Sem. 1 Soc Final
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versthen
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empathetic understanding of the meanings other attach to their actions
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function
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positive consequence an element of society has for the maintenance of the social system
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theory
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systematic explanation of the relationship among phenomena
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symbol
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anything that has something attached to it
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culture
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shared products of human groups. beliefs, and values
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Material Culture
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physical objects created by human groups
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non-material culture
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abstract human creations such as language, ideas, beliefs, rules, skills and family patterns
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ethnocentrism
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tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups
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values
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shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
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cultural universals
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common features that are found in all human cultures
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subculture
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group with its own unique values norms, and behaviors that exists within a larger culture
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counterculture
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group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns
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society
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group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and have a feeling of unity
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norms
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shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations
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technology
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knowledge and tools people use for practical purposes
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urbanization
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concentration of the popularization in cities
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exchange
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individual, group, or societal interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions
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accommodation
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state of balance between cooperation and conflict
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reciprocity
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idea that if you do something for someone they you something in return
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achieved status
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status acquired by special skill, knowledge, or ability
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ascribed status
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status assigned according to standards that are beyond a persons control
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Division of labor
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specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities
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personality
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sum of the total behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of individual
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instinct
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unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern
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heredity
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transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children
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feral children
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wild or untamed children
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socialization and agents of socialization
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interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society
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dating
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a social behavior that allows individuals to choose their own marriage partners
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adolescence
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period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of childhood
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social integration
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degree of attachments people have to social groups or to society
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homogamy
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tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own
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puberty
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physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction
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std
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sexually transmitted disease
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drugs
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any substance that changes mood, behavior, or consciousness
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deviance
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behavior that violates significant social norms
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stigma
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mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society
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degradation ceremony
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the process of labeling an individual as deviant
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social class
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grouping of people with similar levels of wealth, power, and prestige
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social inequality
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unequal sharing of social rewards and resources
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life chances
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likelihood individuals have of sharing int he opportunities and benefits of society
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minority group
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category of people who share physical characteristics or cultural practices that result in the group being denied equal treatment
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genocide
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extermination aimed at intentionally destroying an entire targeted population
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discrimination
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denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership
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stereotypes
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oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a category of people
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segregation
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physical separation of a minority group from the dominant group
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racial profiling
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the practice of assuming nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans
