question

When he was 24 years old, Peter Peterson was arrested and convicted of a felony. He served his time in prison and since then has lived the straight life. One of the ways in which he has coped is to keep his past a secret. For example, he always lies on job applications and says he has no convictions on his record. Erving Goffman would suggest that Peter's identity

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is discreditable.

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Cesare Lombroso believed that criminals were

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atavists

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A sociologist would find it impossible to create a list of all deviant acts because

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deviance is relative to the time and place in which acts are committed.

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According to Cloward and Ohlin, deviance is most likely to occur when

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the opportunity for learning how to be deviant exists.

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According to Durkheim, the industrial revolution mostly put an end to social anomie.

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False

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By primary deviance, sociologists mean

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the kinds of acts that might be done (for any number of reasons) by people generally not thought of as deviant.

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A research report cautions against sending first-time offenders to prison because time spent in prison will limit the opportunities they face once they get out of prison. This research report supports which of the following theories of deviance?

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labeling or societal reaction theory

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Every person who has been socially labeled as deviant shares which of the following characteristics?

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Stigma

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Emile Durkheim called the values, beliefs, norms, and goals held in common by the people of a particular society the

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Collective conscience

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For a sociologist, to say something is deviant is to say that it is bad or immoral.

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False

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According to Durkheim, once sociologists learn enough they will be able to suggest social changes that could make crime disappear from society.

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False

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An important lesson that can be drawn from Chambliss' analysis of the Saints and the Roughnecks is that

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a label is a powerful thing.

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Which of the following statements about Rosenhan's research is true?

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Real patients were better at spotting \"sanity\" than trained medical personnel.

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Chambliss found that the Roughnecks, compared to the Saints,

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*engaged more sporadically in delinquent acts. *had less money to buy alcohol. *were watched more closely by teachers and police. *didn't have ready access to cars. all of these

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Rosenhan's research suggests that it is more difficult to distinguish the sane from the insane than most people (including psychiatrists) believe.

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True

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Assume that people in your society come to have such a horror of such serious crimes as murder, rape, and robbery that these disappear. According to Durkheim, it is likely that

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people's respect for others will have become so strong that even forms of bad taste will be criminalized.

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According to the analysis done by William Chambliss, the primary difference between the Saints and the Roughnecks was that

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members of both groups did deviant things, but the public perception was that the Saints were good kids and the Roughnecks were bad kids.

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According to Rosenhan, the term \"insanity\" is as precise and reliable as the term \"measles\" or \"fracture.

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False

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When Durkheim wrote that crime is normal, he meant that

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crime is a factor in public health—a part of healthy society.

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One reason the Saints escaped being labeled as bad kids was

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they managed to do many of their delinquent acts outside of town

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Michael Benson discovered that in white collar criminal cases, as in most street crimes, the major problem for the prosecutor is to prove who did what

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False

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In their study of college student cheating, LaBeff and her colleagues discovered that:

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Students who do cheat understand it is generally wrong, but think it is okay to cheat under certain circumstances

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According to Benson, the difference between \"constitutive\" and \"regulatory\" rules is that

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constitutive rules have to do with the fundamental goals of an activity while regulative rules have to do with how these goals should be pursued

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Gresham Sykes and David Matza used the theory of neutralization to refer to justifications for

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committing deviant acts that seem valid to the perpetrator but not to society at large.

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As this term was used by Benson in his article about white collar criminals, an \"account\" is

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*a way in which an actor explains why his or her behavior was not bad. *a way to defeat the success of degradation ceremonies. *a way for someone who is judged criminal to escape self-blame. all of these

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Sociologists use the term \"degradation ceremony\" to refer to (Benson)

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a ritual in which someone's respectability is publicly taken from them.

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The term \"situational ethics\" refers to the idea that

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an approach to personal morality that holds that what is wrong in most situations might be right if the goal is a good one.

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According to Sykes and Matza's theory, which is not a neutralization technique?

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appeal to wealth

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In his study Michael Benson discovered that most people convicted of white collar crimes,

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knew that their behavior was technically illegal, but had a hard time thinking of themselves as real criminals.

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According to what LaBeff and her colleagues found in their study of college cheating, which of the following statements does not represent a neutralization technique used by college students when they cheat?

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I am a bad person anyway, so why not cheat?

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is measured from one generation to the next

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Intergenerational mobility

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Which of the following statements about castes is false?

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People who are deemed to be exceptionally brave may be promoted to a higher caste.

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In all societies people are evaluated on the basis of some characteristic, placed into higher or lower ranking groups, and given differential rewards. Sociologists refer to this process as

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stratification

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According to James Loewen, the stress on how most people in the United States are middle class is particularly problematic because

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the proportion of household earnings middle-class incomes has fallen steadily since 1967.

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__________________ reflect people's beliefs about why it is fair that some people are ranked higher than others and given different rewards.

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Legitimating rationales

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In a class system, which of the following types of mobility would you expect to find?

answer

*vertical mobility *horizontal mobility *intragenerational mobility *intergenerational mobility all of these

question

With which of the following statements would James Loewen disagree?

answer

School teachers avoid talking about social class and its effects simply because they are ignorant about its importance

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Of the following types of stratification systems which will have rules in place to help people avoid ritual pollution?

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Caste

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James Loewen's primary research strategy was

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analysis of artifacts (i.e., history textbooks).

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Loewen would agree with which of the following?

answer

none of these

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According to Ehrenreich, newspaper want ads provide a reliable approximation of how many jobs are available at any particular time.

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False

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Ehrenreich discovered that

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there are no secrets that workers learn that allow them to thrive when they work in low-paying positions.

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There is an oversupply of job-seekers, which is causing a creeping credentialism in low-wage service industries in the inner city.

answer

True

question

Ehrenreich's article is based on

answer

observations of workers in low-paying jobs

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In Harlem, according to Newman and Lennon's research

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*African Americans have an advantage over Hispanics in the labor market. *employers discriminate against legal immigrants and hire African Americans. *there is hardly any competition for minimum wage jobs. *it's easier for people from Harlem to get jobs in Harlem than it is for people from outside Harlem to get jobs in Harlemnone of these NONE OF THESE

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As a worker in a low-paying job, Ehrenreich discovered that

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obtaining respectable housing was the biggest obstacle to living on minimum wages

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According to Newman and Lennon, we can fix the \"welfare mess\" by

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*making life less comfortable for welfare recipients. *cutting welfare payments. *forcing welfare mothers to go to work. *all of these ***NONE OF THESE

question

Newman and Lennon's study confirms the stereotype that

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*anyone who really wants to can get a job and earn enough money to live. *poor people tend to have unrealistic expectations about how much they should earn. *people in the inner city have fallen victim to the \"culture of poverty\" and lost the desire to work hard. *all of these ***NONE OF THESE

question

Ironically, Ehrenreich discovered that

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Many people working low-paying jobs don't earn enough money to ever improve their situation.

question

Newman and Lennon found that

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even low paying jobs are hard to come by in the inner cities of the United States.

question

According to Gordon Allport, antilocutions

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all of these *are among the \"least energetic\" forms of discrimination. *involve \"verbal rejection.\" *might involve telling racist jokes. *are a form of treating people unequally

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Which of the following statements is true?

answer

Avoidance and extermination are both examples of discrimination.

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In his review of the research, Feagin found that

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*most Americans agree that racial discrimination continues to be a problem in American society. *few white Americans actively discriminate against black Americans. *since the 1960s, most white Americans have abandoned the notion that black Americans are inferior to white Americans. none of these

question

What sociologist Joe Feagin calls the \"pyramiding effect\" refers to

answer

the fact that even small interpersonal slights and insults can build to where they really make a difference.

question

As discussed by Harlow, emotional labor

answer

\"workplace commodity.\"

question

Harlow found, as compared to their white colleagues, black college professors

answer

*have to do more emotion labor. *were more likely to have students who question their intellectual abilities. *were less likely to take for granted their students' confidence in them. feel isolated. all of these

question

You are reading the alumni newsletter from Elite University (a very prestigious institution). In the newsletter it is mentioned that children of \"generous\" alumni (i.e., those who contribute large amounts of money) are guaranteed admission to the institution, regardless of their grades. Interestingly, you note from the pictures of generous alums that they are all white. You conclude that here is an example of

answer

institutional discrimination

question

Robert Merton's analysis of the relationship between prejudice and discrimination suggests that

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not all people who are prejudiced will practice discrimination

question

According to Professor Feagin's review of the research,

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to many white Americans, being not racist means having less racial animosity than other people they know.

question

According to the research cited by Professor Feagin, black Americans can expect to encounter racial discrimination

answer

just about any time they venture into public.

question

Kelley suggests that many whites think that all African Americans are alike.

answer

True

question

According to Robin Kelley, black men who adopt threatening postures do so

answer

as a survival strategy

question

According to Yin Ling Leung's article on the model minority myth,

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newly arrived Asian immigrants are proving to be less economically successful than members of immigrant groups that arrived in previous generations

question

According to Yin Ling Leung, in order to understand the experiences of Asian Americans, people must understand

answer

*that Asians come from a variety of backgrounds and thus face different realities. *that many Asian Americans value academics as a way to get ahead. *that many Asian American families devote a greater proportion of their economic resources to their children's education than do many white Americans. ***ALL OF THESE

question

In keeping with the stereotype, Asian Americans remain the \"uncomplaining\" minority and refuse to protest the discriminatory practices they face in the nation's colleges and in the job market.

answer

false

question

Kelley thought it was funny that he couldn't scare his 4-year old daughter, but could scare the ticket seller in a movie theater.

answer

true

question

For Robin D.G. Kelley, shaving his head was

answer

a silly accident

question

According to Yin Ling Leung's account, the model minority myth

answer

*began to take root in the late1960s. *implies that discrimination is not an obstacle for Asian Americans. *lumps all Asians into the same category. *includes the belief that Asians excel academically. ***ALL OF THESE

question

According to Yin Ling Leung, during the 1980s both business and labor waged anti-Asian media campaigns that led to Asians being scapegoated as the cause of economic troubles in the United States.

answer

true

question

As far as Kelley is concerned

answer

the myth of black male violence has resulted in the deaths of many innocent black boys and men

question

C.J. Pascoe found that most guys explained their or others' dislike of fags by claiming that homophobia was synonymous with being a guy.

answer

true

question

In some cheerleading organizations, teams lose points if their male members participate in dance routines.

answer

true

question

Eric Anderson found that \"orthodox\" masculinity involves

answer

*devaluing women. *devaluing gay men. *defensive heterosexuality *claiming certain tasks as masculine and others as feminine ***ALL OF THESE

question

According to Eric Anderson, \"inclusive\" masculinity cheerleading is unusual in that

answer

male participants need not be athletic.

question

In his study of male cheerleaders, Eric Anderson relied upon which of the following research techniques?

answer

In-depth interviews individual and group interviews and participant observation

question

Which of the following are seen by many as a \"core requirement\" of American masculinity?

answer

*No sissy stuff *Be a big wheel *Be a sturdy oak *Give 'em hell ***ALL OF THESE

question

Pascoe found that for many, homosexuality is pathologized and the sexual practice or orientation is the problem, not the lack of masculinity.

answer

false

question

As discussed in the reading by Pascoe, which of the following was NOT a difference between describing something/someone as \"gay\" versus \"fag?\"

answer

only males suspected of being gay were called fags

question

According to Pascoe, the fag discourse:

answer

always has gendered meanings

question

Anderson's conception of the hegemonic masculinity refers to

answer

a process reflecting the fact that some forms of masculinity are more valued than others

Impression Management: Peter Peterson’s Story

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