, the broad umbrella idea, researchers formulate predictions, otherwise known as ______________.
answer
hypotheses
question
Cause and effect statements can be made when a researcher conducts
answer
an experiment.
question
A correlational study involves
answer
examining the relationship between two variables.
question
Hindsight bias reflects
answer
All of these.
question
What can we conclude from the results of a correlational study?
answer
That there may or may not be a relationship between two variables.
question
One definition of social psychology is
answer
The scientific study of how people think about each other, influence each other, and interact with each other.
question
The subfield of social psychology rests at the border between the field of psychology and the field of
answer
sociology
question
If the results of a study showed that children who have encyclopedias in their homes earn higher grades than children who do not have encyclopedias in their homes, what can you conclude?
answer
That there is a relationship between having encyclopedias in the home and earning high grades.
question
Social psychology
answer
The scientific study of how the actual or perceived presence of others affects the behavior of individuals.
question
Norman Triplett
answer
In 1895 conducted the first social psychology study He demonstrated that cyclists performed better in the presence of others (social facilitation).
question
Kurt Lewin
answer
Interactionism: combines personality psychology (which stresses differences among people) with environmental psychology (which stresses differences among situations)
question
Culture
answer
The total lifestyle of people from a particular social grouping, includes all the ideas, behaviors, symbols, preferences, and material objects that they share.
question
Subculture
answer
A social group exhibiting a lifestyle sufficiently different to distinguish itself from others within the larger culture.
question
Individualistic
answer
stresses the priority of individual needs over group needs, a preference for loosely knit social relationships and a desire to be relatively independent.
question
Collectivistic
answer
stresses the priority of group needs over individual needs, a preference for tightly knit social relationships and a willingness to submit to the influence of one's group.
question
Most common ways to collect Data
answer
a. Self report: Likert Scale b. Archival information c. Direct observation
question
Independent variable
answer
the experimental variable that the researcher manipulates (treatment group)
question
Dependent variable
answer
the experimental variable that is the same in both groups and thought to be influenced by the independent variable (control group)
question
Research Review
answer
1. Select a research topic. A Theory: an organized system of ideas that seeks to explain why two or more events are related. 3. Formulate a Hypothesis: predictions derived from a theory. 4. Select a research method. 5. Collect data
question
Strengths of Correlations
answer
The relationship between two variables can range from -1.00 to +1.00. Correlations of +.50 to +.60 or -.50 to -.60 are strong between .30 to +.50 or -.30 to -.50 are moderately strong, and those below +.30 or +.20 and -.30 to -.20 are considered rather weak.
question
Spotlight effect
answer
Belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are
question
Illusion of transparency
answer
Illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others
question
Self-Handicapping
answer
Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure
question
Self-Monitoring
answer
Tendency to act like social chameleons Can be high in self-monitoring: concerned about what others think about you. Low in self-monitoring: not as concerned about what others think about you.
question
Self-Efficacy
answer
Albert Bandura (1997): A belief in one's abilities on various tasks.
question
Locus of control
answer
Perceived control over certain life events, generally either "external" or "internal".
question
Self-Serving Bias
answer
Areas in which we believe we are above average
question
Birging
answer
Basking in Reflected Glory: pride in the accomplishments of your "ingroup"
question
Corfing
answer
Cutting Off Reflected Failure: refusal to support group if it is "losing" too much or embarrassing
question
Individualistic cultures
answer
emphasize the "independent self"
question
Collectivistic cultures
answer
he "interdependent self"
question
Self-serving bias
answer
A tendency to overestimate one's achievements and capabilities in relation to others.
question
Self Reference
answer
we recall people and events better when we can relate them back to ourselves.
question
Self Identity
answer
includes how we conceptualize ourselves in relationship to others.
question
Self Concept
answer
The sum total of a person's thoughts and feelings that defines the self as an object
question
Self Esteem
answer
A person's evaluation of his or her self-concept, evaluations of self as good, bad, or average
question
WILLIAM JAMES
answer
"Self as knower and self as known." "I" acts as a narrator of a story. "me" is the main figure in one's life story. 3 regions of "me" 1. spiritual me: Beliefs, values, ideas, opinions, etc. 2. social me: How do others see me? 3. material me: My possessions, family, friends
question
George Herbert Mead
answer
Self emerges as a result of social interaction. 1. Preparatory stage: imitation, learn symbols, awareness of others 2. Play stage: identify with specific others, role taking, conforming, gender roles 3. game stage: multiple roles & tasks, expectations, follow rules
