question

Realpolitik

answer

realistic politics based on the needs of the state

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Annex

answer

add a territory to an existing state or country

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Kaiser

answer

emperor of Germany

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Reich

answer

German empire

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Anarchist

answer

someone who wants to abolish all government

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Dual Monarchy

answer

the monarchy of Austria-Hungary

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Imperialism

answer

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

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Protectorate

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country with its own government but under the control of an outside power

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Sphere of Influence

answer

area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

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Social Darwinism

answer

the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle

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Genocide

answer

deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group

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Triple Entente

answer

Britain, France, and Russia during WWI

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Central Powers

answer

Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary during WWI

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Ultimatum

answer

final set of demands

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Schlieffen Plan

answer

German strategic plan developed earlier in order to avoid a fight on two different fronts: against France and Russia

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Neutrality

answer

policy of supporting neither side in a war

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Stalemate

answer

deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other

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Zeppelin

answer

large gas-filled balloon

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U-boat

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German submarine

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Total War

answer

channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort

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Conscription

answer

"the draft", which requires all young men to be ready for military or other service

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Contraband

answer

during wartime, military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies that may legally be confiscated by any battling nations

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Lusitania

answer

British liner torpedoed by a German submarine in May 1915

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Propaganda

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spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause

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Fourteen Points

answer

list of terms for resolving WWI and future wars outlined by American President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918

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Self-Determination

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right of people to choose their own form of government

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Armistice

answer

agreement to end fighting in a war

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Pandemic

answer

spread of disease across a large area, country, continent, or the entire world

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Reparations

answer

payment for war damage, or damage caused by imprisonment

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Mandate

answer

after WWI, a territory administered by a western power

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Emancipation

answer

granting freedom to serfs or slaves

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Pogrom

answer

violent attack on a Jewish community

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Refugees

answer

people who flee from home or country to seek refuge elsewhere, often because of political upheaval or famine

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Proletariat

answer

working class

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Bourgeoisie

answer

middle class

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Soviet

answer

council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917

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Cheka

answer

early Soviet secret police force

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Psychoanalysis

answer

a method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders

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Abstract

answer

style of art composed of lines, colors, and shapes, sometimes with no recognizable subject matter at all

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Dada

answer

artistic movement in which artists rejected tradition and produced works that often shocked their viewers

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Surrealism

answer

artistic movement that attempts to portray the workings of the unconscious mind

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Kellogg-Briand Pact

answer

an international agreement, signed by almost every nation in 1928, to stop using war as a method of national policy

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Disarmament

answer

reduction of armed forces and weapons

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Totalitarian State

answer

government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens' lives

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Fascism

answer

any centralized, authoritarian government system that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights

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Command Economy

answer

system in which government officials make all basic economic decisions

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Collectives

answer

large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group

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Gulag

answer

in the Soviet Union, a system of labor camps in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin

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Atheism

answer

belief that there is no god

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Comintern

answer

Communist International, international association of communist parties led by the Soviet Union for the purpose of encouraging world-wide communist revolutions

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Chancellor

answer

the highest official of a monarch; prime minister

question

Third Reich

answer

official name of the Nazi party for its regime in Germany; held power from 1933 to 1945

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Gestapo

answer

secret police in Nazi Germany

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Nuremberg Laws

answer

laws approved by the Nazi Party in 1935, depriving Jews of German citizenship and taking some rights away from them

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Kristallnacht

answer

"Night of Broken Glass"; staged attack on the Jews on November 9 and 10 after Jewish man shot German diplomat

question

Appeasement

answer

policy of giving into an aggressor's demands in order to keep the peace

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Pacifism

answer

opposition to all war

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Axis Powers

answer

Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII

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Allied Powers

answer

Britain, France, and the U.S. during WWII

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Nazi-Soviet Pact

answer

agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 in which the two nations promised not to fight each other and to divide up land in Eastern Europe

question

Blitzkrieg

answer

lightning war, Hitler

question

Concentration Camps

answer

detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state, Germany

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Holocaust

answer

the systematic genocide of about six million European Jews by the Nazis during WWII

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D-Day

answer

code name for June 6, 1944, the day the Allied forces invaded France during WWII

question

United Nations (UN)

answer

international organization established after WWII with the goal of maintaining peace and cooperation in the international community

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Cold War

answer

state of tension and hostility between nations aligned with the U.S. on one side and the Soviet Union on the other that rarely led to direct armed conflict

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Truman Doctrine

answer

U.S. policy, established in 1947, of trying to contain the spread of communism

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NATO

answer

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a military alliance between several North Atlantic states to safeguard them from the presumed threat of the Soviet Union's communist bloc; countries from other regions later joined the alliance

question

Warsaw Pact

answer

mutual-defense alliance between the Soviet Union and seven satellites in Eastern Europe set up in 1955

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Marshall Plan

answer

massive aid package offered by the U.S. to Europe to help countries rebuild after WWII

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Molotov Plan

answer

system created in 1947 to provide aid to help rebuild countries allied with the Soviet Union

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Superpower

answer

a nation stronger than other powerful nations

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Ideology

answer

system of thought and belief; value system or perspective

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Containment

answer

the U.S. strategy of keeping communism within its existing boundaries and preventing its further expansion

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Recession

answer

period of reduced economic activity

question

European Community

answer

an international organization dedicated to establishing free trade among its European member nations in all products

question

Comecon

answer

the Eastern Europeans' reply to the formation of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation in Western Europe

question

Glasnost

answer

"openness" in Russian; a Soviet policy of greater freedom of expression introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s

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Perestroika

answer

"restructuring" in Russian; a Soviet policy of democratic and free-market reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s

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Solidarity

answer

a Polish labor union and democracy movement

question

Otto von Bismarck

answer

first chancellor of Germany; prime minister of Prussia

question

Camillo Cavour

answer

unified Germany, became prime minister for Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia

question

Giuseppe Garibaldi

answer

Italian nationalist; used "Red Shirts" to gain control of Sicily and Naples, then turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel

question

David Livingstone

answer

best-known explorer and missionary who crossed Africa and opposed slave trade

question

King Leopold II

answer

king of Belgium; hired Henry Stanley to arrange trade treaties with African leaders for his secret dream of conquest and profit

question

T.E. Lawrence

answer

during WWI, the British government sent him to support the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire; Lawrence of Arabia

question

Alexander II

answer

czar of Russia during Crimean War; required emancipation, local governments, trial by jury, eased censorship, military services reduced, brutal discipline was limited, encouraged growth of industry

question

Nicholas II

answer

czar of Russia; Bloody Sunday, war between Russia and Japan in 1904

question

Gregory Rasputin

answer

illiterate peasant and self-proclaimed "holy man" whom czarina Alexandra relied on for advice; couldn't be killed with poison or beating; weakened confidence in government

question

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

answer

came to power with promise to pull Russia troops out of WWI; signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, ending Russian participation in WWI

question

Albert Einstein

answer

German-born physicist who argued that measurements of space and time are not definite but are determined by the relative position of the observer; theory of relativity

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

Austrian physician who suggested that the subconscious mind drives much of human behavior; psychoanalysis; social values help people to repress powerful urges

question

John Maynard Keynes

answer

economist who argued that during depression, the government should step in and spend more to bring economy back to its full capacity

question

Benito Mussolini

answer

made prime minister of Italy by Victor Emmanuel II; Black Shirts; rejected socialism

question

Adolf Hitler

answer

leader of Nazis and Germans during WWII; tried to follow Mussolini's example; totalitarian leader; fighting squads; very much against Jewish people and other non-German people

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Joseph Stalin

answer

Lenin's successor; communist but wanted to begin by building up socialism at home first

question

Francisco Franco

answer

led the Nationalists in Spain against the Loyalists in Spanish civil war; accepted help from Hitler and Mussolini; after victory, created dictatorship based on fascism; imprisoned or killed thousands of Loyalists

question

Rosie the Riveter

answer

character who symbolized women in the U.S. during WWII; women helped with war effort

question

Nikita Khrushchev

answer

Stalin's successor; criticized Stalin's style of government; closed prison camps, eased censorship, called for "peace coexistence" with the West

question

Mikhail Gorbachev

answer

new leader of Soviet Union in 1985; ended censorship, glasnost (openness), perestroika (restructuring), backed limited private companies; his reforms brought about the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991

question

Egypt

answer

Suez Canal in Egypt to link Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea and Indian Ocean

question

Ethiopia

answer

managed to resist European colonization and maintain its independence

question

Liberia

answer

free blacks from the U.S. in Liberia; became an independent republic

question

South Africa

answer

Boers (descendants of Dutch farmers) fought with Zulus for control over South Africa in 1814

question

Dardanelles

answer

Russia wanted control of the Dardanelles because the strait would give them access to the Mediterranean Sea (1800s)

question

Sudetenland

answer

a region of western Czechoslovakia where Hitler demanded that the Germans occupying this land be given autonomy (self-government)

question

Nuremberg

answer

a city in Germany where the Nuremberg trials were held and where the Nuremberg Laws were established

question

Stalingrad

answer

the city in the Soviet Union where the Germans were stopped by the Allies and turned back around, Battle of Stalingrad (1942)

question

Berlin

answer

the capital of Germany, shared by France, Britain, the U.S., and the Soviet Union, Berlin Wall after WWII

question

London

answer

the Blitz was launched on London for 57 nights, starting on September 7, 1940, German bombers destroyed much of London and killed thousands of people, King and Queen of England stayed with citizens in bomb shelters

question

Paris

answer

where the Allies turned around the Germans around the time of D-Day, August 25

question

1914-1918

answer

WWI

question

1917

answer

the year that the Soviet Union withdrew themselves from WWI

question

1939-1945

answer

WWI

question

1989

answer

Berlin Wall falls

question

1991

answer

Soviet Union disintegrates

question

2001

answer

September 11th, Arab attack on Twin Towers

question

How did the Cold War develop in the Soviet Union, Europe, and the United States?

answer

there was distrust and opposing ideologies in the U.S. and Britain with the Soviet Union

question

What kinds of conflicts resulted from the global confrontation between two superpowers?

answer

the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Soviet War in Afghanistan, the division Berlin and Germany, and the fear of a nuclear war

question

Identify similarities and differences between the Soviet Union and the U.S. during the Cold War.

answer

Similarities: superpowers, wanted total control, nuclear superpowers Differences: communist vs. capitalist, command economy vs. free market

question

How was the economic development of Western Europe during the Cold War similar or different from Japan?

answer

Similarities: both reached a high point in economic growth, GDP (gross domestic product) Differences: Japan produced to export, spent less money on military and imported less than they exported

question

How was trade important to the economic development of Western Europe, the U.S., and Japan during the postwar decades?

answer

Japan produced to export, not to import as much so they could make a profit, whereas the U.S. and Western Europe traded with each other, keeping each others' economies stable

question

What factors contributed to the economic booms after WWII in Western Europe, the U.S., and Japan?

answer

foreign trading, producing to export not import, little destruction

question

Why was the economic performance of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union different?

answer

because a command economy was not established in Eastern Europe until later

question

Why was the Soviet Union unable to keep up with the market economies of the West?

answer

because the government decided what was to be sold, so the government produced a lot of things they didn't need and threw it all away

question

How did Gorbachev's reforms lead to the breakup of the Soviet Union?

answer

the citizens wanted more freedom, but the government could not give them more freedom

question

Why were Eastern Europeans able to break free of communist governments and Soviet domination in the late 1980s?

answer

the USSR broke apart and the government stayed away from communism, citizens weren't happy

question

During the Cold War, many nations formed alliances with one superpower for protection against the other. After the Cold War, the U.S. emerged as the sole superpower. How might this change the nature of alliances?

answer

the countries that had been allies with the Soviet Union will remain allies with the Soviet Union, and some former allies with the U.S. might become allies with the Soviet Union

Semester 2 World History Final – Flashcards

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