SOC chpt 7 STRATIFICATION – Flashcards
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Which standard of equality is most concerned with the distribution of resources?
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Equality of outcome
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Economists and sociologists believe that the United States is stratified along what lines?
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income
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What kind of inequality did Rousseau believe would always exist?
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Physical
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What is another term for the nonworking poor?
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underclass
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From Malthus's perspective, what keeps the population in check?
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inequality
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Which term refers to a group or an individual transitioning from one social status to another that is situated more or less on the same rung of the ladder?
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horizontal social mobility
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Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy is called:
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structural mobility
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Karl Marx and Rousseau agree on at least one thing: they both felt that the primary source of social ills in society was due to the emergence of:
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private property
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Ferguson and Miller saw social developments resulting from the establishment of private property as representing a huge improvement in society because private property leads to higher degrees of social organization and:
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efficiency
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A system in which advancement is based on individual achievement or ability is referred to as:
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Meritocratic
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Sociologists often describe an individuals position in a stratified social order that attempts to classify groups, individuals, families, or households in terms of indicators such as occupation, income, wealth, and education. Sociologists call this:
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socioeconomic status
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A type of stratification that is based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and in which there is little to no individual mobility within the strata is the:
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caste system
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What is the primary source of income for the upper class?
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returns on investments
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Trade of goods and services across national boundaries, as well as the mobility of the businesses and labor through immigration is called:
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globalization
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Ferguson and Millar saw social developments resulting from the establishment of private property as representing huge improvement in society because private property leads to higher degrees of social organization and:
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efficiency
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The prestige of a person's first job out of school factors into his or her position on the:
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Status attainment model
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Professionals, small business owners, and craftsmen are referred to as:
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Petit bourgeoisie
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Hegel argued that notions of inequality are constantly evolving in a larger historical arc and will eventually lead to:
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equality
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In political speeches about the poor, those who are believed to deserve our assistance are termed the:
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working poor
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An example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice is:
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affirmative action
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According to Rousseau, there are two forms of inequality: ________, or natural, and ________, or political.
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physical; social
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What is the fastest-growing job market for people with only a high school education?
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Food preparation
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According to Hegel, the master-slave relationship is one of mutual:
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dependency
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The examination of how race and ethnicity affect income is really an examination of:
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stratification
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Under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market?
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class system
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Which group exploits the working class by taking more of the value of the work of laborers than they repay in wages?
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bourgeoisie
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One of the best ways to reduce the number of children born (according to Sachs) is to:
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decrease infanticide
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According to the German philosopher Hegel, the master-slave relationship is one of mutual:
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dependency
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What term refers to the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God?
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ontological equality
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The game of monopoly follows the rules of what standard equality?
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equality of opportunity
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According to the Relative Social Prestige of Selected U.S. Occupations table, which white-collar occupation has the highest prestige score?
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physician
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Historically, Marx's capitalist class was made up of members of the:
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upper class
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Elliot Essman asserts that America is a(n) ____________ because the very wealthy do not have much impact on the country in general.
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middle-class nation
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What American job sector has greatly increased since the oil crisis of 1973?
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low-wage service work
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The government's definition of poverty for a family of four (as of 2009) is a total yearly salary of just under:
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23,000
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What is one of the main reasons cited for rising income and wealth inequality in the United States?
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globalization
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An example of horizontal social mobility is:
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all of the above!!! a. a secretary changing firms but retaining her occupational status. b. a Methodist who converts to Lutheranism. c. a family that migrates from to one city from another.
